بابی سان عسکری

Although LXRα and SREBP-1C are involved in lipid metabolism and liver injury, mechanisms of their modulation following exercise and herbal supplement consumption are less investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of 8 w of aerobic exercise and cinnamon extract on the expression of SREBP-1c and LXRα in the liver tissue of mice fed with fructose.

To carry out the present experimentally practical study, 32 6-w-old male rats with an average weight of 154.66 g ±10.95 and insulin resistant by feeding 10% fructose solution for 5 w were randomly divided into four control (IRC), exercise (IRT), cinnamon extract (IRCi) and exercise-cinnamon extract (IRTCi) groups. The training program was implemented for 8 w with 5 d each week with an intensity of 75–80% VO2max from 10–15 min in the first week to 60 min in the last week. The IRCi and IRTCi groups were injected daily with 200 ml/kg cinnamon extract. After 8 w, rats were sacrificed and the variables were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Significant decreases in SREBP-1c expression were seen in IRT (p = 0.032), IRCi (p = 0.045) and IRTCi (p = 0.005) groups, compared to IRC. The expression of LXRα in the IRT (p=0.022), IRCi (p=0.024) and IRTCi (p=0.0001) groups had a significant increase compared to the IRC group. In addition, a significant increase in LXRα expression was observed in IRTCi groups compared to IRT (p=0.048) and IRCi (p=0.044) groups.

Results verified effects of aerobic exercise and cinnamon extract alone and in combination with each other on the expression of genes affecting fat metabolism and lipogenesis as well as greater interactive effects on the LXRα variable. Therefore, it is recommended to use exercises and supplements with caution.

Infertility is actually a lack of fertility in couples that has not conceived despite a year or more of trying to reproduce. The present study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of swimming training, cell therapy and vitamin E consumption on testosterone and Lc31 and P62 genes in the testicular tissue of azoospermia model rats.

In this experimental study, forty 6- to 8-week-old rats were randomly selected, and then the azoospermia model was induced with the busulfan at a dose of 40 mg. After one month, the rats were divided into 8 groups: 1) control, 2) patient, 3) sham, 4) patient + exercise, 5) patient + supplement, 6) patient + cell, 7) patient + supplement + exercise, and 8) patient + cell + exercise. Stem cells were transplanted in the vas deferens at the rate of one million cells for each mouse, they received an oral solution of vitamin E at the rate of 100 mg/kg by gavage, also the training groups performed swimming training continuously with a constant intensity of 60% of the maximum heart rate for 8 weeks, 30 minutes a day, 5 day of the week. Testosterone levels were measured by ELISA and the expression of P62 and LC31 genes in testicular tissue was measured by Real Time PCR technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 26). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Induction of azoospermia significantly decreased testosterone levels and the expression of Lc31 and P62 genes in testicular tissue compared to the control group (P≤0.05), but showed a significant increase in the supplement, cell, exercise, exercise+supplement and exercise+cell groups compared to the patient and sham groups (P≤0.05).

In the present study, the synergism of swimming exercise with vitamin E and mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow in improving the autophagy flux in experimental rats with azoospermia was observed, which may be effective in increasing testosterone or even fertility.

High body mass index and vitamin deficiency are considered to be the main factors of thyroid and fat tissue dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a period of high intensity running training with vitamin D consumption on TSH and MCP-1 levels in overweight women with vitamin D deficiency.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on 26 overweight young women with vitamin D deficiency in Babol city, in 1400. After the accessible and purposeful selection, the subjects were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. The main training consisted of 8 weeks of high intensity running with an intensity of 80-90% of the maximum heart rate and one minute of active rest with an intensity of 50% of the maximum heart rate during 8 weeks, and vitamin D was taken at a dose of 50,000 units weekly. Serum levels of TSH and MCP-1 were determined before and after 8 weeks. Independent t and paired t tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of P≤0.05.

Data analysis showed that the serum levels of TSH and MCP-1 decreased significantly in the intervention group after 8 weeks. In addition, a significant difference in the mean of TSH and MCP-1 between the intervention and control groups was observed (p<0.001).

Based on the results, the simultaneity of intense intermittent running and vitamin D intake can help increase the health of overweight people with vitamin D intake, by improving thyroid function and reducing the inflammatory index of MCP-1.

Mitochondrial collapse caused by oxidative stress is one of the important factors of insulin resistance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and berberine chloride on the indices of mitochondrial regeneration and biogenesis of visceral adipose tissue in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=8): diabetes (DM), diabetes-berberine (BDM), diabetes-aerobic exercise (TDM), diabetes-aerobic exercise-berberine (TBDM). Diabetes was induced by STZ injection in male rats. Berberine chloride (30 mg/kg/day) was administered orally by gavage once a day. The exercise groups performed an incremental aerobic exercise program (10-18 m/min, 10-40 min/day, and five days/week) on a treadmill for six weeks. Gene expression levels of SIRT1 and AMPK factors in visceral adipose tissue were measured using Real time-PCR method. Data analysis was conducted using one-way analysis of variance and if significant, Tukey's post hoc test was used at a significance level of p<0.05.

