امیر دادرس مقدم

The quality of water resources is essential for the protection of the environment and human public health. Decreasing water quality has several environmental effects. In addition to creating environmental problems, it increases the cost of governments. The aim of this research is to empirically examine the relationship between water quality and income in selected Asian countries, taking into account spatial dependencies between countries. A spatial econometric framework was applied using panel data for nine Asian countries from 2000 to 2020. The required data was obtained from the World Bank. First, the Moran test was performed to prove the existence of spatial dependence. Using the Wald test, the spatial Durbin model was determined as the optimal model. Then, using Stata17 software, the model was estimated. The results showed that there is significant spatial spillover in the model. GDP has the most positive effect on water quality in Asian countries, and population density has the most negative effect. The spatial spillover effect of real GDP per capita and foreign direct investment on water quality has been positive and significant. Spatial spillover of legality and effectiveness of the government has had a positive and significant effect on water quality.

The need for food in the human security due to increasing population and improving food security is, increasing at with high speed, providing this basic need and solving the challenges related to it requires all-out effort and prevention in the field of optimal use of the existing institutions and potentials of the agricultural sector in countries like Iran ,which are in dire strait in terms of some resources such as water, the need to use the existing potentials in the agricultural sector becomes even more important. One of the most important obstacles and major problems in the agricultural sector in developing countries is the fragmentation and scattered of agricultural land, which in addition to increasing production costs, reduce productivity and creates waste in the facilities used .Increasing the awareness of farmers about the economic and social results and the consequences of the effects of land consolidation is mainly based on the support programs of the government and the relevant organization and this regard ,farmers  should be Justified as to why small lands are used in terms of labor force, access to credit, proper production and product market They do not have the necessary work. Integration in order to achieve sustainable use of land resources dose not only pay attention to the amount of agricultural land in order to create balance and integrity of land, but also includes other aspects such as improving the quality of land and restoring environmental conditions. Despite the increase in wheat production in Iran, there is still a need to important between 4-7 million tons depending on the annual production fluctuations. Optimal use of Agricultural lands and inputs to supply strategic crops such as wheat is one of the most important goals of sustainable agricultural development and creating food security in the country. Land integration is one of the important factors in terms of better management of production and increase in land use. Agriculture in small and micro-exploitation units due to problems related to the optimal use of new technologies and methods limits production efficiency. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of field size on wheat yield. The required information has been collected through 150 questionnaires in a two-stage cluster in the period 2021-2022. From Dashtkar region in Kerman province. In the Translog function, Qi is the amount of wheat production in tons, Landi is the input of land in hectares, Wateri is the volume of water consumed in cubic meters, Feri is the input of urea fertilizer in kilograms, Labori is the input of labor in person-days, εi is the disturbance and DSi is the virtual variable of size, which is the order of one value is given for farms with a size of more than 5 hectares and zero value for other farms. In the Translog model, production elasticity is used to check the relationship between the inputs. The results showed null hypothesis of non-significance is rejected; Therefore, the translog function is a suitable function for estimating the production function. In addition, the adjusted coefficient of determination shows the high explanatory power of the explanatory variables. In this way, if there is a one percent increase in cultivation, the amount of wheat production will decrease by -2.83 percent. The negative coefficient of the earth's logarithm is indicative of this; But the square coefficient of the land logarithm is negative (-0.38), which means a non-linear and convex relationship (inverted U shape) between the land size and the amount of wheat production. In other words, with the increase in the scale of the land, first the production will decrease and then after a minimum point, it will increase. Therefore, it can be said that the integration of agricultural lands and the increase of the cultivation area will increase the total amount of production. The results showed that the size of the fields has a significant effect on the yield. Due to the abundance of land under wheat cultivation and the number of small and scattered land in the country, it is suggested to use various methods such as increasing farmers awareness, Development of roads between farms, developing cooperatives and allocating the necessary funds to encourage farmers and promote land integration. Based on the results of this research, it was found that land and urea fertilizers play a synergistic role in production. In other words, if land and urea fertilizers are used together optimally, they will lead to a further increase in production. Also, the variables of water consumption, labor force, land square, water consumption square and user force square were effective in wheat yield in Kerman. Due to the large number of small and scattered lands in the country, especially Kerman, it is suggested to use various methods such as raising the awareness of farmers, developing roads between farms, developing cooperatives and allocating the necessary credits to encourage farmers to develop land integration.

