اسماعیل قاسمی

Pearlescent pigments are a special kind of natural or synthetic materials that are divided into two categories without a substrate (bismuth oxychloride, iron mica oxide, and titanium dioxide sheets) and a coated substrate (natural mica coated with metal oxides such as titanium dioxide, iron oxide, and aluminum oxide). Pearlescent pigments due to their special properties such as creating different colors by changing the angle of view, high heat resistance, high resistance to penetration, and brilliance are used in the form of pearlescent masterbatches in various industries such as plastic and packaging, cosmetics, automotive, textile, etc. Today, the use of masterbatches is increasing due to various reasons such as improving the dispersion and distribution of particles, excellent product quality, reducing the production costs, the health issues of employees, etc. Masterbatches are concentrated compounds that are added to polymers to make and improve color properties, as well as reduce the production cost. Masterbatch consists of three components: polymer, pigment or filler, and compatibilizing agent. Among the various methods of making masterbatches, the most common method is use of twin screw extruders (generally twin screw extruders). In general, 3 methods of pre-mixing, divided feeding, and color matching are used to make masterbatch with an extruder. The aim of this article is to investigate pearl pigments, general methods of making plastic and pearl masterbatches, and their applications in various industries.

Cellulose is the most abundant natural fiber on earth which considered a renewable source for obtaining environmentally friendly products. The extraction of pure cellulose fibers from lignocellulosic materials requires the application of special extraction methods. However, several challenges arise during cellulose extraction processes. To overcome these problems and make it easier to layer the cell wall and release the cellulose micro and nano structures, in many recent researches, various pretreatment methods are used considering their application. Pretreatment methods can change the structural organization, crystallinity, and polymorphism of cellulose. In addition, it can change the various properties of pretreated raw materials. Therefore, it is very important to know the types of pretreatment methods. Therefore, in the present study, by using the content analysis method and reviewing the most important related works, the types of pretreatment methods necessary for the extraction of cellulose were reviewed and categorized. The results of the present work have been presented for the researchers active in the field of cellulose/polymer micro and nano composites, who need to extract a variety of micro or nano cellulosic structures to advance their research.

In this research, processing and 3D printing of PETG-ABS- Fe 3 O 4  nanocomposites reinforced with iron oxide nanoparticles in three different weight percentages of iron oxide nanoparticles with PETG70-ABS30 polymer matrix was done. This research was carried out with the aim of strengthening the shape memory properties, thermal properties, mechanical properties and adding the ability to indirectly stimulate the background matrix through the addition of iron oxide nanoparticles. SEM images confirmed that the mixture of PETG-ABS is immiscible and adding nanoparticles does not change the compatibility and miscibility of the base polymer, and this result is consistent with the DMTA analysis was also checked and confirmed. With increasing amount of iron oxide, the tensile strength and elongation decrease, and this decrease in mechanical properties is more pronounced in the sample of 20% by weight of iron oxide compared to the sample of 10% by weight. Nevertheless, the final strength of the samples is around 25 to 32 MPa, which indicates a suitable and acceptable distribution of nanoparticles up to 15% by weight in the polymer field. By increasing the amount of iron oxide nanoparticles, the amount of shape recovery increases and the nanocomposites containing 10, 15 and 20% by weight show shape recovery of 63.77%, 88.48 and 93.33%, respectively.

Smart materials can react to environmental changes like living organisms and adapt themselves to environmental conditions and changes such as changes in temperature, electric current, magnetic field, light, humidity, etc. Using 3D printing to process smart materials is a new approach known as 4D printing. In this research, processing, manufacturing and 3D printing of PETG-ABS in three weight percentages of 70/30, 50/50 and 30/70 were done. The results of SEM also confirmed the compatibility of these two polymers. In all PETG-ABS mixtures, a combination of sea-island and drop-matrix morphology was observed, and for the 30/70 and 30/70 blends, phase droplets dispersed in the matrix were clearly observed. The results of mechanical properties also showed that as the percentage of ABS in the mixture increases, the tensile strength increases and the elongation decreases. The results obtained from the shape memory test indicate the existence of the ability to program the shape memory property in 4D printing mixtures. As expected, the increase in the weight percentage of ABS was associated with the disorder in the recovery of the mixtures, so the mixture with 70% by weight of PETG and 30% by weight of ABS showed the most favorable shape memory properties.

