افشار حاتمی

Over time, cities have sought to increase the welfare and quality of human life and, recently, to preserve the environment through the agricultural, industrial, and technological revolutions. In the 21st century, information and communication technology has become necessary for urban development and planning to improve the quality of life and place. According to the new urban paradigm, using innovative systems, including creating ubiquitous cities with smart convergent systems, is a solution to overcome these urban problems. The ubiquitous city is one of the future cities where physical spaces and electronic spaces converge. This research is of a descriptive-analytical and review type to investigate and analyze the approach of ubiquitous cities in the information and communication technology age. The analysis shows that a ubiquitous city consists of space, place, information and communication technology, and people. The difference between this approach and the old approaches in urban planning is the adoption of information and communication technology as a means of change in the city. This city has specific effects on the city with four social, economic, spatial, and organizational dimensions. In line with dimensions, they are implementing democracy in a real way by creating participation among citizens, determining information and communication technology as a driver and engine of economic growth, removing time and place restrictions, rejecting the central place theory and an approach that both compact and sprawl forms are capable of development. From an organizational point of view, it also helps to balance the city's three social, economic, and spatial dimensions. Therefore, according to the key capabilities of information and communication technology, it is necessary to pay attention to the ubiquitous city approach, especially in capital cities, because it leads to the possibility of solving many problems, including transportation traffic, environmental pollution, and increasing economic competitiveness..

This research was done in order to introduce the new approach of ubiquitous cities with descriptive-analytical method and using data collection in document-library format. The review of international and domestic studies with regard to the ubiquitous cities approach, shows the definitions, dimensions, indicators, elements and management strategies of this approach.

The basic framework of this article is based on the review of international and domestic studies following the ubiquitous city approach, definitions, dimensions, indicators, elements, and management strategies. The findings show that the effects of the ubiquitous city can be investigated in four dimensions of sustainable urban development, including economic, social, spatial, and organizational development. In terms of economy and economic growth, the ubiquitous city is jointly called the engine of economic growth due to the combination of technology and construction industries. South Korea's experience in this field shows that after the Asian economic crisis in 1997 and after the world economic crisis in 2008, in both cases, innovative urban development models were used as solutions to solve the crisis not only at the city level but also at the national level. Socially, in the ubiquitous city, the amount of social preparation, information literacy to use the technologies used in these cities and the services that must be provided must be planned. Issues related to independence, privacy, security, trust, affordability, access, and participation in the benefits of these technologies, infrastructure, and services are significant. What is expected in the ubiquitous city socially is that ubiquitous city projects should be a stimulus for change in participation in urban development that provides an opportunity to implement democracy in a real way. From a spatial point of view, developments outside and different from other principles and thoughts of urban planning are implemented in the ubiquitous city. Suppose the wide and longitudinal city was less effective in the past today. In that case, the ubiquitous city is the only urban form due to its characteristics of eliminating time and space. The issues related to urban compactness or dispersion have yet to be discussed. In other words, a ubiquitous city includes both dense and scattered urban forms. On the other hand, ubiquitous city rejects some urban planning theories, including the central place theory. In this city, issues related to the centrality of science lose their credibility; because it is possible to communicate and receive services from any point of the city without the time and place restrictions. From the organizational point of view, providing services, infrastructures, technologies, and management systems that support the development of the ubiquitous city provides a lot of confidence and capabilities for city managers. Also, creating a balance between three social, economic, and spatial approaches is one of the other key organizational tasks in the ubiquitous city.