During periods of high economic growth, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increase sharply and governments inevitably increase health care costs. The aim of the present study is to investigate the bidirectional relationship between health care costs, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and human development index (HDI) in a member country of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization for the period 2000-2020, using a panel vector autoregression model. The results showed that the largest share is due to the impulse of health care costs related to itself, and the largest share is due to the impulse of CO2 emissions and human development index related to research and development costs. The results of the causal relationships showed that there is a one-way causal relationship between health care costs and CO2 emissions, indicating that CO2 emissions significantly increase health care costs for SCO countries. In addition, health care expenditures and HDI also show a positive two-way relationship, as these two variables reinforce each other. There is a two-way causal relationship between CO2 emissions and HDI, which indicates that high CO2 emissions significantly affect the human development of Shanghai Cooperation Organization countries. In this regard, it is suggested that measures such as adopting sustainable development policies, developing clean technologies, educating and improving people's awareness, developing human capital and international cooperation in the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization should be adopted to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

In Iran, due to the progress made in the field of agriculture and as a result, by increasing the share of the supply of agricultural products to the consumer market from the total production of products, understanding the market of agricultural products in Iran and trying to provide appropriate solutions and corrections. The structure of the market of agricultural products is essential. Also, due to the importance of dates in the non-oil export basket and the cost basket of households, as well as the set of issues and problems related to marketing, including many relationships, the large distance between the producer and the consumer, the relativity of the market process and the distribution network industry in terms of structure. guidance and communication, it is necessary to analyze the set of this system in a scientific framework. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the elements of the structure, behavior, and performance of the date market in Iran with the Three-Stage Least Squares Approach of The Error Component using the three-stage error component least squares (G3SLS) approach based on panel data during the period from 2011 to 2019. According to the market structure hypothesis, in the equation of the total share of dates (MS); the variables of the investment amount in circulation, total capital, asset turnover ratio, The variables of additional processing amount, additional packaging date, and amount of investment in circulation, asset turnover ratio, and profit have a positive and significant effect on the asset return ratio. Therefore, according to the results obtained from the research, the political recommendation is that considering the negative relationship between Iran's competitive advantage and the import advantage of European countries, policies to maintain the share, influence, and competition in the high-income European market, which also has lower transportation costs, to be designed.

Organic honey is a product in which no unnatural pesticides, bioengineered genes or other synthetic products have been used in its preparation and storage, In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, the influencing factors on the willingness to pay for organic honey in Zahedan city have been investigated using Heckman's two-stage Tobit model. According to the size of the population, a sample size of 384 people has been selected using Cochran's formula. The results show that that with an increase of one unit in the variables of education level, household income, organic badge and certificate, the level of access to organic honey, increased awareness and study of the product and satisfaction with the way organic honey is distributed, willingness to pay for organic honey the order will increase by 0.09, 0.33, 0.08, 0.16, 0.1 and 0.06 units, while the price of organic honey has a negative and significant effect on the willingness to pay for organic honey according to theoretical expectations. So that with one unit increase in product price, the willingness to pay will decrease by -0.17 units. In this regard, it is suggested that the honey producers take the first step to obtain the organic honey mark and certificate, and in the second step, it is necessary to improve its accessibility and distribution method by using the correct distribution methods, and finally by using social media and virtual space should promote people's awareness about the use of organic honey.

One of the most important potentials of the agricultural sector according to the weather conditions of Iran is the production of tropical products in the villages of the southeast of the country, which can play a very important role in providing food security, employment and preserving and sustaining the environment of the region. This increases the importance of future research in the field of tropical products. In this regard, the aim of this research is to prioritize the important drivers of the development of tropical products in the rural areas of the southeast of the country (provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan and Hormozgan) in such a way that first different scenarios are determined and then it is tried by presenting strategies. To effectively help stabilize and develop these products in the villages of the region. The current research method is based on prospective studies. In the first step, key factors were identified through deep and targeted interviews with 29 experts in the agricultural sector, and then the information was analyzed by forming a matrix of mutual effects and Micmac future research software, and finally, scenarios using The expert panel method was created with the presence of 29 people and with the Scenario Wizard software. The findings show that among the drivers, six drivers are infrastructure development (transportation, cold storage, road and railway), upstream policies in the field of tropical products, strengthening the export potential of tropical products, using New methods of production, guaranteed purchase of tropical products and branding of tropical products are more effective than their effectiveness. Based on this, it is suggested that in order to develop these products in the villages, spiritual (upstream policies) and material support for the production of these products is on the agenda and by creating infrastructure and introducing new production methods, The field of self-sufficiency and supply of domestic demand for these products is provided and with branding, the field of export of these products is created.

