ام البنین جلالی

A group is an organized unit whose members have a common goal, work together, and mutually exchange information and experiences. One of the key issues for any organization is finding ways to encourage them to perform better. Businesses constantly need to motivate the workforce to be more flexible, respond more quickly, provide reliable solutions to complex issues, and increase production, generally.  According to conventional economics, increasing monetary rewards will increase the efforts of the workforce. In other words, more monetary rewards mean stronger incentives and vice versa. This simplification is used in many economic situations; however, it does not necessarily apply to environments where the workforce is part of a group and their rewards are affected by the work of the other group members. In fact, it may be that the economic theory claiming that more rewards lead to more effort by the labor force does not apply under certain conditions, and a situation contrary to it occurs. Actually, in such circumstances, some members of the group might take advantage of the other members of the group, and will get more rewards while doing less work, which has been described by Winter (2009) and McClure et al. (2014) as incentive reversal. Incentive reversal indicates a situation in which an increase in rewards for all the members of a group will only lead to an effort made by a fraction of the agents. The main objective of this study is an experimental survey of incentive reversal in the framework of a sequential game. In this regard, 135 students from Ayatollah Haeri University of Meybod participated in a two-stage game consisting of three-person teams. The results showed that: first, with regards to incentive reversal, the increase in the cost of effort results in more effort and thus more production. Second, when the cost of effort is high, each player will attempt to exert his/her effort, if and only if he/she observed that all the agents before him/her have attempted to exert their efforts. Third, based on incentive reversal theory predictions, the first participants exert less effort at low costs. The findings of the present study on incentive reversals indicate the important conclusion that large monetary incentives may lose their effectiveness if the validity of this potential threat is devalued. Also, the explicit and complete introduction of rewards may sometimes not have the desired results. For example, guaranteeing increased pay to employees or providing better job opportunities that reduce effort costs does not always lead to increased performance. Rather, they may even lead to incentive reversals .

Stock market volatility is evaluated by measuring the variance of the market that is evaluated through consumption growth volatility in the framework of pricing of CCAPM models. This theory is not consistent with revealed facts, in reality; because consumption growth is very smooth but stock market appears highly volatile; this is famous to stock market volatility puzzle. In this regard, the new findings suggest that the combination of the traditional approach to the agent of systemic risk of bubble make it easier to interpret the market volatility puzzle better than before.
The main objective of this research is to interpret the stock market volatility puzzle due to the systemic risk of bubble in the security market in the period of 07 / 1387 to 06 / 1395. In this regard, the systemic risk of bubble in the securities market was investigated by using of the “Supremum generalized standard Dickey-Fuller tests", then market volatility puzzle was analyzed by usage of the results. The results showed that securities market has experienced one bubble periods (01/1392 to 01/1393). The results also showed that the traditional approach (regardless of bubble risk factor) is not able to explain the stock market puzzle, but bubble risk-based methodology is provided a better explain  to stock market volatility.

The housing sector is one of the key sectors of Iran, which is of great importance. One of the issues that this market faces is the presence of speculators in this market, which leads to the bubble of this market and, thus, imposes a lot of costs on society. In this regard, determining the bubble and date stamping and determining the type of existing bubbles in a single or multiple type can be of great help to policymakers. Considering this, the main objective of the present study was to investigate the bubbles dating in the housing market (land and rent house), the date stamping and determination of the single or multiple bubbles.The method used in this study is recursive unit root approach provided by Philips et al (2013), known as RADF and GSADF tests. The results of this study showed that Tehran and all urban areas, large cities, small and medium sized cities in the years 1382 to 1392 have experienced bubble periods at land prices and rentals, of which the most important bubble interval was from 1386 to 1387. There were also bubble periods in land prices and rentals from 1390 to 1392.

Although there are many benefits to group activities and interactions in the group and it has been considered as one of the factors that affect the performance of the organization; but recently it has been argued that increasing monetary rewards in group activities will reduce the efforts of some agents (the incentive reversal). Regarding the probability of occurrence of this condition and its effect on cognitive factors such as gender, the main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of gender and gender composition on the occurrence of incentive reversal. In this framework, by providing a laboratory environment and using 210 players (students from Yazd and Ayatollah Haeri Meybod), a two-stage trio team was designed. The research hypotheses test showed that none of the two research hypotheses based on the gender effect and the gender composition on the incentive reversal have been approved.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the political developments of the Cabinet and its effects on the instability of economic growth in Iran from 1968 to 2012. In this regard, Iran's economic structure was divided into two oil and non-oil parts. Using the concept of Engle Granger co-integration, the effects of political risk, Cabinet change (basis, development, and reform and justice governments), and labor, capital stock and export variables are evaluated on economic growth. Oil sector Results showed that the reform government has performed better than other government in the capital, labor and political risk. In oil exports, Studied Governments has also performed such as basic government. The results of the non-oil sector showed that the effect of exports on economic growth in the justice government is like the basic government, but in the development and reform governments is not. The effect of labor on economic growth is not meaningful, in the basic government; but in development, reforms and justice developments are positive and meaningful. Political risk in the reform government (compared to other governments) has had the greatest impact on economic growth.