Examining the experiences of humanity in the direction of moving towards human development, especially urban development, shows that different approaches have been taken in different periods. What has recently made people focus on cities more than ever before is the discussion of sustainable development. On the other hand, the huge concentration of population in urban areas has added to this importance. Moving from sustainable development to green growth, carbon dioxide reduction, balanced development, virtual city, electronic city, smart city, and the ubiquitous city shows the issue's importance in the contemporary era. The use of information and communication technology has made the ubiquitous city approach different from previous approaches. This technology has caused fundamental changes in the attitude towards urban and even global issues and challenges. When information and communication technology is mentioned in the city context, it includes a set of urban infrastructures, architectures, software, computing and data analysis systems, and systems hardware sets throughout the city that are wireless or networks connected. These technologies are exerted to identify, receive, collect, store, process, combine, analyze, generalize, model, simulate, manage, exchange, and share data to control, understand, explore, and plan modern cities to achieve particular goals. The ubiquitous city's foundation depends on information and communication technology and has specific components and requirements. A certain level of information technology and telecommunication infrastructure is among the foundations of the ubiquitous city. Other technologies and tools are also used in this city according to the needs. The use of big data, cloud computing, supercomputers, advanced fiber optic, satellite infrastructure, etc. are prerequisites for realizing this city. In practical terms, this city's core is the geographic information system and global positioning system. These two technologies are the link between human-human, human-object, and human-city. Regarding the theories behind this approach, the theory of sustainable development and information and communication technology plays a fundamental role. These two theories have influenced many aspects of urban life regarding the built environment, urban system, urban services, and urban forms. The central assumption in this field is that ubiquitous city development is a form of experience and practical implementation through interdisciplinary and specialized knowledge. More precisely, a ubiquitous city as a development approach involves and combines many scientific and theoretical fields from different sectors. In other words, a ubiquitous city is a technology-oriented approach to the future city with extensive capabilities and excessive attractions using the expansion of innovation in various scientific and technological fields. This approach is so broad that scientific research can only cover some related fields. However, the scientific view of urban planning shows that this approach has many effects on human-human, human-object, and human-city relations.

This study seeks to investigate the security-defense status in the coastal area of southern Iran from the west of Hormozgan province to the east of Sistan and Baluchestan province (Chabahar and Konarak cities). The Descriptive-analytical research method has been used in this research. The required data have been gathered from land management documents and the Statistical Center of Iran. 53 indicators have been used in different natural, environmental, cultural, social, economic, and residential dimensions to measure the security-defense status of the studied area. The findings of the research indicate that the security-defense plan requires an integrated and systematic look at the natural and human threats inside and outside the borders. The modeling of the affecting defense-security elements in the studied area showed that the roots of sustainable security and powerful defense lie in geographical and human characteristics; Also, the study of the geographical and socio-economic characteristics of the southern coasts of Hormozgan and Sistan and Baluchistan showed that the lack of stable security and defense of the land was accompanied by the lack of balance in development and the backwardness of some of the desired criteria and indicators.

In today's world, advances in science and technology have led to the emergence of the information revolution and advanced cognitive tools. Space satellites are capable of capturing the entire surface of the earth in great detail. At the same time, the development of electronic warfare, including long-range and guided missiles of mass destruction, remote-controlled weapons and war robots, has posed serious threats to the security and survival of societies. For this purpose, defense-security planning has been designed as an effective solution against the existing threats. The purpose of this study is to organize the defense and security of Khuzestan provinces in order to identify threats and use potential defense and security capabilities. In explaining the relationship between land management and defense-security indicators, the important issue is that in the planning projects that have been discussed so far in the country, only demographic, economic, political, cultural, physical issues are considered and the issue of defense and national security and less considered areas. Is located; Therefore, the relationship between land use planning and defense-security indicators can be examined from different perspectives.

The research materials included basic maps obtained from the surveying organization as well as the geographical organization, including maps of critical, critical and important points. In addition, geological maps and other thematic maps have been used.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The study area was Khuzestan provinces and the research period was 2016 to 2021. The statistical population of the study was the population of Khuzestan provinces according to the population and housing census data of the Statistics Center in 2016. There was no sample size in this study. The method of data collection was using documentation and survey. Research data for economic and social sectors were obtained from the Statistics Center. Data analysis techniques included frequency tables, descriptive graphs, spatial analysis methods, and spatial statistics techniques.