Identifying the factors that determine the willingness to consume Non-Genetically Modified Organism (Non-GMO) products is an important step before identifying the market needs and marketing these products. In fact, examining the factors affecting the consumption and consumers' tendency towards Non-GMO products and prioritizing these factors can provide a clear and complete image to the planners and policy makers of the agricultural sector in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the level of demand; and the structures that affect it have complete planning to implement the necessary support policies at the required time and fully respond to the needs of the producers and consumers. In this research, the factors affecting the willingness to consume Non-GMO oils in Zahedan city of Iran were investigated using Heckman's two-stage method presented in 2022. According to the size of the population, based on Cochran's formula, a sample size of 300 people was selected in a simple random sampling method, and a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed and collected among them. The results of the probit model showed that the most positive and significant effect in terms of the value of the given total elasticity was related to individual attitude by 0.61; that is, the households would include Non-GMO oils in their shopping basket and replace Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) oils when they have the necessary knowledge about the value and health of Non-GMO oils and are aware of their benefits and harms. After the individual attitude, education has the most positive and significant effect with a coefficient of 0.24, which can be said that the level of education and individual attitude are probably consistent and the level of education can also influence the change of people's attitude towards health. After the two above-mentioned variables, income status of household has a positive and significant effect on the willingness to consume the Non-GMO oils, because considering the high price of these oils compared to the GMO oils, the higher the purchasing power of the household, the greater the willingness of households to consume the Non-GMO oils, which will increase in line with the health of the family. The results of the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model were similar to the results of the probit model and showed that the three variables of individual attitude, level of education and income status of household head had the highest positive effect on the tendency to consume Non-GMO oils by 0.33, 0.57 and 0.15, respectively. According to the results, it can be suggested that by informing people in the society and changing people's attitudes as well as by improving the level of education and the income of people, it could be expected that the willingness to consume the Non-GMO oils in Zahedan city would increase.

Global warming and climate change due to the emission of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, have seriously threatened global security. Several studies have tried to identify the economic and non-economic factors affecting the emission of carbon dioxide in order to prevent the destruction of the environment; However, the impact of economic policy uncertainty on carbon dioxide emissions has been less studied. for this purpose, in this study, the impact of economic policy uncertainty on carbon dioxide emissions in the Middle East region was investigated using the explanatory auto-regression approach for panel data (Panel ARDL) and STRIPAT model over the time period 2000–2016 has been paid. The results show that in the long term, the effect of GDP per capita and its square on the emission of carbon dioxide gas has been positive and negative and significant, respectively, and also the variables of population size, energy consumption and economic policy uncertainty have a positive and significant effect on the emission of carbon dioxide gas in a way In the long term, with a one percent increase in population size, energy consumption, and economic policy uncertainty, the amount of carbon dioxide gas emissions will increase by 0.17, 0.37, and 0.01 percent, respectively.

The agricultural sector is always faced with a variety of hazards, including natural hazards. One of the government support tools for the sustainability of this sector is agricultural insurance. In order to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of date insurance in six date-producing provinces of the country, from the perspective of brokers, a questionnaire was first prepared and then estimated using a generalized sequential logit model. The final effect of the variables of age, education, having a second job, insurance premiums paid, number of coverage risks, timely payment of damages, promoters, correct assessment and cultivation level on the probability of accepting insurance has been positive and significant. Better performance of the Agricultural Insurance Fund, along with other factors related to insurers, has a positive and significant effect on insurance acceptance.