Data analysis showed that there is a significant difference in the expression of SIRT1 (p<0.05) and AMPK (p<0.05) genes among the groups. Furthermore, the results showed that the expression of SIRT1 gene in the diabetes-exercise group (p<0.05) and diabetes-exercise-berberine chloride (p<0.05) had a significant increase compared to the diabetes group. Berberine chloride alone could not significantly increase SIRT1 gene expression compared to the diabetic group (p>0.05). Also, the expression of AMPK gene in diabetes-exercise (p<0.05), diabetes-berberine chloride (p<0.05) and diabetes-exercise-berberine chloride (p<0.05) groups had a significant increase compared to the diabetes group.

Based on the above findings, it is possible that the simultaneous effect of exercise and berberine chloride could inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation caused by diabetes through the AMPK-SIRT1-PPARγ pathway.

 Vitamin D deficiency and obesity are very common and are closely related to structural and functional changes in the brain. Therefore, it is important to use efficient lifestyle methods to increase the health of the nervous system. Therefore, in this study, the effect of two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) models on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and body composition in overweight women with vitamin D deficiency was compared.

 In this semi-experimental study, 39 overweight women with low vitamin D status, selected through available sampling, were randomly assigned to control groups, resistance HIIT and running HIIT. Resistance HIIT consisted of three sets with an intensity of 80% of a maximum repetition with 2.5 min active recovery between the sets. Running HIIT was performed in 12x1-min running bouts at 80-90% HRmax interspersed with 1 min active recovery. The subjects trained 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and after 8 weeks of training. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, and paired t-test (p<0.05).

 8 weeks of training led to a significant increase in the BDNF serum levels and decreased weight and body fat percentage in the experimental groups (p<0.001). Also, a significant difference was observed between the percentage changes in BDNF averages between the experimental groups (p<0.001).

  It seems that both types of resistance HIIT and HIIT running can improve the health of the central nervous system in overweight women with vitamin D deficiency by increasing BDNF levels; however, HIIT running was associated with stronger effects compared to resistance HIIT.

Sedentary life and vitamin D deficiency are considered related factors to increased inflammation and oxidative stress in obese conditions. Being overweight and obese is determined by increased adipose tissue due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of fat cells (1). Previous research has shown that overweight and obesity are associated with vitamin D deficiency (3). Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most important and common health problems associated with several diseases such as kidney disease, diabetes, cardiomyopathy and Alzheimer's disease. Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating several cellular pathways for the synthesis of antioxidants (4).The best biomarker to determine the status of vitamin D is the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Serum levels below 20 ng /ml are defined as vitamin D deficiency (3).Large adipocytes with complete local oxygen consumption induce hypoxia, which may lead to cellular inflammation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines by activating oxidative stress pathways (4). Oxidative stress, in turn, plays a causal role in obesity (6). A strong association between oxidative stress and vitamin D deficiency has been reported (8).Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory effects and affects inflammatory processes and immune cells through different pathways, including regulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (12).Interleukin 10(IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that is synthesized in several organs (13). It has been observed in experimental studies that with obesity, serum IL-10 levels decreased in mice on a high-fat diet, and this reduction played a very important role in obesity-induced inflammation in other organs (15, 16). Exercise is recommended as an important non-pharmacological treatment for the prevention or treatment of obesity and its metabolic and somatic cellular complications (19). Systematic studies and available meta-analyzes have shown that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has more significant effects on reducing abdominal and visceral fat and improving cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese adults than moderate-intensity continuous exercise (21, 22). Today, lack of time is one of the main reasons for non-participation of people in regular sports activities (23). Due to the association of obesity and overweight with inflammatory factors and oxidative stress, it is necessary to conduct further studies focusing on the effect of low-risk and cheaper interventions such as HIIT and/or vitamin D consumption in the prevention or treatment of oxidative-inflammatory complications. Therefore, the present study investigated the HIIT with vitamin D intake on IL-10 and lipid peroxidation levels in overweight women with IL-10 deficiency.

