اکبر یعقوبفر

This experiment was performed to evaluation treated wheat screening waste in diet of broiler chickens. A total of 432 broilers (Ross 308) were used in completely randomized design for 9 treatments with 4 replicates of 12 chicks per replicate for 42 days. Treatments included 1) corn and soybean meal 2) corn and soybean meal in which 15% corn was replaced with wheat screening 3) corn and soybean meal in which 30% corn with substituted by wheat screening 4) diet 2 Natuzyme plus500 g /tone of diet 5) diet 3 + Natuzyme plus diet 500 g / tone of diet 6) diet 2 + protxin 150 g / ton of diet 7) diet 3 + protxin 150 g / tone of diet 8 ) diet 2+ 75 g protxin + 250g Natuzyme plus /ton of diet 9) diet 3+ 75 g protxin + 250g Natuzyme plus /ton of diet. In terms of production efficiency index, the highest levels was observed in control and in the diet containing 15% wheat screening with and without enzyme, probiotic and enzyme + probiotic (P<0.05). The highest villi length was observed in the treatments receiving 15% wheat screening wastes + multi-enzyme + probiotic supplement )P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this experiment showed that, corn of diet replaced by 15% of wheat screening pluse 250 g of enzyme + 75 g probiotic per ton of diet can be used in broiler diets without any adverse effects on performance, production index and nutrient digestibility

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of guanidine acetic acid and mating management current methods on the performance of Ross 308 broiler breeders. This experiment was done in a completely randomized design and factorial methods with three levels of GAA (0. '0.12 and 0.16 g/kg of diet) and three mating management methods (without management, spiking and intra-spiking methods) with 6 replicates (experimental unit) and 8 hens and one rooster in each (totally 486 bird). During this period, adjectives performance (egg production percentage, egg mass weight (g/hen/d) and feed conversion ratio) were measured. Dietary inclusion of GAA at levels of 0.12 and 0.16 g/kg of diet had negative effects on the above traits (P<0.05). In addition, the use of different methods of mating management did not have a significant effect on performance traits .The interaction effects of GAA and mating management methods were not significant on egg production, egg weight, egg mass weight and feed conversion ratio. Dietary supplementation of GAA, mating management method and their interactions on fertility and hatching percentage were not significant (P>0.05). The effect of GAA level on nitric oxide concentration was significant (P<0.05). The highest concentration of nitric oxide was observed at the level of 0.12 g/kg diet, The dietary inclusion of GAA at levels of 0.12 and 0.16 g/kg of diet and the application of mating management methods could not improve production and reproduction performance of Ross 308 broilers breeders.

This experiment was conducted to determine the metabolizable energy of wheat, barley and corn produced in Iran using biological method (in vivo) and comparison with equations and estimates obtained from NIRs and NRC. Wheat, barley and corn grains were chemically analyzed according to AOAC standard methods and NIRs. Biological method was performed using 48 adult roosters (Red Island) at the age of 83 weekswere using the precision-feeding method. Results of using equations for wheat and barley the highest amount of metabolizable energy (3.71 and 3.45 kcal / g) and the lowest (3.11 and 2.87 kcal / g) by equations respectively Carpenter and Jensen were observed (P <0.05). Corn grain showed the highest amount of metabolizable energy (3.91 kcal / g) by Carpenter and Jensen equations and the lowest amount of metabolizable energy (3.06 kcal / g) by EEC equation (P<0.05).The amount of metabolizable energy obtained from biological methods for corn, wheat and barley (3.323, 3.1724 and 2.9543 kcal / g), compared to standard NRC tables (3.350, 3.120, and 2.640 Kcal / g) and NIR (3.324, 3.324 and 2.735 kcal / g), respectively (P<0.05). It is suggested that equations be prepared for domestically produced cereal cultivars and that rations be adjusted according to the amount of energy variation. Because this variation is important in regulating feed economically and cost-effectively.