Saffron is one of the strategic products of the agricultural sector in Iran’s South Khorasan province, the second largest producer which has a special place in Iran's non-oil exports. Unfortunately, the dispersion of saffron lands and the existence of smallholder units, while increasing costs and reducing yields, have made it difficult to use new technology and implement modern irrigation projects and has reduced the profit, productivity and production efficiency of saffron growers in the region so that in recent years, many saffron growers have gradually devoted saffron lands to other crops. Land consolidation strategy is of great economic and agricultural importance. This strategy can lead to the optimal use of production inputs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the land integration by saffron growers in Ghaenat county in South Khorasan province. In the completed questionnaire, lands were divided into three levels of small, medium and large-scale farms in terms of size. The results showed that the final effects of the variables of number of households, new technology and tools, knowledge of new production methods, existence of risk in production and performance have been effective on the integration of saffron farmers' lands in both medium and large land levels. In level 2 lands with medium scale (between 3 to 5 hectares), the variables of yield, technology and new tools and knowledge of new methods of saffron production have a significant negative, negative and positive effect on the use of medium scale lands, respectively. Level 3 lands (large scale), the effect of two variables on the number of households and the existence of risk in saffron production on land integration and use of large-scale lands have been negative and significant and the three variables of saffron yield per hectare, new technology and tools and Knowledge of new methods of saffron production with sizes of 0.003, 0.16 and 0.06, respectively, has a positive and significant effect on land integration or large-scale land use. Therefore, by increasing the yield of saffron per hectare, new technology and tools and knowledge of new production methods provide better conditions for land integration and large-scale land use. Therefore, it is suggested that by awareness and informing saffron farmers about new technology and tools, as well as by training and acquiring more specialized knowledge in the field of saffron production, farmers from land integration or the use of large-scale lands in order to improve efficiency and productivity will be further supported.

A non-transgenic plant is a plant whose genetic structure has not been changed and has a significant effect on health. Edible oil is one of the non-transgenic and organic food products, which is very important for consumers in terms of food health and hygiene. Identifying the determining factors of the willingness to pay for non-transgenic products is an important step before identifying the market needs and marketing these products. In fact, examining the factors affecting the willingness to pay and consumers' tendency towards non-genetically modified products and prioritizing these factors can provide a clear and complete picture to the planners and policy makers of the environment in order to have a comprehensive understanding. From the level of demand and the structures affecting it, they need to have complete planning for the implementation of support policies, and in addition, this research helps marketers by providing sufficient information to identify target markets and also identify consumption. and their willingness to pay to improve and increase their performance.

Goods and services that do not have a market, or when the market is unsuccessful in providing information, do not have a certain price, and the necessity of determining prices is to find a criterion of willingness to pay. Willingness to pay is the amount of money a consumer is willing to pay for a good or service and is often used to estimate the value of a good or service (Pitafy and Rumasset, 2003). In fact, willingness to pay is the maximum amount that consumers are willing to pay for a product or service. Willingness to pay is formed based on the consumer's perceived value of the desired product as well as the value and price of competing products. Expressed or expressed preferences can be used to estimate willingness to pay. The expressed preferences are called the data obtained from the survey. In most of the pricing decisions, the basis of stated preferences is used. The reason for using such preferences is because the market has information about the fact that some consumers are willing to pay a higher price than the market price or that some consumers It shows that they are buying the product at a price lower than the market price, and on the other hand, there is not enough and appropriate information available for some new goods and new services. One of the most important valuation methods based on stated preferences is conditional valuation. In conditional valuation, a hypothetical market is created and the willingness of consumers to pay for goods is estimated. There are four methods of playing bid, pay card, double choice and open end in conditional valuation. The double selection method includes two other sub-methods, which include one-dimensional double selection and two-dimensional double selection (Erfanifar et al, 2022). In conditional valuation based on the open-end method, consumers are asked to express their willingness to pay for using a product and service. In this method, people answer the questions easily and easily.In this research, the influencing factors on the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil in Zahedan city were investigated using Heckman's two-stage method in 2022, and the statistical sample of this research was 300 citizens of Zahedan. Willingness to pay for transgenic and non-transgenic oil can depend on various reasons, such as individual attitude towards the environment, economic-livelihood, cultural status, household dimension, the volume of oil use, etc. To identify and separate the variables that affect the decision of willingness to pay and the amount of willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil (the action stage after the decision), Heckman's two-stage model was estimated. Thus, the model has one dependent variable and seven independent variables described in table (1).