The general purpose of this research is to examine the role and place of education in creating a discourse on the values and ideals of the Islamic Revolution. Using the qualitative content analysis method, this research has analyzed the texts, researches, as well as the documents and researches done in this field. Therefore, the current research has also tried to highlight the role and place of education in the discourse of the values and ideals of the Islamic Revolution, the results of the current research show that the role of education in the introduction of value cannot be overemphasized. He ignored the goals and ideals of the Islamic Revolution; However, during these 40 years since the passing of the Islamic Revolution, education in its educational programs has not been able to convey the values and ideals of the Islamic Revolution to the students in an optimal way and to be successful in making it a discourse, therefore. Educational programs and activities of the education system need to be revised and reformed in terms of paying attention to the original teachings of the Islamic Revolution and creating its discourse.

In this study, the effect of the chemical treatment of OCC pulp and polypropylene molecular weight on the physical and morphological properties of cellulosic biocomposite was studied. For this purpose, OCC fibers were treated with acetic anhydride and then mixed with polypropylene and the compatibilizing agent (0 and 3%). The ratio of fibers and polymer materials was considered 30 to 70, which was manufactured by the hot-pressing method at 180 °C. The ratio of fibers and polymer materials was considered 30 to 70, which was manufactured by the hot-pressing method at 180 °C. The water absorption, volumetric swelling, and contact angle were measured on each sample according to the ASTM standards. Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the chemical modification of fibers and the morphology of biocomposites, respectively. The results of the measurements showed that the effect of chemical treatment and polypropylene on contact angle and water absorption was significant and chemical modification of the fibers reduced the water absorption and volumetric swelling. Finally, FTIR analysis showed that hydroxyl groups were decreased and the SEM images indicated the bond between fibers and polypropylene was improved through chemical modification of OCC fibers.

The general purpose of this research is to investigate how the educational system faces the phenomenon of globalization. Using the qualitative content analysis method, this research has analyzed the texts, researches, as well as documents and researches done in this field. The results of the present research show that the phenomenon of globalization cannot be ignored in the field of education, but planning, policy making and change management should be done in such a way that the opportunities of globalization in the field of education are fully utilized to achieve Sustainable development should be done without haste and its marginal consequences should be minimized.Policy planning and change management should be done in such a way that maximum use of the opportunities of globalization in the field of education to achieve sustainable development is done without haste and its marginal consequences are minimized.haste and its marginal consequences are minimized.

Hypothesis:

 A nanocomposite layer including graphene nanosheets could be used to enhance the barrier properties of high density polyethylene through a layer-by-layer assembly method. Planar graphene nanoparticles help to decrease the gas permeability of polyethylene substrates by making a tortuous pathway for gas molecules transmittance.

Two different methods were used to increase the barrier properties of high density polyethylene and the results were compared with each other. In the first method, a thin film of polymer nanocomposite including graphene oxide nanoparticles and polyvinyl alcohol was coated on the surface of high density polyethylene film using a film applicator. The effective variables in this method were the weight fraction of graphene oxide particles in polyvinyl alcohol and thickness of the nanocomposite layer. In the second method, a layer-by-layer assembly was used. Chitosan solution acted as a positive charge and graphene oxide suspension in water was utilized as a negative charge.

In high density polyethylene samples coated by polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite (10 micrometers), the oxygen transmittance rate decreased drastically to 3 cm3m2 bar. This decrease was expected due to the structure of polyvinyl alcohol and its inherent barrier properties. By adding graphene oxide into polyvinyl alcohol, the permeability values showed a slight decrease and reached 0.8 cm3 m2 bar.Statistical analysis based on the surface response method for the layer-by-layer method showed that permeability depends on pH, number of bilayers and graphene concentration. At high pH, the graphene oxide sheets take on a smoother and more stretched shape and are more likely to aggregate, which increases permeability.

One of the most important concerns of educational experts, which has always received their attention, is the discussion of "teaching foreign languages" in the official education system of the country. Although attention to teaching foreign languages is at the top of education programs, unfortunately, until today, the country's education system is facing shortcomings and deficiencies in this field, which are considered as harmful factors or challenges in this field. will be Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the challenges of Arabic language education and the requirement of curriculum orientations based on them. Using the qualitative content analysis method, this research has analyzed the texts, researches, as well as the documents and researches done in this field. Therefore, the current research has tried to emphasize and highlight the continuous pathology of this field and the necessity of curriculum orientations based on them.One of the most important concerns of educational experts, which has always received their attention, is the discussion of "teaching foreign languages" in the official education system of the country.