In order to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and protein (CP) on growth performance, energy efficiency ratio (EER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and immunity system response of broilers, a total of 640 Ross 308 broilers were used in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement with completely randomized design including 8 treatments, 4 replication and 20 chicks in each replication. The increasing of ME with lower level of CP (22%) decreased ME and CP intakes up to 21 day of age and then the rising of CP level (24%) increased ME and CP intakes up to 42 day of age. The FCR of males improved inconsiderably by increasing of dietary ME level but the ME and CP intakes were slightly higher and females had higher EER and PER at 35 day of age. The antibody titer against SRBC enhanced by increasing of dietary ME level. The concentration of HDL and heart weight were higher in males. Enhancing of ME led to an increase in nitrogen excretion and higher protein level (24%) caused decrease in intestine weight. Therefore, the increasing of ME and CP up to the 3rd week and then the decreasing of CP up to the end of production period is recommended to optimize ME and CP intakes and improving EER and PER.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cell wall carbohydrates with diet supplemented enzyme on the function and expression of glucose transporter genes (SGLT1 and GLUT2), peptide transporter (PepT1) and mucin production (MUC2) in the small intestine of broilers. In thisstudy, 1100 mixeddayold chickens (male and female), Ross 308 were used based on a completely randomized design with 11 treatments and five replications (20 birds per replication) for 42 days. Experimental diets included control diets, diets containing wheat, barley, wheat bran, rice bran, and hull less barley with and without enzymes, respectively. The results showed that the effect of diets containing wheat, barley and hull less barley withenzyme on the total live weight of broiler chickens at 42 days of age was significantly different (P <0.05).Cell wall carbohydrates of wheat, wheat bran and rice bran in diets increased pancreatic amylase activity (barley 3.02, wheat 5.99 U/mg CP of small intestinal tissue) (P < 0.05). The expression of the studied SGLT1 and MUC2 genes in the experimental diets without enzyme showed a significant increase compared to enzymessupplemented diet (P < 0.05). Also, among the groups of enzyme-supplemented diets, only wheat and rice bran groups were able to increase the expression of SGLT1, MUC2 and GLUT2 genes compared to the control group (P <0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of diets containing cell wall carbohydrates with enzyme affects the expression of glucose transport genes (SGLT1 and GLUT2), peptide transport (PepT1) and mucin production (MUC2) in the small intestine jejunum. This indicates the optimal function of the digestive system of broilers in terms of digestion and absorption of nutrients.

This experiment was conducted with the aim of the effects of pellet and mash feed on the production index, intestinal morphology characteristics, index of ascites, quality and microbial count of litter in broiler chickens using three diets of pellet, mash, mash+pellet on broiler performance. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replicates during 42 days. The measured traits included production index, intestinal morphology traits, ascites, hematocrit percentage, litter moisture and nitrogen content and microbial count of litter. In the whole of the total period, the results showed that the highest production indexes were pellet and pellet+mash treatments. The results of the morphological traits of the intestine showed that pellet and pellet+mash treatments had the highest ratio of villus height to the crypt depth in jejunum and the lowest level of mash treatment was observed. The results showed that the high ratio of villus height to the crypt depth in jejunum resulting from the use of pellet and pellet+mash ration due to production index was improved. The consumption of mash and pellet+mash treatments in the first three weeks reduced ascites significantly and increased with the prolonged feeding period of the pellet diet. The pellet+mash and all-flour treatments had the lowest amount of moisture content and nitrogen content, and as a result, the microbial count of litter was lower than that of pellet treatment. The pellet+mash treatment had the lowest index of ascites (32.62%) and less hematocrit (36%). The final result was that the use of pellet+mash treatment had the highest production index and the most suitable litter quality and the lowest ascites and microbial count compared to the full pellet diet in broiler chickens.