Recently, organizations have tended to focus on team activities, and cognitive factors such as social capital can affect the performance of individuals in this framework. In this regard, the present study examined the effect of social capital on individual decisions within the framework of teamwork. In order to achieve this goal, we came to the experimental environment and performed an examination of the effects by performing sequential and simultaneous games that were complete, static and dynamic, and perfect and imperfect. 182 students were selected from the population of students from universities of Yazd, and 2184 observations were collected. The results of the study showed that the increase in social capital of a team's players leads to increased team production, team revenue and team profits. The results also showed that people with high level of social capital are not affected by rewards, while reward changes lead to a change in the behavior of individuals with a moderate or lower social capital level.

In many economies, commodity price volatility is one of the sources of signaling to market players. Different experiences of price shocks have led economists to reconsider price shocks. Considering the effects of monetary policy on the inflation rate, the present study investigates the impact of monetary policy shock on the price of storable food commodities. In this regard, data for 2006: 01 to 2016:12 for Iran was investigated. The results show that a one percent increase in money supply and the interest rate on deposits increases food prices in the long-term by 0.18 percent and 0.82 percent, respectively.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of "help" behavior on “individual incentive reversal”. In order to measure the variable “incentive reversal”, a dynamic game with complete information in the laboratory environment was held. The sample consists of 186 students from the universities of Yazd, Meybod and Mehriz, divided into 62 teams of three persons. Also, to measure the "help" variable, the players were asked after the game to voluntarily and secretly spend the proceeds of the game in a charity. In this framework, players could grant part of the proceeds from the game to either  “treat cancer-illed children” or “advance research”. The results showed that teams with more volunteering players would see less incentive reversal among team members.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of saving rate on money demand function’s regime change in the framework of nonlinear smooth transition auto-regressive method covering the period 1352-1396. In this regard, the linear model was tested against nonlinear model and it revealed that nonlinear model is better. Then, the nonlinear logistic model is distinguished by using Trasvirta test. The results indicated that error adjustment speed in linear models is different from nonlinear ones. Adjustment speed is different in various interest rates. If interest rate of bank deposits is very low, money demand function will quickly adjust itself. As the interest rate of deposits increase, the adjustment speed of money demand function will decrease.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of religion on the occurrence of incentive reversal in team work. In this regard, the basics of behavioral economics were used and sample also is done within the framework of the experimental environment to conduct sequential and simultaneous games that were complete, static and dynamic, and perfect and imperfect. A questionnaire was used to measure religion. Samples used in this study were 182 volunteers from Yazd and Ayatollah Haeri students who were willing to participate in this experiment. These samples participated in 12 stages of play (6 simultaneous and 6 sequential game stages), which included 2184 observations, and entered the lab at the beginning of the game and received written instructions. The results of this study showed that, at the level of individual performance, the decisions of individuals has no correlation with their religiosity; and in any case, the incentive reversal will occur. However, at the team level and in the simultaneous game, the results indicate the correlation of religiosity with the performance of individuals.

The limitation of the production factors is always considered as one of the important issues in the production process. One of these factors is the workforce, which will provide different levels of work for wage change; so, according to Classic economics, increasing monetary rewards will lead to an increase in labor force effort. Recently, incentive reversal is introduced with the advent of group activities in organizations; this means that increasing the monetary rewards of individuals will reduce the efforts of some people. In addition, the ability of individuals to take collective action to identify and solve problems can be viewed from the point of view of social capital. In this regard, the main question of this study is to investigate the influence of social capital on cooperation within the group and an adjustment free rider effect in the framework of sequential game. Therefore, by providing a laboratory environment and the usage of 210 players, a three-member and two-stage team game was designed. Results show that there is a significant relationship between the level of social capital and the individual incentive reversal. In addition, increasing social capital reduces the level of incentive reversal in the third players.

In recent years, digital currencies have attracted many investors. Bitcoin is one of those digital currencies that are considered to be trading more than other currencies. A review of Bitcoin prices is indicative of fluctuations in this market, which increases probability of existing bubble. In this regard, using the monthly data for the period from 08/2013 to 01/2018, the bubble of this market and the single or multiple type of bubbles were investigated. The method used in this study is A recursive unit root test, which was used in the form of SADF, RADF and GSADF tests. Based on the RADF test, there were four bubble periods (March 2015- April 2015, Decembar 2015- March 2016, July 2016- January 2017, September 2017- not disappeared) that had single structures. Based on the SADF test, there was a continuous long bubble period (August 2016- not disappeared), which has a single structure and has not yet exploded. Finally, based on the GSADF test, there were three bubble periods (March 2015- May 2015, Decembar 2015- March 2016, July 2016- not disappeared), that two first bubbles have same structure (March 2015- May 2015, Decembar 2015- March 2016) and the third one has multiple structure (July 2016- not disappeared).

