بهرام ایمانی

With the spread of the corona virus to the villages, the rural areas of Iran due to demographic characteristics (larger share of the elderly population) and geographical characteristics (longer distance to access to health care centers), along with the lack of health facilities in response to the epidemic ccrona was more involved in this virus and disrupted the life of rural communities. Rural governance involves the implementation of decisions and policies aimed at rural development, ensuring they align with the interests of rural communities while remaining compatible with national, regional, and local priorities. It is widely recognized as a critical factor in the success of rural communities and their ability to manage rural hazards. One of the most significant challenges that rural residents have faced in recent years has been the outbreak of the infectious disease (COVID-19). This study evaluates the impact of good governance on reducing the vulnerability to COVID-19 in Sistan’s border villages_ Iran. The objective of this research is practical, has a descriptive-analytical nature, and employs a quantitative methodology. Data were collected through both library research and questionnaires. The analysis utilized second-order factor analysis and T-tests, with the cochran formula used to determine the sample size, ultimately selecting 363 households. The resylts indicate that the indices of accountability, consensus, and transparency significantly reduce the vulnerability to COVID-19 in Sistan’s border villages. Specifically, accountability had a beta coefficient of 0.39 at a significance level of 0.001, consensus had a beta coefficient of 0.36, and transparency had a beta coefficient of 0.30, with a significance level of less than 0.05. All three factors directly and significantly contributed to reducing COVID-19 vulnerability in these villages.

The patterns of spatial changes in peri-urban areas are an intertwined relationship between two relatively different areas of socio-economic structures (forces and mechanisms) and spatial structure (historical-geographic context). The discovery of this relationship enables a better understanding of the process and mechanisms related to the formation of peri-urban areas and their spatial changes in the context of the rentier economy. In explaining the problem of peri-urban areas, a major part of the analysis follows the urban political economy literature common in the 1960s and 1970s, due to the existence of the capitalist and global system, and its consequences such as the destruction and destruction of agriculture and villages and of course Recession and migration to cities have been mentioned. The study area of the current research is Ardabil city. The emergence of the first urban phenomenon in Ardabil province and the unbridled expansion of Ardabil city (especially after it became a province in 1372) based on the demands and needs of the urban society, led to wide-ranging transformations and transformations in various areas of the life of some villages in the region. has had its influence. The rapid growth of the population of Ardabil and the consequent increase in the demand for housing and more constructions has caused the physical expansion of the city. Responding to this demand has generally been done through changing the use of agricultural lands around the city and even nearby villages, in other words, digesting the villages and converting rural lands into residential uses. What we are witnessing here is the unplanned and thoughtless growth of land use both within the official boundaries of the city and in the rural settlements of the sphere of influence. The increase in rural-urban migrations and the lack of proper control and supervision to these areas in the absence of comprehensive and upstream plans have led to the unbalanced physical development of the villages around the city of Ardabil. Therefore, the most important question of the current research is: 1- What are the most important drivers affecting the future of Ardabil's peri-urban areas in physical-spatial dimensions? 2- What are the most important possible scenarios for the future of the peri-urban areas of Ardabil?

The current research is of an applied type and in terms of its method, it is descriptive-analytical, in line with the basics of future studies, with an exploratory approach (viewing the past and present, in order to know the future) and analyzing the state of physical-spatial developments in the peri-urban areas of Ardabil. . In this regard, data collection was based on the Delphi technique in a documentary and survey manner. Mic Mac and Scenario Wizard software were used for data analysis.

In the current research, considering that the aim is to identify the most important determining and influencing factors in the physical-spatial developments of the peri-urban areas of Ardabil, among the influential variables (because they are the most influential factors), risk variables (because they have a high potential to be among system influencing variables) and regulatory variables (which can be converted into risk variables and secondary goals) are used as the most important determining factors, which total 16 key factors. After identifying the most important factors, various situations (probable situations related to key factors) about the physical-spatial developments of the peri-urban areas of Ardabil with a political economy approach are included. The number of these situations is designed according to the conditions of each factor. In fact, these situations related to each of the factors as a perspective of the physical-spatial situation of the peri-urban areas of Ardabil should be raised and likely to occur. Finally, 36 possible situations for the future of the physical-spatial developments of the peri-urban areas of Ardabil were drawn with the economic-political approach of space, of which 15 possible situations are favorable; 8 possible situations are static and 13 possible situations are critical.