This single-blind clinical trial was conducted on 52 overweight women with vitamin D deficiency and ages ranging 23-29 years old. After selecting the subjects by the available sampling method, they were randomly divided into control, interval, vitamin D and combination groups. The HIIT was performed with the 12x1-min running bouts at 80-90% maximum heart rate (HRmax) interspersed with 1-min active recovery at 50% HRmax in between bouts for 8 weeks. Vitamin D and combination groups took vitamin D once a week with food for 8 weeks (30).The vitamin D and combination groups received 50,000 IU of vitamin D per week (29). Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D less than 20 ng /ml were considered as vitamin D deficiency. Blood samples were collected in the pre- and post-test stages, followed by 12 hours of fasting and serum was frozen at -80 ° C. The serum was then frozen at -80 ° C and used to measure the research variables. Then, serum levels of variables were determined using a special commercial kit and laboratory methods. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. One-way analysis of variance test with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc was also used to compare intergroup differences. In addition, the rate of change of variables was tested through Kruskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whitney tests. The significance level was considered P<0.05 and all statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22.

The results of one-way analysis of variance test with repeated measures showed that there is a significant difference between IL-10 and MDA levels of inactive women during the two stages before and after eight weeks, regardless of the group factor. Also, the effect of group (regardless of time factor) and the interactive effect of time×group on the levels of these variables are significant (P<0.05). The MDA levels in interval, vitamin D and combination groups decreased significantly and IL-10 levels increased significantly after 8 weeks(P<0.001). But the combined intervention had a stronger effect on the change of MDA and IL-10 levels compared to the other two interventions (P<0.001). In addition, the effect of HIIT on decreasing MDA levels was greater than vitamin D intake (P= 0.018), and no significant difference was found between the amount of IL-10 changes in these two groups (P=0.184).

Both vitamin D deficiency (9) and obesity (33) cause overproduction of ROS, increasing oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) interacts with unsaturated lipids within the cell membrane and causes lipid peroxidation, which in turn significantly increases MDA levels, leading to the inactivation of many proteins and cellular receptors, causing cell membrane damage (34). Vitamin D can exert its strong anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression and activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), which has optimal effects on oxidative stress (32). Regular exercise can greatly improve the efficiency of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems and enhance the body's ability to eliminate peroxidants. Exercise can inhibit NF-κB activation in human T cells by reducing ROS-producing factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (40). Exercise can also reduce oxidative stress by increasing the bioavailability of nitric oxide (42). However, the effect of HIIT on reducing MDA and consequent oxidative stress has been more effective than vitamin D supplementation, which may be related to the synergistic effects of these two interventions in the oxidation-antioxidant balance shift towards the superiority of antioxidant defense. It seems that HIIT and vitamin D intake can be exert their protective effects in overweight individuals with vitamin D deficiency by a decrease in the MDA and increasing the anti-inflammatory index of IL-10. Although these effects developed with combined intervention, but HIIT was associated with a greater reduction in MDA than vitamin D intervention.

Obesity and vitamin D (VD) deficiency is associated with poor sleep quality (SQ), and lifestyle changes can effectively improve SQ. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high- intensity interval running training (HIIRT) with VD intake on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and SQ in young women with VD deficiency.

This clinical trial study was conducted on 52 women with an average age of 25.98±1.95 years, body mass index of 27.54±1.13 kg/m2 and low VD status. After being selected by the available sampling method, the subjects were randomly divided into control, running training, VD and combined groups. HIIT performed in 12x1-min running bouts at 80-90% HRmax interspersed with one minute of active recovery. VD was consumed weekly with a dose of 50,000 units. SQ was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and paired t- test (p<0.05).

After 8 weeks, the levels of BDNF in the experimental groups increased and the SQ score decreased significantly (p<0.05). But the combined intervention had more effect on the change of SQ scales (p<0.05) and BDNF (p<0.001) compared to the other two interventions (p<0.05). In addition, no significant difference was observed between the changes in the SQ score of the running training and VD groups (p<0.05).

Lifestyle changes such as HIIT, VD intake, and combined intervention can lead to improvement of SQ through the up-regulation of BDNF in women with overweight and VD deficiency. Also combined intervention may have more potent effects on improving these variables.

One of the important goals of therapeutic interventions is to control obesity and vitamin D deficiency, which are associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and increased homocysteine. In this study, the effect of high-intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) and vitamin D on homocysteine and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) ​​levels in overweight women with vitamin D deficiency was investigated.

In this clinical trial study, overweight women with vitamin D deficiency were investigated. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups of 13 (control, exercise, vitamin D and exercise+vitamin D). The exercise groups performed HIIRT with an intensity of 80% of one maximum repetition, and the vitamin D groups consumed vitamin D once a week. The collected data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and paired t-tests.

After 8 weeks of research interventions, homocysteine level decreased and TAC significantly increased in the experimental groups (P<0.001). In addition, combined intervention was associated with more changes in homocysteine and TAC levels compared to HIIRT and vitamin D intervention (P<0.001), but HIIRT and vitamin D had a similar effect on the changes of these variables (P>0.05).

It seems that part of the optimal effects of HIIRT and vitamin D consumption in the health development of overweight women with vitamin D deficiency can be induced by increasing TAC and decreasing homocysteine.