Utilization of ionizing rays like gamma-ray in polymers to correct their properties has attracted so much attention from researchers. Therefore, in this study, polypropylene as the composite matrix, maleic anhydride (MAPP) as the compatibilizer material, and poplar wood as the filler were placed under the radiation of gamma-ray with different doses from 0 to 75 kGy. The white rot fungi (Trametes versicolor) and, brown rot fungi (Gloeophyllum Trabeum) were used in fungal decay test. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the probable benefits of gamma-ray radiation for improvement of some of the composites physical and mechanical properties, and also, to investigate the biodegradation in fungal decay and thermal properties. The results indicates that radiation of gamma-ray improves the physical and mechanical properties of some structures, and the decay resistance of the WPCs against brown and white rot fungus according to their weight losses. The uniformity of the micrographs obtained from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated that the interaction between the polymer and wood fibers.

The Purpose of this research is the investigation of relation between the investors' behavior and defining the effect of emotional quotient on decision making activity at the time of investing.For this objective, investment biases such as mental accounting, risk aversion, spread influence are taken into consideration.From Target and Method view of point, this research can be considered as Applied and Survey -Descriptive research respectively. Data of this research is collected through a questionnaire including 34 questions which distributed between 207 investment fund investors and analysis done via Lissrel software and Structural Equations.By testing the main hypothesis, the results clearly shows that there is a significant relation between emotional quotient, mental accounting and spread influence.

The paper aims to study differential, dynamic-mechanical and biodegradability analysis of polylactic acid/wood fiber (PLA) composites using three levels of nano-graphene (0.75, 1.5 and 3%). In order to mix the materials together and to make standard specimens, an internal mixer and pressure press were used. In the analysis of differential polishing calorimeter, the addition of fibers as well as nano-graphene had a positive effect on the glass transition temperature and the degree of crystallinity, which indicates a change from softness and flexibility to hardness and hardness. Dynamic-mechanical analysis has shown that the addition of wood fibers to pure polylactic acid can case an increase in the storage modulus of the composite and with the addition of nano-graphene to increasing composition, while the highest amount of storage modulus was related to polylactic acid composites / 30% of fibers and 30% of fibers. Results of tan δ peak showed that with the presence of wood fibers and nano-graphene, the temperature was transferred to a higher temperature and the limited movement of molecules due to the improvement of the fiber reaction in the PLA polymer. The results of biodegradability test also showed that the addition of fibers to pure PLA caused a significant increase in the weight loss of the composite. Additionally, nano-graphene to PLA composites decreases with the less weight in composites.

Considering the increase of environmental pollutant resulted from agglomerating rubbish and wastes containing stable petroleum-based polymers, substitution of these polymers with bio-polymers and solving their problems and defects in the production process as well as the final products is an important topic. In this study, the possibility of the production of poly lactic acid (PLA)-rice husk composite with acceptable properties, and also the effect of using flame retardant mineral fillers of aluminum three hydrates (ATH) and magnesium di-hydroxide (MDH) on physical and thermal properties of the produced composite were investigated. Results indicated that the density of PLA-rice husk composite was higher than petroleum-based polymers composites (PP/HDPE-rice husk composites); and flame retardant mineral fillers addition led to an increase in the composite density. Also, flame retardant mineral fillers addition decreased the composite water absorption and thickness swelling, in a way that they were comparable with petroleum-based polymers composites. Results of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that flame retardant mineral fillers addition also decreased the temperature of the composite weight loss curve peaks, and the weight loss rate toward temperature rising.

T his paper reviews current knowledge about the rheology of highly filled polymers,focusing on hard fillers. Understanding the rheological properties would help forassist the formulation and processing of such polymeric materials. When solid particles areincorporated in a fluid, they affect the rheological behavior of the system via changes in theflow field. Nowadays rheology of suspensions, especially concentrated suspensions, is ofgreat importance due to their wide uses in various fields such as composite, petrochemical,and food industries. The main factors affecting the rheological behavior of these compositessuch as maximum packing fraction, percolation threshold, and the size distribution of thefillers are discussed. The size distribution of the fillers facilitates higher filling levels anddecreases the melt mixture viscosity for a specified content of fillers. The limitations andflow instabilities of highly filled polymers often lead to non-linear rheological behaviorsuch as wall slip, polymer-filler separation, swelling and surface instabilities phenomena.Following, mathematical models predicting the maximum packing fraction, which is oneof the most important rheological parameters of highly filled composites, is presented.The viscosity-containing also discussed as a function of the filler content for monomodal,bimodal, and multimodal highly filled suspensions.