In order to determine, the effects using of different levels of Prosopis farcta fruit in pellet and mash diets, on performance, blood biochemical parameters, immune response and meat oxidative stability of broiler chickens, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. In this experiment 560 Ross-308 (mixed sex) broiler chickens were used with 7 treatments, 4 replicates (20 chickens per replicate) periods. Treatments were included: control diet (mash without Prosopis farcta fruit), pelleted and mashed diets containing levels of 3, 6 and 9% Prosopis farcta fruit. The results of study showed, using of Prosopis farcta fruit in pelleted and mashed diets had no a significant difference on body weight, blood biochemical parameters, immune response, water holding capacity and the amount production of MDA at different storage times of breast muscle in broiler chickens. Due to different holding times of breast muscle in the freezer, the amount of pH was not significantly affected by experimental treatments at 24 hours after freezing (p < 0.05). The use of pelleted and mashed diets containing different levels of Prosopis farcta fruit, statistically caused a significant difference on the amount production of free N breast muscle at 0, 24 and 48 hours after freezing. Adding different levels of Prosopis farcta fruit to pellet diets improved the performance and decreased cholesterol of broiler chickens. Using of Prosopis farcta fruit in diets at different storage times (24 and 48 hours) preventes increased oxidation and decrease free N and oxidative stability of the breast.

For carry out of this study we used 560 Ross 308 (mixed sex) broiler chickens, in a completely randomized design with seven t reatments, four replicates and 20 chickens per each replicate. Experimental treatments were: control (no additive), diets containing levels of 400 and 500 mg/kg Satureja essential oil, diets containing levels of two and four percent garlic powder and diets containing levels of five and 10 percent clover leaf powder. The results of this study showed that weight gain of birds that fed with diets containing Satureja khuzistanica essential oil, garlic and clover leaf powder was less than the control birds (P<0/05) across the trial period. Experimental treatments had no significant effect on serum concentration of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL and percentage of dry matter and crude protein of breast muscle. Also, according to different holding times of breast muscle in the freezer (0, 24 and 48 hours), experimental treatments had no significant effect on the amount of MDA and free N at 24 and 48 hours after freezing. According to the results, using of Satureja essential oil, garlic and clover leaf powder at levels investigated in this study, do not have a significant effect on the performance and the antioxidant potential of breast muscle to modulate lipid per oxidation. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the effectivness and active constituents of these nutrients and ensure their properties.

In this study, direct methylation was compared with two conventional extraction methods (Soxhlet and Folch) in terms of extraction yield, the stability of configuration of fatty acids chemical structures and their effect on saturated and unsaturated fatty acids profile. Also, by evaluating and comparing fat extraction methods for fish, egg yolk and milk samples, the efficiency of these methods was determined according to the sample tissue. After extraction and esterification procedures, fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography method. The statistical method of ANOVA using GLM technique was applied to compare the mean of data. The fatty acid profile was subjected to analysis similarities based on cluster analysis to check how the methods would affect the fatty acid profile and to evaluate how much differences are between the methods. The obtained results indicated that the Soxhlet had the lowest efficiency for the extraction of fatty acids, especially in a sample of dry milk, but it was the highest precision compared with the Folch and direct methylation methods. It was also found that the methods have different ability to extract fatty acids based on their unsaturation degree. In general, extraction methods, in addition to affecting the fatty acid profile, have a different effect rate, depending on the sample tissue. Therefore, in order to select an effective method for extracting fat, it is necessary to consider the sample tissue.

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of herbal growth promoter Orex® on performance and immune responses of broiler chickens. The Orex® solution was a combination of alcoholic extract of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) colt’s-foot (Tussilago farfara), cherry blossom (Prunus yedoensis) and brown algae (Sargassum sp.). A total of six hundred day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, 5 replicates and 30 birds in each replicate. The experimental treatments included 1) group received drinking water without additive (control), 2) group received drinking water containing Orex® (1:30, v/v), 3) group received drinking water containing Orex® (1:60, v/v), and 4) group received drinking water containing commercial herbal solution (Bioherbal®, 1:1000, v/v). The performance traits were recorded weekly. The cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated by injection of phytohaemagglutinin-phosphate (PHAP) and sheep red blood cell (SRBC) on 15 and 35 days of age, respectively. The multiple attribute decision making method was used to select the best treatment and make decision about using herbal growth promoter Orex®. Based on scoring through this method, treatments 1 to 4 obtained scores 0.1305, 0.7418, 0.8278 and 0.6421, respectively. According to the obtained results, the utilization of herbal growth promoter Orex® is recommended as an approach for improvement of productive and immunity traits of broiler chickens.