Growing evidence, shows that vitamin D deficiency and weight gain are associated with impaired physical and mental well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Pilates training and vitamin D supplementation on quality of life and mental health of overweight men.

This study was a randomized clinical trial performed by pre-test and post-test design. Initially, 50 overweight men were selected by convenience sampling method and then randomly divided into 4 groups including control, exercise, vitamin D and combined groups. The exercise and combined groups performed 8 weeks of Pilates training with the intensity of 50-75% of reserve heart rate, 3sessions/week. The vitamin D and combined groups received 50,000 IU vitamin D/week. Research tools were included the quality of life (SF-36) and general health (GHQ) questionnaires. The data were analyzed by paired t test, one way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests (p˂0.05).

 Ethical Considerations:

 This study with research ethics code IR.IAU.BABOL.REC.1398.088 has been approved by research ethics committee at Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Iran

Vitamin D status in subjects was lower than normal (less than 30 ng/ml). Eight weeks of Pilates training, vitamin D intake and the combined intervention were associated with a significant improve in quality of life )10.57%, 9.26% and 15.75%, respectively (and the increased mental health (12.66%, 10.72% and 17.90%, respectively). However, the effect of combined intervention focused method was more noticeable on the quality of life (p<0.001) and mental health (p<0.001) compared with two other interventions.

Based on the findings, it seems that any of the Pilates training, vitamin D and combination interventions can improve the quality of life and mental health in overweight people with low levels of vitamin D, but the combination intervention is more effective on these variables.

Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial disease, with both genetic and environmental factors influencing its prevalence. The aim of this experimental study was to determine the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training on GLP1 expression in pancreatic tissue as well as glucose and insulin levels in type 2 diabetic rats.

The statistical population consisted of all male Wistar rats of Pasteur Institute of Iran, from which 14 10-week-old rats weighing 220 ± 20 g were purchased. The studied rats were exposed to 6 weeks of high-fat diet and STZ injection of type 2 diabetes and were randomly divided into two groups (control and resistance). The resistance group then participated in a resistance training course for 6 weeks with 5 sessions per week. 48 hours after the last training session, fasting glucose and insulin levels and GLP1 expression in pancreatic tissue of both groups were measured and compared by independent t-test. All statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS / Win software version 16.

Resistance training improved fasting glucose levels compared to the control group. Serum insulin levels and GLP1 expression in pancreatic tissue of the resistance group increased significantly compared to the control group. Significant level of α = % 5 was considered.

Based on the findings of this study, increased serum insulin in response to resistance training in T2D rats may be attributed with increased Mafa expression in pancreas tissue.

Foxo1 is a transcription factor in insulin signaling in the liver. The function of Foxo1 is important in the ability of insulin to regulate hepatic glucose production and glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of resistance training program on Foxo1 expression in liver cells as well as glucose and insulin serum levels in male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes.

The statistical population of this experimental study was 10-weeks old, male Wistar rats weighing 220±20 g (n=14). The studied rats were subjected to 6 weeks of high-fat diet and STZ injection for type 2 diabetes induction and then rats were randomly divided into two groups (control and resistance). The training group participated in a resistance training course for 6 weeks, 5 sessions per week, in the form of 4 sets and 5 repetitions per set, climbing a 26-step ladder to a height of one meter with a vertical slope of 80%. Finally, 48 hours after the last training session, fasting blood  glucose and insulin levels as well as Foxo1 expression level  in liver cells of both groups were measured and compared by independent t-test (a=%5).

The resistance training improved fasting blood glucose compared to control subjects (p>0.001). the serum insulin levels were significantly increased (p=0.042) and Foxo1 expression significantly decreased in resistance group when compared with control subjects (p=0.023).

Based on these data, the decrease in glucose concentration in the exercise group can probably be attributed to the decreased expression of Foxo1 in hepatocyte cells in response to resistance training.

Increased Mafa expression with increased insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and consequent improvement in glycemic profile in type 2 diabetic patients. This study aimed to determine the effect of resistance on Mafa expression in pancreas tissue, glucose and insulin in type 2 diabetes rats.

The statistical population consisted of all male Wistar rats of the pastor inistitue of Iran, among which 14 were male rat 10 weeks old weighting 220 ± 20 g. Type 2 diabetes induced by Intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamid + STZ. Then rats divided randomly into resistance (6 weeks, 5 times/weekly, n=7) and control (n=7) groups. Fasting glucose, serum insulin and Mafa expression in Pancreas tissue of both groups were measured after lasted exercise and compared between 2 groups by independent T test.

Resistance training significantly reduced fasting glucose and significantly increased serum insulin levels compared with the control group. Resistance training also increased Mafa expression in pancreatic tissue( p>0/0001).

Based on these data, increased serum insulin in response to resistance training in T2D rats may be attributed with increased Mafa expression in pancreas tissue.