In this study, indicators were studied that can be considered as a representative for a large number of micro and macro indicators. According to these indicators, a picture of the security, defense and defense situation in Khuzestan provinces was shown. It is noteworthy that security cannot be achieved only with the tools of war and the use of military forces, and the threat is not only the existence of a foreign enemy. Rather, any tension that affects the comfort and well-being of the people is considered an insecure element and action must be taken to resolve it. Also, defense is not only the use of weapons and military forces, but also defense mechanisms must be prepared to deal with any insecure elements. Many sabotages in the country can happen without the attack of the enemy forces. In the field of defense planning, there is a need that any action and action for development and planning, must be accompanied by the principles of defense and the correct location of vital, sensitive and important elements. Also, the defense-security planning model showed that defense, security and defense planning pursue three main goals, namely deterrence, capability and self-sufficiency or self-reliance. According to the objectives of the powerful, safe and stable land as the three main arms in defense-security planning. A safe land is a security arrangement and a framework for understanding all the factors that disrupt order and security in the region. Powerful land indicates defense planning, which seeks to provide mechanisms to understand the maximum possible defense of the land and the region. Sustainable land targets defense planning. In this type of arrangement, the main purpose of camouflage is to hide and reduce the effects of possible attacks.

In the provinces of Khuzestan and Bushehr, it was found that in addition to military threats, there are other factors that have a civilian aspect; Therefore, in order to establish security and maintain stability in the provinces in question, it is necessary to consider various instances of security, defense and passive defense with a systemic view. Some of these factors have a natural aspect and others have a human aspect including social, cultural, economic, military, technological and political. Therefore, defense-security planning analyzes can consider the most important and effective scientific solutions to deal with military and civilian threats and to establish order and security.

According to a new urban paradigm using new innovative systems like crating ubiquitous city with smart convergent systems is a way to solve urban problems. The ubiquitous city is a future city in which physical spaces and electronic spaces are convergent. In terms of structural view ubiquitous city consists of space, ICT, and human. This research method is applied and descriptive analytic one. By reviewing the literature on 15 aspects and 77 indices are gathered and selected. Required data for research gathered through field study. Research result indicates that the distribution of indicators of Ubiquitous city in Tehran metropolitan is very inappropriate. The most significant shortage (More than 50 %) in Tehran metropolitan are in U-Health and care U-Governance, U-culture, and sports, U-education, U-housing, U-transportation, infrastructure, citizens, trade and finance aspects. In turn, U-facilities, U-environment, U-energy network, and U-water network are the only aspects that the distribution of indicators (More than 50 %) are appropriate. In general, dimensional classification showed that 13.33 percent of the dimensions were in an excellent condition, 13.33 percent in good condition, 20 percent in moderate condition, 40 percent in poor condition and 13.33 percent in deplorable condition. The existence of indicators also showed that 33.76 percent of the index is not available at all85% of the indicators are incomplete, and only 23.37% of the indicators are fully exhaustive — finally, the priority of indicators propose to the development of U-city in Tehran metropolis. the results of this research applicable for furthor transformation of Tehran to ubiquitous city.

Economic growth is one of the goals pursued by every country, and this is because of the many benefits that come with the growth process. According to World Bank reports, more than 80 percent of people live in developing areas. Unfortunately, in developing countries such as Iran, balanced development has not taken place, which has created regional inequalities and economic divisions between regions. The increasing inequalities between different regions of a country indicate that part of the country's population is not benefiting from the consequences of economic growth and development.

 The discussion of development and underdevelopment is one of the most challenging issues in today's world that is influenced by various spatial, temporal factors, and the varying value of different criteria in measuring development. The expansion of development concepts and policies has led the past decades called the era of development. This era has begun in the mid-20th century. Many indicators have been provided for measuring development and underdevelopment; however, based on most thinkers, especially thinkers of the 20th century, economics is a significant development factor. Moreover, there is a close relationship between human and the economy; as economic development cause the development and improvement of human living conditions, humans are the main factor of economic growth and development. Nevertheless, economic development happens when all regions of a country benefit from that. Therefore, to achieve comprehensive economic development, economic policymakers must create a kind of economic balance and cohesion in different regions and provinces so that with coordinated economic growth, the economic development differences can be solved in provinces of Iran.

A descriptive-analytical approach was used in the present study. The required data from the statistical yearbook of 1395 have been collected in the form of 30 indices. Shannon entropy, coefficient of variation, and Vikor were used for weighting, distribution analysis, and developmental level determination, respectively. ArcGIS software was also used to display the map.