To evaluation the effects of adding different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils in usual and microcapsulated forms to diets on performance, carcass components and meat oxidative stability in broiler chickens, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The results of this study showed that the use of diets containing different levels of Satureja essential oils in usual and microcapsulated forms had no significantly different than the control group (no additive) on feed intake, feed convertion ratio, carcass characteristics, percentage of dry matter crude protein and fat and water holding capacity of the breast tissue. Also, due to different holding times of breast tissue in the freezer, the production of malondialdehyde in this tissue was significantly influenced by experimental treatments at 24 hours after freezing. Also, the results of this experiment showed that the use of diets containing Satureja essential oils in usual and microcapsulated forms, statistically caused a significant difference on the amount of free N breast tissue at 0 and 48 hours after freezing. According to the results of this study, adding different levels of Satureja essential oils in usual and microcapsulated forms to diets did not improve the performance and carcass characteristics, but it prevented an increase in the oxidation of the breast muscle in broiler chickens.

In order to determine the effect of non-starch polysaccarides on performance, energy and protein efficiencies and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks, an experiment was conducted in three periods of starter, grower and finisher period, using 420 one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks from both sexes in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, six replicates and 10 chicks per replicate. The experimental treatments were basal diet, diets containing 0.10 and 0.20 percent of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, diets containing 5 and 10 percent of wheat bran, diets containing three and six percent of soybean hull. The results of the experiment showed that the control treatment had the lowest feed intake during the whole period of breeding (P<0.05). The highest feed intake was related to 10 percent wheat bran and levels of 3 and 6 percent soybean hull (P<0.05). Treatments containing 3 percent soybean hull showed the highest daily weight gain (P<0.05) during the whole experiment. There is no statistical difference for the feed conversion ratio during the whole trial period. The highest relative energy efficiency related to yeast levels were compared to treatments containing wheat bran and soybean hull (P<0.05). The lowest relative energy and protein efficiency was related to 10 percent wheat bran compared to control treatment (P <0.05). The results of the experiment showed that the use of two tenths of yeast, 10 percent wheat bran and six percent soybean hull in the diet of broiler chickens is recommended.

In order to determine the effect of different levels of dietary garlic powder (allium sativum), clover powder (trifolium resupinatum) and savory essence (Satureja khuzistanica) on performance, carcass characteristics and energy and protein efficiency ratios of broilers, an experiment was conducted using 560 one- day old Ross 308 broilers in completely randomized design consisting 7 experimental treatments and 4 replications of 20 chicks in each including 1- control group (CG), 2 and containing garlic powder at 2 and 4 percent, respectively, 3 and 4 containing clover powder at 5 and 10 percent, respectively and 6 and 7 containing savory essence (Satureja Khuzistanica) at 400 and 500 mg/kg of diet, respectively. The results showed in entire experimental period, the effect of different levels of dietary garlic powder, clover powder and savory essence was significant (P< 0.05) on daily feed intake, body weight and feed conversion ratio. The highest body weight mean was related to control group and different levels of savory essence and garlic powder and the minimum body weight was observed in treatments containing clover powder (P< 0.05). Also, the results showed that the use of savory essence and garlic powder caused significant increase in body weight of broilers when compared to control treatment. The utilization of dietary clove powder resulted to significant decrease in body weight and energy and protein efficiency ratios of broilers. The carcass characteristics were not affected by experimental treatments with the exception of carcass and breast efficiency ratios.