In this paper, the basic definitions of the fatigue behavior of polymeric materials andthe thermal fatigue of polymers, which is due to their viscoelastic properties, arediscussed. Also, the mechanical fatigue of polymers from different aspects and the threestages mechanism include initiation, propagation and fracture have been discussed. Stressamplitude against number of cycles to fatigue failure curves are presented, which is oneof the ways to predict the fatigue behavior of polymers. Based on these curves, lifetimeand fatigue resistance are measured. The tests performed to predict the fatigue behavior ofpolymers are based on theoretical relationships. According to Paris law, the growth rate offatigue cracks is plotted in terms of stress intensity factor, which has a very effective rolein predicting the fatigue behavior of materials. Many factors can affect the fatigue behaviorof polymers, including various experimental and structural variables such as temperature,geometry, orientation, molecular weight, crosslinking, the presence of reinforcements,and environmental factors such as solvent and moisture. Due to the sensitive applicationsof engineering polymers such as polycarbonate (PC), polyoxymethylene (POM),polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyamide (PA), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), andpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fatigue behavior is very important.

Research subject:

 The need to increase agricultural production in proportion to population growth and water crisis management requires initiatives that can increase the quantity and quality of crops by using soil moisture storage methods while preserving the environment. In this study, the effect of different wt. % of Thermoplastic starch (TPS) with maleic anhydride (MA) as compatibilizer and nanoclay (15A) on gel content and mechanical properties of Polylactic acid (PLA) and blends of  Linear low-density polyethylene/ Low-density polyethylene (LLDPE / LDPE) was evaluated.

Research approach: 

Here, 0, 10, 20 and 30 wt. % TPS were added to the blends of LLDPE/LDPE (20/80) and also PLA. Independent parameters in the experimental design were wt. % of TPS, basic polymer type that was PLA or TPS and aging test. For dependent parameters were considered gel content, tensile strength, elongation at break and elastic modulus. Experiments were designed in General Full Factorial Design and performed in three replications.

Gel content in LLDPE/LDPE blends increased with the addition of TPS and decreased for PLA blends. The gel content change range for experimental samples before and after the aging test was between 10 to 21 and 2 to 5 percent, respectively. Tensile strength and elongation at break were reduced by adding TPS in both series of compounds before aging test. But this reducing rate was less in the 20 wt. % of TPS. The values ​​of tensile strength and elongation at break were: 12 to 19 MPa and 50 to 350 percent, respectively. These values changed after the aging test between 7 and 11 MPa and from zero to 5 percent, respectively.
Keywords: biodegradability, low density polyethylene, poly lactic acid, thermoplastic starch.

Polymeric fuel tanks have considerably lighter weight in comparison to metal tanks. However, a drastic reduction in evaporation of gasoline vapor from these fuel tanks is needed. The use of nanoparticles to produce polymeric nanocomposites can be an effective way to reduce the extent of permeability and enhance mechanical and processing properties. The planar nanoclay platelets have a substantial potential in enhancement of barrier properties of polymers. It should be noted that the type of compatibilizer plays a remarkable role in the dispersion state of nanoclay.

Nanocomposite samples were prepared using melt blending method in a twin screw extruder. In order to find the optimized formulation, the effects of nanoclay content, compatibilizer type, compatibilizer content and screw speed were assessed using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimization was performed based on the lowest gas permeability, favorable impact strength and melt flow index.

In general, the increment of nanoclay content led to improvement of the barrier properties, while compatibilizer content had an optimal level. The results of optimization revealed that the sample containing 10 wt% of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene as compatibilizer and 6 wt% of organoclay (Cloisite 20A) possesses the optimum properties. Indeed, this sample showed an optimum balance between different properties and an exfoliated morphology for nanoclay platelets was obtained. On the other hand, although the oxidized polyethylene wax with high viscosity showed the lowest gas permeability, the impact strength and melt flow index were totally undesirable. Nanocomposite samples containing low viscosity oxidized polyethylene wax exhibited the highest gas permeability.