The results of the ordinary least squares model show that the variables of education, household income, amount of transgenic oil consumption, and consumer's attitude towards health have a positive and significant effect on the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil, but the variable of the household dimension on the willingness to pay non-GMO oil has had a negative and significant effect. The most positive effect on the willingness to pay for non-GM oil belongs to the consumer's attitude towards the environment, that is, the more the consumer has information and awareness about the benefits of non-GM oil and its impact on the health of the family and the environment. This has led to a change in the individual's choice, and the person replaces the non-transgenic oil in their shopping basket as much as possible with the transgenic oil, and in a way, the consumer is willing to pay a higher price than the transgenic oil. This is because they know that non-GMO oil is produced naturally and cares about the health of the person and does not cause any harm to the environment. After the consumer's attitude, the person's education has the greatest impact on the willingness to pay for non-GM oil. There is a close relationship between education and the consumer's attitude towards the environment, in such a way that with the educational and scientific growth of the person, the person's attitude is affected and with the change of the consumer's attitude towards the environment, the consumer of non-transgenic oil prefers it to GM oil and leads to a change in the individual's choice. Since non-transgenic oil is considered as a normal commodity, there is a direct relationship between income and the willingness to pay for transgenic oil, so that the higher the income of the household, the greater the purchasing power of the household, and due to the higher price of non-transgenic oil, compared to for transgenic, households tend to pay more for the consumption of non-transgenic oil. There is a positive and significant relationship between the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil and the consumption of transgenic oil, which indicates that there is a substitution relationship between transgenic and non-transgenic oil. In such a way that with the increase in the willingness to pay for non-GM oil, the consumption of GM oil increases, and finally, the household size variable has a negative and significant effect on the willingness to pay for non-GM oil, that is, the larger the size and size of the household becomes, due to The increase in household expenses due to the higher price of non-transgenic oil compared to transgenic oil reduces the purchasing power of the household, and as a result, the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil decreases. Therefore, it is suggested that by providing information and increasing awareness about the benefits of using non-genetically modified oil, the consumer's attitude towards the use of non-genetically modified oil should be influenced in order to protect the environment in order to improve the willingness to pay for non-genetically modified oil.

Agricultural insurance is one of the effective agricultural risk management programs. Barberry is the major agricultural product in South Khorasan province which shapes 95% of the entire agricultural production in the province. Accordingly, this research investigates the major factors that affect insurance acceptance amongst barberry producers in rural areas of South Khorasan province in 2020. The demographic statistics suggest that there are approximately 12,500 barberry producers in Ghaen and Zirkoh villages, which is about half of the whole barberry producers in the province. Based on Cochran's formula, the number of statistical samples is 372 barberries. Both the reliability of using Cronbach's alpha and the validity of the research questionnaire became confirmed by the agricultural-jahad department experts and the university professors. The results show that a range of factors including horticultural experience level, awareness of aphid dangers, sudden rains, insects and rodents have a positive and significant effect on the intended farmers’ willingness to accept agricultural insurance. Insects and rodents have a dramatic impact on insurance acceptance. Further, a higher awareness of natural hazards and pests and diseases would increase the likelihood of agricultural insurance acceptance amongst the intended farmers. Therefore, this study suggests that related awareness classes are needed to boost the knowledge level of farmers about the potential risks and hazards and encourage them to accept agricultural insurance programs.

Climate change has had a significant impact on the global production of agricultural products. Studying the impact of climate change on the production of agricultural products is very important to take preventive decisions to improve agricultural production. The aim of the present study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of spatial spillovers of climate change on orange production in 10 provinces of Iran, during the period from 2015 to 2019. The data used were obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and the Meteorological Organization. First, to prove the existence of spatial dependence, Moran's test was performed. Then the spatial Durbin model was determined as the optimal model using the Wald test. The model was estimated using Stata17 software. The results of the spatial Durbin model (SDM) showed that the variables of average annual rain, average annual temperature and cultivated area have a positive and significant effect on the average yield oranges of Iran, while the variables of minimum annual temperature and maximum annual temperature have a negative effect on an average yield of oranges in Iran. In addition, the effect of spatial overflows of cultivated area and minimum annual temperature on orange yield is positive. Spatial overflows of average annual temperature have a negative effect of 1.68 on orange yield. Increasing the area of orange cultivation in the country increases the yield of oranges per unit area, therefore, it is recommended that the Ministry of Agriculture use the policy of integrating orange orchards in the country.