The coefficient of variation was used to determine the status of the distribution of indicators in the provinces. According to the results, about 11 indices have a coefficient of variation above 1, and two indices have a coefficient of variation above 0.9, indicating a lack of balanced distribution of economic indices in the provinces. There are the highest inequalities between the indicators of incoming tourists, durable housing, and mining workers with 2.00, 1.55, and 1.54 scores, respectively. In contrast, there are the lowest inequality levels between the indicators of male economic participation, economic participation, and working population with 0.6, 0.7, and 0.7 scores, respectively. Overall, 36.67% of the indices scored above 0.9 indicate inequality between more than two-thirds of the indices studied in the provinces. Based on economic indicators, the Q average for 31 provinces was 0.76, which is above average. Isfahan province with Q equal to 0.253 is at the highest level, and Tehran and Khorasan Razavi provinces are in second and third place with Q equal to 0.322 and 0.434, respectively. In contrast, Ilam province is at the lowest level, with Q equal to 0.996. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Ardabil provinces are ranked second and third most economically deprived, with Q equal to 0.977 and 0.964, respectively.

 The results of this study showed that mainly central and populated provinces, including Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Tehran, Kerman, Fars, East Azarbaijan provinces had a higher level of development, and the rest of Iran provinces had medium and lower economic development level. Among the 11 provinces with low development level are Gilan, Zanjan, Kurdistan, Alborz, Lorestan, Hamadan, Golestan, North Khorasan, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan and 7 provinces with lower development including Ardebil, Qazvin, Qom, Kermanshah, Ilam, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad require special attention and efficient policies and programs for faster and more effective economic development. Overall, 19.35% of provinces were at the highest economic development level, about 22.58% at a medium level, 35.48% at a low level, and 22.58% at a lower level. The interesting point is that the absence of any of the provinces in Iran at a high level of economic development. This point clearly indicates the inefficiency and hierarchy of economic development and other aspects of the imbalance of economic development in Iran.

Increased urbanization, population growth and socio-economic and environmental problems besides growth and development of ICT at the global level are the sign of the 21st century. The contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection, encountering ultra-modern citizens with industrial cities and lack of responsibility to current citizens has led to a smart sustainable city that thanks to ICT such as IoT following to solve mentioned problems. This paper beside introducing smart sustainable approach as a counterpoint to Neoliberal approach, assessing emergence, evolution, aspects, indices, and differences between similar approaches like smart city. This research from the view of aim is basic research and from the view of nature and research method is descriptive analytic one. The results of the research indicate that also there is no universal definition of smart sustainable city, but there is an agreement on the final goal to obtain sustainable development. The reason for this necessity is the third wave of sustainability and crisis of social, economic and environmental challenges in the context of the cities. Also, primary focus of these definitions is equity and social inclusiveness, quality of life, efficiency, flexible infrastructure, ICT and environment protection. Furthermore, there was such a futuristic gap in the definition of smart sustainable city that a new definition presented based on future study approach. In contrast to similar approaches, the core of the smart sustainable city is ICT and environment protection. Also, results shows that for implementation of this aprroah inaddtion to use theory of change, future study and systems theory, should consider the slogan of “think globaly and act localy” and localization of smart sustainable approach based on social, economic, political and futuristic condition of Iranian metropolises.

Understanding how to distribute economic, social, cultural and other opportunities as first step in spatial development planning can improve service delivery and increase equilibrium between regions. This research aimed at study and analysis of 31 provinces of Iran based on social indicatros enjoyment. Therefore, the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method of research. Required data collected through the statistical yearbook of 1395 (2016) in the form of 52 important social indicators including social, cultural, welfare, educational and health components. Shannon entropy, coefficient of variation (C.V), WASPAS used to Wheightining of criterias, analysis of indicators dispersion and determining the level of development of provinces respectively in the context of MATLAB. The result shows that there is a lack of social development balance between Iran provinces. Tehran, Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi and Fars are four provinces that placed at higher level of social development and Alborz, Zanjan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Semnan, South Khorasan, North Khorasan, Ilam and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad are placed at the most deprived areas of the country in terms of social indicators. Overall, the results show that social development status in Iran's provinces is not synonymous with social and spatial justice and requires proper and effective attention and management.