In order to determine the effects of adding different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oilin two conventional and microcapsulated forms into the diet on performance, immune response, blood biochemical parameters and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens, an exprement was conducted using 400 Ross 308 (mixed sex) broiler chickens, in five treatments, four replicates and 20 chickens per each replicate. The expriment was done in a completely randomized design. Treatments included control (no additive), dietary containing levels of 400 and 500 mg/kg Satureja essential oil and dietary containing levels of 0.5 and 1.00 percent capsulated Satureja essential oil. Adding different levels of Satureja khuzistanica essential oil in conventional and microcapsulated forms to diet of broiler chickens had no effect on feed intake,FCR, immune response and the number of white and red blood cells. However, experimental treatments containing conventional and microcapsulatedformof Satureja essential oil caused a significant decrease in body weight of the birds relative to than the control treatment. The level of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and blood biochemical parameters (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL) were not affected by the experimental treatments. Although small intestin histologhy traits like width of villi, depth of crypt and length of villi to depth of crypt ratio were not affected by the experimental treatments, the level of 0.5 percent capsulated Satureja essential oil caused a significant decrease in length to width of villi ratio (P<0/05). Acccording to the results of the present experiment, using of two common and microcapsulated Satureja essential oil forms,  have not any  effect on performance, blood biochemical parameters and immune response.

For evaluation the effects of different levels of crystalline amino acids supplemented in the diets with different protein quality on performance, energy and protein efficiency, carcass components and intestinal morphology, where, experiment conducted with completely randomized design by 2×4 factorial. In this experiment were used 576 Ross 308 (mixed) broiler chickens with 6 replicates (12 chickens per each replicate) on starter, grower and finisher periods. Experiment diets have been including maize-soybean meal (as high quality protein source) and wheat-canola meal (as low quality protein source) and four levels of crystalline amino acids (recommended levels, 0 or without supplemented crystalline amino acids, 10 and 15% higher than the recommended levels of DL-Methionine, L-Lysine, L-Threonine and L-Tryptophan) by broiler Ross 308. The results of this study showed that the use of adjusted diet based on soybean meal and the recommended level related to other treatments, were causes to increase the energy and protein consumed and also the feed intake and body weight at finisher period. On the other hand, the results showed that adding amino acids crystalline 10 and 15% higher than the recommended levels to diet containing canola meal and wheat as a low-quality source caused an increase on energy and protein consumption, thus reduced energy and protein efficiency and an increase on feed intake and weight gain at finisher period. Interactions between diets with different protein quality and different levels of crystalline amino acids also did not show significant differences on carcass components and intestinal morphological traits.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of anise and angelica extracts (200 mg/kg) in comparison with antibiotics oxytetracycline (200 mg/kg) and probiotic Primalace® (100 mg/kg) on immune response, ileal microflora and jejunal morphological characteristics of broilers. A total of 400 Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned in a completely randomized design to five experimental treatments. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates and 20 one-day old chicks per replication. The evaluation of immune response of chicks was conducted by injecting 5% SRBC suspension, assessment of ileal microflora by removing the ileum contents of the birds and examination of jejunal morphological characteristics by cutting the middle part of the jejunum after slaughter. The results of this study showed that experimental treatments had no significant effect on antibody titer against SRBC. The frequency of heterophils and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio decreased significantly affected by anise and angelica extracts (P<0.05). The total population of aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Coliform bacteria decreased significantly by angelica extract (P<0.05). All treatments containing additive caused significant increase in jejunum villus height when compared to control treatment (P<0.05). The villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunal was significantly increased by anise and angelica extracts (P<0.05). Generally, the results of this experiment showed that the use of anise and angelica extracts by amount of 200 mg/kg diet may improve immune response, reduce the harmful ileal microflora and improve jejunal morphological characteristics of broiler chickens.