Considering the effect of income distribution on poverty and economic well-being of villagers, knowledge of the factors affecting how income is distributed in rural areas of the country will be necessary to formulate poverty alleviation policies. Economic growth is recognized as one of the factors influencing the income distribution pattern.
In this study, using composite data in the Kuznets hypothesis curve, the relationship between economic growth and income inequality in rural areas of Iran has been investigated using the Spatial panel approach during the period 2011-2019.
The results of the study indicate the existence of spatial over, so that in this study the effect of spatial economic growth (GDP per capita) is a positive and significant relationship with the rural Gini coefficient in the provinces of Iran. However, the effect of the Spatial over of the economic growth space of the agricultural sector (value added of the agricultural sector) has had a negative and significant effect on the rural Gini coefficient in the provinces of Iran. The results also show that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between agricultural sector growth and income distribution. Therefore, Kuznets hypothesis is confirmed in rural areas of Iran.
It is suggested that given that economic growth has not been justice-oriented and poor growth based on the distribution of incomes in rural areas of the provinces, in order to improve income distribution in rural areas of the country, economic policies should be in line with accelerating the growth of agriculture.

Factors affecting the tendency to consume organic honey in Kerman with Hekman-Tobit approach.The demand for organic products has increased significantly among consumers in recent years.Also ,due to the high price risk of The se products ,the importance of examining.The factors affecting the analysis of consumer market behavior of these products in the country seems very necessary.Honey is one of the organic products that iran has a comparative advantage in its production world wide. This product and other products due to its high added value can provide some non-oil foreign exchange earning in addition to creating sustainable employment and producing food ,medicine and health needed by the country .In this study ,the factors affecting the choice of organic honey consumers have been studied using the Tobit-Hackman model.The information used was collected through 375 questionaires randomly from households in kerman province in year of 1399.The results showed that income ,processing , cyber space and the price of organic honey compared to non-organic have a positive and significant effect on the tendency to consum .Based on the results ,since among the encom factors ,house hold income has a more impact on the tendency to consume organic food.It is suggested to increase the consumption of these products in the society by controlling and adjusting the price by the relevant organs .

Dates is one of the most important horticultural products in Iran, which has a special place in food security, economy, and trade in agricultural products. Now, Iran is one of the biggest producers of dates in the world, but the lack of water resources is one of the main challenges in producing this crop in Iran. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the water footprint of date production in Iran using three specific waters, namely blue water, green water, and greywater. Then, using the concept of virtual water footprint introduced by Hoekstra and Hang (2003), the water trade footprint for the date crop was calculated for the years 2018-2001. The results show that the average annual harvest of water resources for date production in Iran is 3.486 billion m3, a total of 69.752 billion m3 of water was consumed between 2001 and 2018 to produce dates in Iran. 68% (2.352 billion m3 per year and a total of 426.466 billion m3) of the total need for date irrigation in Iran through abstraction from groundwater or so-called blue water, 28% (0.976 billion m3 per year, A total of 17.526 billion m3 has been supplied through green water and 4 % (0.139 billion m3 per year, a total of 2.764 billion m3) has been supplied through grey water. Examination of water footprint of date production showed that to produce 1 kg of dates in Iran,

Water is a socio-economic commodity which is considered as a basic human need. Limited water resources in arid and semi-arid regions and increasing demand for water has led to water shortages, reduced reliability of water supply systems, and intensified competition and conflict between different sectors of water consumption. Limited water resources have also caused economic, environmental, social and political tensions. Among the various uses of water, urban drinking water has a higher priority due to health issues, basic human needs and the possibility of social tensions due to its scarcity.Water pricing as a tool for demand management, whether through administrative decrees or market forces, is the best approach to improve water allocation and protect water resources. Considering the importance of determining the economic valuation of water in the study area and with the aim of determining the customers' willingness to pay for quality drinking water, this study was intended to estimate the economic valuation of water in urban areas of Hamadan province.One of the methods of water valuation is measuring the willingness of consumers to pay higher prices for quality water. The contingent valuation method as a standard and flexible method is widely used for measuring the willingness of consumers to pay higher prices for quality water (Khodaverdizadeh et al., 2008). Comparing the willingness to pay in urban and rural areas in Kenya, Brouwer et al. (2015) found that rural households were more sensitive to prices than urban ones, and urban households were willing to pay more for quality water than villagers. Acey et al. (2019) also examined the willingness to pay for water by Kenyan citizens. The results showed that among citizens who were younger and richer, the willingness to pay was higher. Considering the importance of determining the economic valuation of water, this study was thus intended to determine the rate of willingness to pay for quality drinking water by the households in Hamedan province using a contingent valuation method.