Abstract Rapid urbanization, services and health and care infrastructures inequalities between geographical regions have been led to imbalance in population and activities. Statistical populations of this research are 14 counties of Tehran province based on 2011 national political division. 57 indices from health and care section of national population and housing consensus of 2011 have been selected and analyzed. For assessing distribution of indices Coefficient of variant (C.V), for leveling TOPSIS, VIKOR, SAW, CAPLAND for combination of models, geographically weighted regression  to determining relationship between population and indices in the Arc GIS were used. The research findings indicate inappropriate distribution in the health and care indices between counties of Tehran province. Based on final leveling, Tehran and Firouzkouh are in first level, Damavand, Shemiranat, Robat-Karim, are placed in second level, and in third level, Pishva, Pakdasht and Ray are located. In turn, Islamshahr, Shahriar, and Varamin are in fourth level and finally, Malard, Qods and Baharestan are placed in fifth level. Finally, the results of GWR indicate that the relationship between people and factors distribution is positive in Tehran, Shemiranat, Firouzkouh, Damavand, Pakdasht, Robat-Karim but in turn, is negative in Pishva, Varamin, Ray, Islamshahr, Baharestan, Shahriar, Malard and Qods. These means that, the increase of population  were not equal to increase in facilities. Then,  spatial inequality in regional level is very high and are not in good consistent with concepts of social and spatial justice. Therefore, it is necessary to consider balanced distribution based on population and Geographical situation.

Urban bubbles are a new topic in urban planning issues for examining sustainability at various levels of social, economic, environmental, and management. Until now, a common definition of urban bubbles has not been presented, indicating that there are not many studies in this area. This research was aimed at considering the future situation of city bourgeois in Tehran metropolis using scenario approach. This research is in terms of its purpose and in terms of the collection of exploratory information. The required information was collected from field studies and documents. In field studies, Delphi technique was performed in the form of a group of 30 people. To analyze the data, the interactive effects analysis method was used in MICMAC software. The results of this study indicate that 56 factors were first identified as key factors in five institutional, managerial, economic, social and environmental dimensions affecting the future situation of urban bubbles. Then, with the opinion of the experts, 25 agents were identified. The results of the study indicate that the dispersion of the variables indicates the instability of Tehran's metropolitan system. Five categories of influential, dual, regulatory, influential and independent factors were identified. Final scores and ranking of key factors were carried out and finally, three scenarios were presented for the future status of urban bubbles in Tehran metropolitan

Tehran's territory is about 23 cities, 237 villages and hundreds of activities, covering a total of about 2 million people, which, along with nationa conditions, continues to attract immigrants, population growth and sustainability. Spread of official and informal settlements if we ignore the harassment of the northern part of Tehran, the southern zone is the focus of the poor and dense lives that seems to be the mechanism of civil disarmament of urban and regional development programs, Acceptance of this type of residence has made. In this article, referring to the studies and the secondary data collected in the field of social and cultural issues of the Tehran metropolitan area (especially the social and cultural impact assessment of the comprehensive plan of privacy) and SWOT analysis of about 30 experts in this area, summing up Challenges and socio-cultural issues of Tehran metropolitan area, the strategies of macroeconomic stability and sustainable development are based on the assessment of the socio-cultural impact of privacy in Tehran.

Today, competitiveness has become one of the most applied concepts in regional and urban studies. The reason, why much attention has been devoted to this concept is the changes in the world economy, demographical changes of countries, changes in social structures and activities. This research aimed to conduct a spatial analysis of competitiveness of Iran provinces based on educational factors. In terms of scope, this research is an applied study and in terms of nature and research method is descriptive analytic one. 75 factor from education section of national population and housing consensus of 1390 (2011) have selected and analyzed. For analyzing Coefficient of Variant (C.V), VIKOR and geographically weighted regression in the Arc GIS were used. The research findings indicate inappropriate distribution in the educational factors between provinces of Iran. Totally, 46% of educational factors distributed in unsuitable way, and Sistan and Baluchestan, Kurdistan and Ilam provinces are in most inequality but in turn, West Azerbaijan, Isfahan and East Azerbaijan are in the good situation. Final results shows that, in terms of educational competitiveness, Tehran province is in the first level, Razavi Khorasan, Khuzestan, Fars, Isfahan, East Azerbaijan, Kerman, Mazanderan provinces are placed in the second level, and in the third level Gilan, Sistan and Baluchestan, West Azerbaijan, Lorestan, Hormozgan, Golestan, Kermanshah, Hamadan, Markazi, Kurdistan, Alborz, Qazvin, Ardebil, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Boushehr, Yazd, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Zanjan, Semnan, South Khorasan, Qom, Ilam and North Khorasan provinces are located. Overall conclusions indicate that development situations of Iran provinces in terms of educational factors are not in good consistent with concepts of social and spatial justice and required bottom-up approach and decentralized planning. Moreover, economic growth depends on establishment of performance-oriented education system.