Barley cultivars contain different anti-nutritional factors that have negative effects on the intestinal ecosystem and reduce blood cholesterol concentration. This study aimed to determine the effect of processing barley cultivars on the intestinal morphology, enzyme activity and volatile fatty acids of the small intestine and serum lipid levels of broiler chickens. The experiment was carried out using a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design. Factors were barley cultivars (Fajr, Reyhaneh, and Yosef), diet form (mash or pellet) and enzyme level (0 and 0.05 g/kg dry matter). Around 927 one day of old Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned into 12 treatments, 3 replicates and 27 chickens in each replicate. Pancreatic amylase, lipase enzyme activity and digesta pH are affected by main (except for cultivar) and interaction effects (P< 0.05). Feed Processing (pelleting, adding enzyme or combination of pelleting and enzyme) of barley cultivars, especially diets containing Ryhaneh barley cultivar reduced digesta viscosity and increased the concentration of volatile fatty acids and relative percentage of acetic acid and butyric acid (P<0.05). Diets containing Fajr barley cultivars, enzyme or pelleted diets significantly decreased blood glucose, cholesterol and HDL concentration (P<0.05). Due to lower amount of soluble NSP compared with the other barley cultivars, Ryhaneh cultivar resulted in a better response to processing as well as enzyme addition, and improved the morphological characteristics of the small intestine

The effect of diet with different protein quality andsupplemented with crystalline amino acids on performance, immune response, enzyme activity in the intestinal tissue and litter characteristics, using 576 Ross 308 (mixed sex) broiler chickens,in a 2 × 4 factorial experiment with two experimental diets (high and low protein quality) and four levels of crystalline amino acids (recommended levels, without supplemented crystalline amino acids, 10 and 15% higher than the recommended levels)in a completely randomized design with eight treatments, six replicates and 12 chicks per replicate was investigated.The results of this study showed that, adding crystalline amino acids at levels of 10 and 15% higher than the recommended level to diets containing canola meal and wheat (as low quality protein source) caused an increase in performance (P<0.0001), the number of heterophile and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio (P<0.001) and decreased the number of lymphocyte (P<0.01). The treatments with crystalline amino acids hadn’t significant effect on the enzyme activity aminopeptidase and specific activity of the enzyme in jejunum. Also, adding crystalline amino acids at levels of 10 and 15% higher than the recommended level ina low-quality diet were not significantly affected dry matter, nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen in the litter. According to these results, the use ofcrystalline amino acids higher than the recommended levels in the diets with high quality (as maize-soybean meal) has no effect on the performance of broiler chickens and is not recommended.

In order to evaluate the effect of Anise and Angelica extracts as an alternative to antibiotics to stimulate growth, 400 male and female Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications at the age of 1-42 days. The control diet was based on corn-meal soybean with no additive, and four other treatments were prepared by adding 200 mg per kilogram of diet of Anise seed extract, Angelica seed extract, oxytetracycline antibiotic and 100 mg probiotic Primalac per kilogram of diet. On day 38, one chick was selected from each replicate and three mL of blood were collected from the wing vein in the test tube to examine the biochemical parameters. The highest (57.9 g) and lowest (52.6 g) average daily gains were observed in the birds fed with control and probiotic treatment, respectively (P<0.05). The daily feed intake of birds fed with Anise, Angelica extract, and probiotic treatments was lower than birds were fed with control (P<0.05), but there was no significant deference between antibiotic treatments with others treatments. The effect of experimental diets on feed conversion ratio was not significant. The highest and lowest carcasses without skin of broiler chicks were observed in the birds fed with control and antibiotic treatment, respectively (P<0.05). According to the results of this study, the use of Anise and Angelica extracts can be used as alternatives to antibiotics in broiler chickens diets.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of the feed form on characteristics of litter, quality characteristics of foot and breast and tibia bone indices in broilers. A total of 936 broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (mash, pellet and extrude) with 12 replicates and 26 day-old chicks in each pen that were reared for 6 weeks. Litter quality (PH, Moisture, Total volatile nitrogen (TVN) and nitrogen retention) values, the counts of the microbial populations (bacterial and fungi), foot and carcass lesions (lameness, footpad lesions, hock burns and breast blisters), calcium and phosphorus content of tibia bone and tibia bone characteristics (length, diameter, weight, weight percent, strength of fragility) were determined at 42 days of age and mortality was recorded daily.
The results have shown that the greater percentage of the moisture, TVN, nitrogen and the lower counts of the spore bacteria and fungi of litter were found by extrude diet form. There is no significant difference on footpad dermatitis, breast blister, calcium and phosphorus of bone and tibia bone characteristics, but the higher rate of hock burns, lameness and percentage of the mortality were observed by pellet and extrude diet form compared with mash diet form in broiler chicken. So pellet and extrude diet form have shown negative effects on values of the moisture, TVN, nitrogen of litter and percentage of mortality and increased incidence of hock burn and lameness in broilers compared with mash diet form.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oils on performance, carcass characteristics, serum metabolites and immune response in broiler chickens under heat stress. A total of 400 male broilers (Ross-308) were divided into 4 treatments with 5 replications of 20 birds per each. Experimental treatments were as follow: Control diet without additive and diets containing 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 % of thyme essential oil. The results showed that supplementation of diet with thyme essential oils had not significant effect on average body weight daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics (P>0.05). Addition of thyme eesential oil to broilers diet not influenced (p>0.05) serum metabolites (gluose, albumin, protein, triglyceride and VLDL), However significantly decreased (P<0.05) serum cholesterol and LDL concentration and significantly increased (P<0.05) HDL concentration. Supplementation of diet with thyme essential oils significantly increased (P<0.05) antibody response versus ND disease and sheep red blood cell (SRBC) in broiler chicks under heat stress. These results suggested that supplementation of diet with thyme essential oil tended to increase growth rate, immune system reinforcement, decreased serum LDL and cholesterol, and these could be consider as a growth promoter immune response amplifier in broilers diet under heat stress.