Capital market is a dynamic market whose risk and return depend on internal and external factors of companies and industries. In the present study, first to identify and model external factors or optimal economic macro variables on the stock returns of companies and industries in Tehran Stock Exchange has been studied by the genetic algorithm function approximation (GFA) method in the period 1390 to 1399 and then the impact of economic shocks has been analyzed by the panel vector auto regression (PVAR) method. The modeling results showed that out of 10 macro variables affecting companies' stock returns, four variables, free exchange rate, OPEC oil price, coin price and interest rate on account are optimal. Government exchange rates, inflation, coin prices and interest rates are optimally calculated. The effect of two variables of coin price and interest rate on account on companies 'stock returns and the average return of stock exchange industries have been negative and significant. Also, the results showed that companies' stock returns are highly affected by oil and coin price shocks and government exchange rates. It has a significant effect on the average return of stock exchange industries.

The purpose of this study is modeling and the effect of economic shocks on stock returns of food industry during the period 2009 to 2020. In this research, the optimal macroeconomic variables on the stock returns of food companies are modeled using the genetic algorithm approximation function method and then the impulses and shocks of macroeconomic variables affecting the stock returns of food industries are analyzed by Auto regression method has been analyzed. Initially, using the genetic function approximation algorithm, four variables of OPEC oil price, liquidity volume, land price and stock price index were identified among the eight macroeconomic variables as influential variables in the optimal regression model. OPEC oil prices and land prices have a negative and significant effect on the stock returns of food companies, while the volume of liquidity and stock price index have a positive and significant effect on the stock returns of food companies. Given the response impulse functions, the stock return reaction to OPEC oil prices and liquidity was initially positive. In the analysis of variance method, the largest share is due to the shock of the food industry stock returns to itself, followed by the volume of liquidity. Given the positive impact of liquidity on the stock returns of food industry companies, it is suggested that policy makers and planners to implement policies to increase the volume of liquidity to food industry companies in order to develop food industry investment.

Agriculture has intrinsically depended on nature, which is associated with risk and lack of certainty. Decreased precipitation, extreme cold, freezing, drought, and the prevalence of plant diseases and pests are the only small part of the risk that farmers are facing. Climatic and weather changes in different regions are often interconnected, and this coincidence may affect a huge part of the country. In other words, such abrupt changes usually result in a systematic risk of gardening products yield. Adverse weather events in one year have different effects in different areas, hitting some regions strongly while involving others less severely. In this research, the systematic risk of date yield and factors affecting its severity were investigated using spatial dynamic panel patterns. The statistical data of 8 major date producers and meteorological variables over the Provinces of Bushehr, Khuzestan, South Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Fars, Kerman, Hormozgan, and Yazd during the years 2008 to 2019 were extracted from the Meteorological Organization and the Ministry of Agriculture. The results of the spatial Durbin model showed that the spatial spillover of the Annual precipitation in the date-producing provinces has a positive (2.90) and significant effect whereas the spatial spillover of Untimely precipitation variables has a negative and significant effect on the average yield of the Iranian date. Besides, the effect of the spatial spillover of the Average maximum summer temperature was determined at 1.83, which shows the given variable has a negative and significant effect on the date yield likewise. Comparing direct and indirect effects in the dynamic spatial panel model showed that in the short-term, Annual precipitation variables have a negative and significant relationship on the average date yield. Meanwhile, the long-term results proved the direct but negative effect of Untimely annual cold and Annual precipitation variables on the average date yield.

One of the most serious threats to many countries is water pollution caused by the use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides in agriculture. Limited research has been done in this field in Iran. Spatial dimension and disparity between provinces have not been considered. This research has been conducted in the unique Framework of Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC), to investigate the relationship between urbanization, water pollution and economic growth during the years 2011-2019 in 30 provinces of Iran. First, the stationary test of the variables was performed and then before estimating the model, diagnostic tests were used to ensure the existence of a spatial correlation relationship between the variables using the spatial panel approach. Levin, Lin, and Chou stationary tests showed that all variables were at the mana level. Moran, Jerry, and LM Lag (Robust) diagnostic tests then confirmed the existence of spatial dependence and the Spatial Durbin model. The results of estimating the Spatial Durbin model show the urban population with a coefficient of 54.07 and the square of the urban population with a coefficient of -0.004 and the overflow effects of these variables with coefficients of 0.054 and 0.000004, respectively, in the provinces of Iran. Water pollution index has a positive and negative effect, which indicates the confirmation of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis (KEC) in the field of water pollution in the provinces of Iran. With the expansion of urbanization and economic growth, the water pollution index has increased, but when there is a certain amount exceeds, the water pollution index due to the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in a province and adjacent provinces. It is suggested that agricultural policy makers make the use of organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers mandatory to control water pollution in all provinces of Iran.