Moral intelligence is one of the factors influencing the performance of individuals in team activities that can lead to a reduction in the level of incentive reversal among team members. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the effects of moral intelligence on the performance of individuals and the occurrence of the incentive reversal among team members in an experimental environment using simultaneous and sequential games. To this end, 182 students from Yazd University were selected as a sample, each played 12 games (6 sequential games and 6 simultaneous games), and a total of 2184 observations were collected. The results of this study were categorized into two levels: individual and group; the results of the individual level showed that moral intelligence has no effect on the incentive reversal, but the results of the group level showed that moral intelligence has affected the incentive reversal. The results of the team level showed that the relationship between moral intelligence and the incentive reversal is negative; this means that by increasing moral intelligence, the degree of incentive reversal in team activity decreases.

One of the issues that occurs in teamwork environments is the impact of cohort or team decisions on the decision of other cohorts. Nowadays, this effect becomes a dilemma when one of the members of the group offers less effort against more reward. In this situation, if other members of the group follow this behavior by this decision and they dodge, they will eventually end up or the team's performance will decline. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the correlation of religiosity with team performance and individual decisions using a laboratory environment and performing two-player complete, static and dynamic games; complete and incomplete. The results from 182 samples and 2184 observation showed that the percentage of team participation that both players endeavor to perform in the high religiosity range is more than moderate and low in the range of religiosity. In contrast, the results showed that team production of players with a lower level of religiosity was more than the production of a team of high and moderate level players. The results of religiosity correlation with people's decision also showed that individuals with high religiousness at high rewards did not have a specific impact on their cohort's decision and decided independently. However, in moderate, this independence was observed only in the simultaneous game at both lower and upper reward levels.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of changes in energy consumption on real GDP in Iran within the framework of the non-linear smooth transition autoregressive method between 1965 and 2013. In this regard, the linear model is tested against a nonlinear model. It is found that the nonlinear model has better estimation. Then, using Trasvirta test, the nonlinear logistic model is estimated. The variations in the independent variables are divided into three parts including up, low and middle thresholds of changes), based on the nonlinear logistic model. The results show that the effect of gas consumption on the real GDP is U-shaped. This means that the low threshold rises to the middle threshold, and the middle threshold declines to the high threshold. In the case of electricity consumption, the results indicate that a positive and increasing relationship exists in all the thresholds. Positive changes in oil consumption in the low threshold have a positive effect on GDP changes, and this effect is reduced by moving from the low to the up threshold; in the up threshold, the effect will be in the opposite direction of oil consumption changes.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of moral intelligence on free riding. To this end, a two-stage team game with three individuals was designed by providing an experimental environment and a sample of 186 people from the target community (students from Yazd and Ayatollah Haeri Meybod). The results showed that moral intelligence has a significant effect on free riding. In fact, increasing moral intelligence reduces free riding. Based on the results, it is suggested that the level of moral intelligence should be considered in attracting workforce in public and private jobs; in addition, it is intended to promote the moral intelligence of employee in order to increase participation in the work and, consequently, productivity.

An important factor in economic development is the provision of sufficient capital for growth and development; which the various societies require to enter foreign capital and attract domestic capital, to provide it. This is while the developing and underdeveloped countries are facing a capital flight, which eliminate it, requires scientific and immersive studies to provide a solution. In this regard, the main objective of this study was to investigate the factors affecting capital flight in selected oil’s counties (Angola, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Malaysia, Nigeria and Tunisia) during the years 1352 to 1392; That's for doing it, the effects of GDP growth, exchange rates, political stability, financial freedom and degree of openness of the economy, on capital flight were examined by usage of Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares method. Results indicate that GDP growth. Results indicate that GDP growth and exchange rate effect positively and increase in political stability, financial freedom and openness had a negative effect on capital flight.