Extensive efforts have been made by scientists and researchers in polymer science tounderstand the mechanism underlying the failure of polymer materials. Complexbehavior of polymeric materials compared to other conventional materials (metals andceramics) makes it difficult to study this behavior. The fracture of polymeric materials,which is classified into brittle or ductile, also depends on the mechanism governing theirfracture. From the material science point of view, the fracture mechanics of polymermaterials discusses the relationships and equations that govern fracture. These relationshipslead to a deeper understanding and obtain the values of stress concentration, criteria, andmodes of fracture and express their relationship to the stress intensity index. However,from the point of view of polymer science, not only the mechanics of fracture, but also themechanisms governing fracture are of great importance. The three mechanisms of cracking,shear yielding and cavitation are described as the mechanisms governing the fracture ofpolymeric materials. Understanding which mechanism governs a polymer piece requires athorough understanding of that piece as well as the operating conditions. In this paper, themechanics of fracture and the mechanisms that govern it are discussed, as well as how totransfer the mechanism to another one.

This article aims to investigate the role of social and institutional factors on agricultural entrepreneurship development in Fasa city. The statistical population of the study is all those who have started a new business in the agricultural sector of Fasa in the last 5 years. The theoretical framework of Robert Putnam's theories of research is Francis Fukuyama on social networks and Mark Granowert's weak link theory and Douglas North's theories. Agriculture) has been exploited. The sample size was 288 people were selected using Cochran formula by systematic random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire and SPSS and AMOS software were used for data analysis. Social trust (0.15), Social bond (0.19), Social participation (0.11), Social support (0.19), Quality of laws and ownership (0.19), Political stability (0.20) and the quality of public services (64%) are effective in the development of agricultural entrepreneurship. The Pearson correlation test also confirmed the relationship between the above independent variables and the dependent variable of agricultural entrepreneurship development at 99% level. Changes in entrepreneurship are agricultural. Among the social variables the most influence belongs to the variable of social support and among the variables of the institutional environment, the variable of political stability has the most predictable of the variables of agricultural development variable.

In this study, nanocomposites based on epoxy, nano-silica and short glass fibers were prepared with hand molding method. The resin material consisted of epoxy resin and polyamine. Nano-silica and glass fibers, with average length of 6 mm, were added to epoxy polymer matrix in three levels 0, 0.75 and 1.5 wt.% for nano-silica and 5, 10 and 15 wt.% for glass fibers, respectively. After sample preparation, tensile tests are performed to study tensile properties of composites and results were compared and analyzed. Results showed that by adding 0.75 wt.% nano-silica, tensile strength, elastic modulus and elongation increased and by addition 1.5 wt.% of nano-silica the mentioned properties decreased. On the other hand, adding just glass fibers enhanced elastic modulus continuously and declined tensile strength of the nanocomposite. Furthermore, simultaneous presence of glass fibers and nano-silica caused an enhancement in elastic modulus and a reduction in tensile strength and elongation at break.

Abstract Effects of temperature, cellulose Nano fibers and Nano clay particles on mechanical, physical and morphological properties of biodegradable composites made of recycled thermoplastic starch biopolymer and regular mixed industrial sawdust are investigated. To this aim Cellulose Nano Fibers and Nano Clay particles were selected to be 0, 3 and 5 weight percent and were added to prepared biodegradable composites by using internal mixer and samples prepared by injection molding. Mechanical properties including tensile modulus and strength, flexural modulus and strength were extracted at temperatures ranging from 23 ºC to 80 ºC. Impact test and water absorption and thickness swelling were also performed according to related standards. Results show that elevating the temperature drastically reduce mechanical properties. Nano Clay addition results in better mechanical properties except for impact and water absorption and thickness swelling are improved. Using 5% Cellulose Nano Fibers improves mechanical and morphological properties better than 3% addition. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis revealed Nano composites samples with 5% Nano Clay and Cellulose Nano Fibers has higher storage modulus and glass transition temperatures in compare to pure composite samples. This Nano particles can be successfully used to improve properties and performance except for fracture resistance.

In this research the ability of some bacteria isolated from oil contaminated areas in Khuzestan province in lowering oil contamination was studied.
 