One of the most important problems in the agricultural sector is the lack or deficiency of processing of agricultural products; however, in processing two products including sugar beet and sugarcane, Iran has a suitable position in the world, being able to expand this activity by creating the necessary infrastructure and attracting private and public investments through the capital market, and provide the ground for relative self-sufficiency in sugar industry. In the present study, by examining and identifying macroeconomic variables affecting the stock returns of the sugar industry in the Iranian Stock Exchange in the period 2010 to 2019 using the genetic function approximation algorithm, the effect of shocks of these variables on the returns of such stocks was examined using panel vector auto-regression method. The study results showed that among the six macroeconomic variables, the variables of government exchange rate, OPEC oil prices and liquidity volume had significantly positive effects on the stock returns of the sugar industry, so that with the increase of these variables, the incentive to invest would increase in the sugar industry; however, land prices had a significantly negative effect on the stock returns of the sugar industry, because with the increase in prices in the land market, the incentive to invest in this market would increase and, consequently, investment to buy shares in the sugar industry would decrease. According to the impulse reaction functions, the reaction of the sugar industry stock returns to the government exchange rate was initially negative and then, from the second period onwards, increased, and the sugar industry stock return reaction to the OPEC oil price shock have been effective and upward up to five periods; and also, the reaction of the sugar industry stocks to the shock of the variables of liquidity volume and land prices at the beginning of the period was upward and then, from the third to the fifth period, was downward. According to the study results, it is suggested that with the increase of government exchange rate, OPEC oil prices and liquidity, the management of the sugar industry should try to attract more financial resources from the capital market so that with more investment, it could pave the ground for the development of this industry and self-sufficiency in processing of this strategic product. Policymakers are also advised to prevent capital outflows by controlling price fluctuations in parallel markets.

Rural cooperatives play an important role in increasing the cultural, social and economic partnerships of the rural population and by improving the provision of services in the field of providing basic necessities and livelihoods of farmers provide the basis for improving the income and employment of farmers. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of financial ratios on the profitability of 36 active rural cooperatives in Sistan and Baluchestan province in the period 2016-2019 using the GLS method. Findings show that the instantaneous ratio has a negative and significant effect on the company's profitability in the rural cooperative company, liquidity is low and the company should be managed in a recession and a sudden increase in the price of agricultural inputs and basic goods provide the conditions to receive their claims in the shortest possible time. The effect of current debt to equity ratio on profitability has been negative and significant due to the growth of short-term debt, which leads to a decrease in working capital of the company and thus reduces the company's profitability, while the ratio of total debt to equity has a positive effect. And has had a significant impact on the profitability of rural cooperatives That is, most of the company's capital is provided by shareholders and the cost of loan interest is reduced and the company's profitability increases. Finally the ratio of total asset turnover has a positive and significant effect on the profitability of rural cooperatives.

To date, researches have presented numerous models for measuring environmental efficiency; however, reports suggested that they have not been able to consider the increasing spatial impact of certain factors affecting the environmental efficiency of agricultural products and for the most part the results are not logical.

In this study, first the environmental efficiency of rapeseed in designated provinces of Iran during the years 2011 to 2016 was measured and to evaluate the environmental efficiency of the specific measurement model was used. Then, in this study, using a Spatial Durbin Model, the factors affecting the environmental efficiency of rapeseed farmers (due to the utilization of water resources and other climatic aspects) in certain provinces of Iran have been investigated.

The results of this study showed that the average environmental efficiency of the entire country is about 0.73 during the mentioned period, which has increased with the relative improvement of environmental efficiency each year and also has spatial spillover effects. Direct and indirect effects indicate that domestic water consumption, degree of openness, technological progress in agriculture and industrial structure have a significant impact on the environmental efficiency of Iranian rapeseed growers.

In this regard, the government and citizens should focus on solutions such as reducing pollution, saving domestic water consumption and transforming the industrial structure. In addition, managers should consider the spatial effects of these factors when designing government policies.