The main goal of the study is to examine the effect of rewards on the behavior of players in a team activity. In this framework, by performing 12 sequential and simultaneous games in a laboratory environment examine the rewarding effect on player's behavior. Students from Yazd universities surveyed and the sample of 182 students is in the form of two groups, which collected in total for 2184 matches in 12 games. The results show that the increase in game rewards leads to a reduction in the player's first attempt in the game. Also, the structure of the game for simultaneous or sequential decision making does not affect the decision of the first player, but the decision of the second player is affected. In addition, the reciprocal effects of rewards and structure only affect the decision of the second playe

The main purpose of this research is to measure the religiousness factor on the Confrontation of individual motivations in the form of a group work. "Confrontation between motivations" represents a situation in which increasing team rewards only leads to some member's efforts. The study of the effect of "religiosity" on "Confrontation between motivations" is an empirical question, and behavioral economists refer to laboratory environments for their response. In this study, the effect of religiousness on individual decision was analyzed by implementing a two-stage sequential game with full information in a sample of 210 people from the target community (students from Yazd and Ayatollah Haeri Meybod). The results showed that, firstly, religious people offer more work in exchange for more rewards, that is, they are less likely to interact with motivations. Secondly, the more religious people are less influenced by the decisions of other members than others. Thirdly, by increasing the cost of decision-making, the religiosity of individuals has reduced the level of Confrontation between motivations and the non-punishment of other groups.

The aim of this study at first is to study the effective factors of FDI and then the estimation of these effects during 1983-2014. In this regard the causality relationship between FDI and political risk, GDP, trade openness index, inflation and exchange rate, has been investigated through Hsiao and Toda-Yamamoto tests. Then using a smooth transition regression model, the effect of determinants of foreign direct investment will estimated. In addition, results show that political risk, GDP and exchange rate are statistical cause of FDI, but trade openness index and inflation have no significant effect on foreign direct investment.In addition, the nonlinearity of model was also verified. The model showed that the FDI function can be investigated in the form of a structure with a two regime with threshold value of $ 2,000 million. Political risk in both regimes has a negative effect on foreign direct investment, but with the arrival to high regime, the sensitivity will be reduced. This relationship between the GDP and FDI is opposite.

Electricity has a determinant role in national security and social and political stability as one of important sub- structures; as systems and inside urban convenience and even outside urban is depended on extension of electricity market and structural reform presses in whole of the world. Iran is also passing from natural monopoly structure toward competition markets and new structure that productises will compete for selling energy. In this paper is surveyed household electricity consumption’s demand function along by surveying of accomplished pricing structural variation in during of 1355-1370 and 1371-1389. Because of that, we use of purports of Engel-Granger cointegration test and Durbin- Watson cointegration test. Results show that consumers are inelastic toward oil price variations in both of periods. Even in second period, consumptions’ dependence increased on electricity energy. In addition, electricity demand is increased additively by population increasing.

Usuallyattention to the buying and keeping gold will increase with economic crises in the global economy, because gold has intrinsic value and in the economic crisis not only maintain its value but also high demand of it cause increase in its value. With increasing demand for gold, the possibility of existence of bubbles in its market will increase; therefor gold holders will tolerate destructive effects because of not identifying of the price bubbles.
New economic tools not only make possible the analysis of middle explosive behavior of the bubble but also provide the possibility of identifying origination and termination date of that. According to this, the aim of this study is to explore price bubbles in gold market and to determinate date stamping of origination, explosion and complete deletion of them in the period of 01/07/2000 t0 30/12/2015. The methodologies that use for detection of bubbles are standard ADF, Rolling Window ADF, Supremum ADF and Generalized Supremum ADF tests. The results indicate that gold price is bubbling in at least 39% of sample period. The existence of the multiple bubbles is also confirmed in this market.

The main reason of this study is investigation in effect of the number of large industrial segments on Gini coefficient from 1974 to 2012. To this end, linear and nonlinear models are estimated. The results show that nonlinear model has more explanatory power than linear model. We defined three threshold include up, middle and down threshold, with regard to acceptance of nonlinear model. The results also show that variation in the number of industrial segment of last period has the most effect on current Gini coefficient in low threshold and is reduced with moving toward up threshold. The results also show that variation in the number of industrial segment of last period has the most effect on current Gini coefficient in low threshold and is reduced with moving toward up threshold.

The government budget dependency on oil revenues, in Iranian economy, make the oil price important; so the oil price is one of the most important pillars of the policy for policymakers. The existence of bubble in the oil market makes oil prices more important than before because in these conditions, decision-making is difficult for policy makers. The purpose of this study is applying a recursive unit root tests (GSADF, RADF, SADF) to investigate whether there exist multiple bubbles in Iranian crude oil market. The method delivers a consistent date stamping strategy for origination and termination of bubbles. Our results indicate that these tests are approximately overlapped and their results are relatively the same. The results of GSADF test indicate that there exists 7 bubbles in the period of 01/1980 to 03/2014, in which an average of the bubbles period (almost 15 months) is from 06/2007 to 09/2008 and the lowest bubble period (approximately 1 month) is from 02/2012 to 03/2012.
Specifically, the results show that oil price contains the fundamentals and bubble components; the dates of the bubbles correspond to specific events in the politics and financial markets. These findings have important implications to recognize the cause of bubbles and take corresponding measures to reduce the impact on the real sector of economy.