According to the obtained results, it shows the instability of the system, it is better to take the initial measures in order to solve the critical situations according to the key drivers, so that the system moves towards stability and balance, and to extract possible future scenarios of the physical-spatial developments of peri-urban areas. Ardabil 16 key factors were extracted. These 16 factors include key variables (4 items); There are risk variables (7 items) and regulatory variables (5 items), and basically, out of 53 variables, 16 variables were found to be the most important driver variables affecting the future of Ardabil's peri-urban areas in physical-spatial dimensions. 5 scenarios with high compatibility were obtained, the first scenario shows the trend of positive influence and the fifth scenario shows the trend of negative influence, and these two scenarios had a high compatibility score among the other 5 scenarios. Looking at and establishing productive activities and increasing productivity in various areas in peri-urban areas, strengthening public institutions and facilitating private sector investment, directing capital towards economic and job-creating activities, bottom-up planning is among the highest values of adaptability. Related to the key factors in the future are physical-spatial changes in the peri-urban areas of Ardabil.

Rapid physical and population development and growth in recent decades has caused many problems in cities, and Ardabil city has not been exempted from this due to its historical antiquity and high population and physical growth. This research examines and evaluates the land suitability index per capita in Ardabil city using the overlap model and spatial analysis in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. The main purpose of this study is to determine the per capita suitability of land for different urban uses and provide solutions to improve planning and sustainable urban development. For this purpose, first, spatial and descriptive data related to urban land use were collected from different sources and then processed using spatial analysis tools in GIS. The research results show that the use of this model can help identify suitable areas for future developments and optimize existing uses. The findings of this research show that there is an inequality of compatibility among some urban uses such as residential areas with more than 42%, educational use with more than 35%, administrative use with 38%, medical use with 25% and sports use with 16%. They have neighboring uses. Tourist use with more than 80%, religious and cultural use with more than 75%, and commercial use with more than 70% are in completely compatible and relatively compatible conditions with their neighboring uses and have the least incompatibility with other uses. Therefore, urban planners and designers should pay special attention to the proper distribution of neighboring uses based on spatial-spatial components, while allocating the best space to the uses needed to solve the current shortage, in the programs related to future development. This study provides practical suggestions for improving urban planning policies and land management in Ardabil, which can be used as a model for other cities.

Introduction Equitable access for all citizens to public services is one of the basic principles of planning, which has become important in emerging justice-centric approaches in recent decades, and requires reaching out to the rural community to explore resources and facilities in these areas .Methodology The purpose of this study is to measure the amount of spatial justice in the distribution of sustainable development indicators in rural areas. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and based on the descriptive-analytical nature of which the approach is quantitative .Results and discussion In order to analyze the subject, a framework of eight indicators in 54 items was used based on the official statistics of the Population and Housing Censorship of 1395 that were weighed using the AHP method. To analyze the data and rank the villages, the method of decision making was used as a method for choosing VIKOR and TOPSIS. Finally, the rank average was used. Also, for analyzing the distribution of indices, the coefficient of dispersion was used. Conclusion The results of the dispersion coefficient also indicate inequality in the distribution of indicators, and the greatest inequality is in distributing indicators of health care centers, the representation of the kerosene and fuel location. In order to improve the development and achievement of spatial justice, it is suggested that health, infrastructure and . indicators be more appropriately distributed so that sustainable development in rural areas will lead to balanced growth.

Given the rapid pace of change we currently experience, adopting a sound approach to rural governance can lay the foundation for creating sustainable and inclusive communities. This study aimed to identify the key drivers and effective strategies for enhancing the performance of good governance indicators in rural management within Ardabil Province. Applying a future-oriented research approach, the study followed an applied and mixed research method, employing a sequential exploratory approach. In the initial phase, the qualitative Delphi method was used, involving a survey of experts (comprising 28 individuals) associated with the research topic. This phase extracted the factors and variables that contributed to good rural governance. Subsequently, the scenario planning method was applied, utilizing the weight approach in consultation with experts. The software tool of MICMAC was employed to identify the driving factors, while the Scenario Wizard software was used to analyze future scenarios. Initially, 12 key factors were identified, which were later consolidated into 10 factors due to overlap. A total of 26 potential situations were considered for these key factors. The software generated 902 scenarios, of which 16 were deemed valid with 3 scenarios demonstrating high compatibility. The results obtained highlighted the system's instability with the most significant impact attributed to the transparency index, central justice, and accountability. The decision-making influence exerted by influential groups in rural management created a critical situation across all three scenarios, emphasizing the crucial role of public oversight and participation of villagers in advancing the goals of good rural governance.

Given the available tools, including management laws and sciences, it seems that the modern rural management system has not been able to achieve the expected progress and desirable development. However, some believe that the trend of change and evolution has been acceptable, and there is hope for the continuity of the new approach. But the reality is that the existence of some civil and economic problems has prevented the efficiency of modern rural management from being as prominent as it should be.Today, it is rare to find a society that does not show a tendency for progress and development, so community managers make every effort to achieve this goal. However, each community has its own unique structure, and a fixed model cannot be considered for all societies. In this regard, attention to modern rural management can bring multiple positive consequences for the rural community, provided that the rules of rural management are not based on the taste of decision-makers, and decisions are made based on scientific and experimental support.Ardabil province, due to its geographical location and some characteristics such as suitable agricultural climate, topography, angle of light incidence, and air currents, has the potential for progress and development in rural areas. However, by examining the structural condition of the villages, it can be concluded that, due to various factors, the villages have not been able to fully follow the path of rural development. Considering the above, the aim of this study is to identify the driving and inhibiting factors of modern rural management in the central villages of Ardabil city and to provide appropriate solutions for the growth and development of modern rural management.