To achieve a sustainable society, it is necessary to recognize the levels of vulnerabilities versus natural risks the causes of socio-physical differences. Based on this, recognizing vulnerability and its socio-spatial pattern is the basis of policy making toward reducing vulnerability and increasing resiliency. The objective of this research is to evaluate and rank the levels of socio-physical vulnerability of Ardabil province counties versus earthquake. This research from view of objective is applied and from view of nature and research method is a descriptive - analytic study. The required data for the study has been gathered from the reports of population and housing sections of national census center. To rank the counties in terms of distribution index, and to express the relationship between variables, TOPSIS and Geographical Weighted Regression (GWR) has been used respectively. Findings indicate that in terms of social vulnerability Pars Abad County is on the very high zone and Ardabil County is on the very low zone. In contract, in terms of physical vulnerability, Meshkin County is on the very high zone and Ardabil County is on the very low zone. The results of combination of social and physical indexes in TOPSIS model showed that, Ardabil County with the score of 0.580 is on the very low zone and Meshkin County with the score of 0.411 is on the very high zone of vulnerability. Finally analysis of Geographical Weighted Regression (GWR) indicated that there is direct and significant relationship between population and vulnerability.

One of the main responsibilities of nurses is to give medicine to patients. If this task is not properly carried out, it leads to pharmaceutical errors that will be a moral challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting pharmaceutical errors from the perspective of nursing staff in Ilam educational hospitals.
This was a cross-sectional study in which 120 nurses working in educational hospitals in Ilam were selected randomly. The study tool was a standard two-part questionnaire that Part I included demographic information and Part II consisted of three areas of nursing, ward and nursing management and the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were calculated. Data analysis was performed using SPSS: 16 software and descriptive and statistical analysis.
In the three domains of nursing (fatigue caused by working (58.3%)), section (high workload in the ward (65.8%)) and nursing management (shortage of nurses compared to patients with (70%)) were the most significant factors that have led to pharmaceutical errors and psychological problems (19.2%), similarity in patients’ names (10.2%) and how to supervise the section (12.5%) were the least common factors, respectively.
Given that the highest incidence of pharmaceutical errors was allocated to nursing field, from the perspective of nurses, therefore, intervention should be a priority in planning. It is recommended that some measures should be taken to reduce the occurrence of errors by raising nursing wages and benefits and reducing shifts per person during the month and increasing the number of nurses in proportion to patients.

One of the major issues that now appear in major cities is imbalance in the distribution regulation and failure of utilities system such as educational services. Heterogeneous and unplanned development and rapid population growth can be regarded as the main reasons for these issues. In order to increase efficiency of these spaces, it is necessary to attend organization and suitable distribution. This study investigates the spatial organization and physical development of educational facilities in the Tabriz 8 municipality area. This study is based on descriptive - analytical methods and using nearest neighbor analysis and Moran indices, the spatial distribution patterns of educational centers were determined in the study area. According to the results of these two methods, the necessity of organizing educational centers was revealed in the study area; for this purpose, multi criteria evaluation models in GIS software were used. In order to organize the educational centers in case study area, effective and appropriate criteria have been used and efficiency weights were calculated by analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Finally, suitable map was extracted by criteria overlay and TOPSIS model. Interpreting the resulting maps revealed that the south and southwest part of case study area have very high distribution of educational facilities and do not have regular pattern. The results of this research would recommend construction of educational facilities.