After primary isolation of some bacterial colonies with oil-degradation ability, eleven bacteria species called Lysobacter ruishenii strain CTN-1, Kocuria rosea strain CMS, Bacillus pseudomycoides strain NBRC, Delftia tsuruhatensis strain 332, Planomicrobium chinense strain NBRC, Acinetobacter junii strain ATCC, Cedecea lapagei strain DSM, Ochrobactrum intermedium strain CNS,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain SNP, Chryseobacterium flavum strain CW-E 2and Streptomyces novaecaes strain NBRC via alignment of their 16S rRNA gene sequence with sequences existing in NCBI were identified. Then crude oil degradation ability of the bacteria and also their growth rate in liquid and solid minimum salt medium (MSM) containing 1 percent crude was measured.
 

Although all of the isolated bacteria have the capability of crude oil degradation in different levels, Planmicrobium chinense, Ochrobactrum intermedium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria have higher growth rate and the degradation ability in the period of 15 days.
 

 It seems that provided that doing some complementary researches, these bacteria can be used for decontamination of crude oil contaminated regions located in Khuzestan province.

Every year, large quantities of date palm seeds are produced as byproducts in date processing and packaging industries, which is discarded or used as low-value materials for animal feeds and composts. However, these bioresources may include potentials to produce high-value added products in food industries. The major aim of the current study was to assess phenolic profiles and contents and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of four Iranian date palm seed extracts, namely Zahedi, Kabkab, Mazafati and Rabbi. Total phenolic contents, phenolic compounds profile and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from four Iranian date palm seeds were assessed using Folin-Ciocalteu, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods, respectively.Results and Total phenolic contents varied 1480-3380 mg GAE 100 g-1 dw. cinnamic, chlorogenic, caffeic and 3, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid included the primary phenolic compounds, respectively. Of the varieties, Kabkab and Mazafati seed extracts with IC50 values of 16.56 and 22.6 µg ml-1 demonstrated the highest and lowest radical scavenging activity, respectively. Results obtained from disc diffusion method revealed that all extracts included inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus, but not against Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extracts ranged 1.563.125 and 3.125-12.5 mg ml-1 for Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Based on the findings, Iranian date seeds are good sources of extractable phenolic compounds with notable antioxidant activities, which can be used as natural additives in formulations of various products such as functional foods and dietary supplements. Furthermore, these seeds can be converted to value added products through biotechnological processes.Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Adsorption of lead metal ion [Pb(II)] from aqueous samples was investigated using polyethersulfone (PES)/amine-functionalized carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) via changes of pH, stirring speed, contact time, adsorbent content and initial metal ion concentration. The FTIR and EDX results for the modified sample showed that the first type amine groups (N-H2) and the second type amine groups (N-H) were located on the CNT surface. The SEM images also showed CNTs structure change, their breaking down followed by providing more order. The rate of ion adsorption by the nanocomposite sample showed that the kinetic equilibrium of adsorption occurred within the first 10 min of contact time. To maximize the metal ion removal, the amounts of nano-adsorbent, pH and initial ion concentration were determined 0.1 g/100 mL aqueous sample, 7, and 95 ppm, respectively. Also, the Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo-second order kinetic model had the best correspondence with the experimental data.

A review study is presented in relation to polymer/graphene nanocomposites. The research works have shown that the graphene can be considered as the strongest material and the hummer’s method is a suitable method for its production. Functionalization by chemical groups compatible with its matrix can enhance dispersion of the nanoparticles within it. The effect of graphene nanoplatelets on the isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization behavior, nucleation and crystal growth is explained. Several contradicting results including both increase and decrease in crystallinity have been reported. The change of electrical conductivity with the addition of graphene and method of determining percolation threshold are presented. The results showed a significant increase in electrical conductivity by incorporation of graphene nanosheets. The mechanical properties of nanocomposites including elastic modulus, elongation-at-break and tensile strength are reviewed. The reported results revealed that modulus increased due to higher modulus of nanoparticles and there was a contradictory result for tensile strength and elongation-at-break. Functionalization of nanosheets could increase the tensile strength of nanocomposites through stronger adhesion between filler and matrix. The thermal conductivity of these nanocomposites and the desirable method for measurement of thermal conductivity constant are discussed. The results showed that graphene nanoplatelets are less effective in enhancing thermal conductivity in comparison to electrical conductivity. The rheological properties of nanocomposites were affected by addition of nanosheets and the obtained rheological percolation threshold was different from the electrical one. The lower electrical percolation in comparison to rheological one means electrical threshold is obtained from direct contact of nanoparticles.