The three-step trial was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, digestibility, true and apparent metabolizable energy (TME and AME), of different parts of two varieties of date palm collected from Kerman (Mazafati and Farekan). In the first stage, the chemical composition of the fruit, date pits and whole date palm were determined. Secondly, digestibility and metabolizable energy of the samples measured by the force-feeding method on 35 adult Leghorn cockerels and collecting whole excreta for 48 hours. In the third stage, the best formulas were determined to estimate the ME values from the DM digestibility and chemical composition data by stepwise regression method.
According to the results, date palm, with and without pits, had more available energy, but the pits and pulps had more crude fiber and also, lower energy content. Moreover, Our results show that Mazafati variety had more CF and EE in compare to Farekan variety. Unlike Farekan date palm, which had low metabolisable energy, AME and AMEn of the Mazafati date pits and date palm were 1769, 1786, 1924 and 2212 (kcal/kg DM), respectively. In overall, Mazafati variety had higher nutritional value in compare to Farekan variety. At the end, the best equations for estimating of AME and TME were determined based on chemical composition and digestibility values.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of licorice essential oil on growth performance, meat quality and oxidative stability of meat by using 625 d-old Aryan broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 5 replicates and 25 birds per each. Dietary treatments included a control group which received no additive (basal diet) and two graded levels of licorice essential oil (100 and 200 mg/Kg) added to the control basal diet, and a basal diet including an antibiotic (Avilamycin, 150 mg/kg feed). Dietary treatments were iso-caloric and iso- nitrogenous. The results showed that the birds fed on diets containing 200 mg kg licorice essential oil had more daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio compared to other treatments (P

For study the effects of different levels of wheat screening waste, canola meal with and without multi enzyme on performance, viscosity and nutrient digestibility, 240 Ross- 308 male broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replicates by 10 chicks in each replicate from 11 to 46 days. Diets were: 1) Diet based on corn-soybean meal (control), 2) Basal diet replaced by 50% wheat screening waste and canola meal, 3) Basal diet replaced by 100% wheat screening waste and canola meal, 4) Diet based on corn-soybean meal pulse 500 g multi enzyme/ton of diet, 5) Basal diet replaced by 50% wheat screening waste and canola meal pulse 500g multi enzyme/ton of diet, and 6) Basal diet replaced by 100% wheat screening waste and canola meal pulse 500g multi enzyme/ton of diet. The best feed conversion ratio, energy and protein intake efficiency, production efficiency index achieved in 1, 4 and 5 diets (P