This research is theoretical in nature and quantitative-qualitative in its descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected using both library and field methods. The statistical population of this study consists of two groups: the first group is the local residents of the villages in the central part of Ardabil city, numbering 48,250, and the second group is 40 rural management experts. The sample villages were determined based on the criteria of having a population of more than 20 households and having a management institution (council/village head). According to the available statistics (2016), there are 86 villages in the central part of Ardabil city, so a multi-stage stratified sampling method was used. The sample size is 360 households, and the questionnaires were distributed among the households proportional to the population and number of households in the studied villages. The questionnaire items are closed-ended and based on a five-point Likert scale.For data analysis, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the frequency, mean, and standard deviation of the data. In the inferential statistics, the structural equation modeling method in the LISREL software was used. In the present study, four indicators were used to examine the driving and inhibiting factors of modern rural management: management factors, economic factors, social factors, and environmental factors.

All the driving and inhibiting elements of rural management in the central villages, from the perspective of villagers and experts, consist of managerial, economic, social, and environmental factors, which are considered as the effective elements in the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages. From the villagers' perspective, the effect size of managerial, economic, social, and environmental factors on the driving elements is 0.83, 0.87, 0.97, and 0.85 respectively, and on the inhibiting elements is 0.83, 0.79, 0.76, and 0.75 respectively. From the experts' perspective, the effect size of managerial, economic, social, and environmental factors on the driving elements is 0.74, 0.94, 0.72, and 0.98 respectively, and on the inhibiting elements is 0.97, 0.94, 0.96, and 0.97 respectively.Based on this, it can be concluded that all the effective elements in the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, from the perspective of villagers and experts, are part of the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages. If the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, as identified from the perspective of villagers and experts, are optimized, this effect will be stronger, and if the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, as identified from the perspective of villagers and experts, are reduced, this relationship will certainly be weaker.

Based on these findings, it can be said that all the effective elements in the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in the central villages, as identified in this research, are part of the driving and inhibiting factors of rural management in these villages. If the driving factors of rural management in the central villages are improved and the inhibiting factors are controlled, the rural management in these areas will be enhanced.The results of this study are consistent with the findings of Mahdavi and Karimipour (2012), Naderi Mahdi (2015), and Ataei et al. (2020), which have emphasized the importance of increased cooperation between villagers and the village administration for improving rural management.

The life cycle of tourism destinations in Iran is a relatively new subject that offers a valuable framework for understanding the dynamics of tourist activities and planning their transformation towards sustainable tourism. This study aims to evaluate target villages for tourism development in Kurdistan province using the integrated model of Prescott, Allen, and Butler (Sustainable Tourism Life Cycle - STLC). The evolution of sustainable tourism in these villages is assessed based on the STLC model. The sample size for this research consists of 356 individuals. The survey results indicate that most of the studied villages are in the intervention and conflict stages or at the early stages of development in the sustainable tourism life cycle. The primary strategy recommended for villages in the intervention and conflict stages is community participation and the expansion of tourism infrastructure.

Nowadays, tourism is one of the important sources of income and one of the effective factors in development and progress in countries. In this connection, rural tourism is of special importance as one of the main types of tourism. Therefore, knowing the obstacles and driving factors of this type of tourism is of special necessity. The current research has been done with the aim of identifying and explaining the factors driving and inhibiting the development of rural tourism from the perspective of experts, who have investigated the issue using a mixed method. The sequential research approach is an exploratory one that is carried out in two qualitative and quantitative phases. In the qualitative phase, using the scoping review method, the main variables and indicators were identified, and then in the quantitative phase, they were analyzed and investigated using the survey method and the questionnaire tool. According to the findings of the qualitative phase, 4 criteria and 43 sub-criteria were identified among 53 related researches. In the quantitative phase, specialists and experts in the field of tourism and rural planning commented on the approval and prioritization of each factor, and all the factors were approved in their opinion. The present study showed that various aspects promoting or hindering the development of rural tourism, including social, economic and environmental aspects of tourism development in Nir city, are considered with acceptable amounts. Therefore, the concept of rural tourism development should be effectively implemented throughout the region and existing gaps to support rural tourism development should be addressed.

The tourism industry is considered as a vital factor for the economy due to job creation and income generation. But tourism, along with positive effects, especially in the economic field, can sometimes have negative effects. Considering the negative effects caused by tourism, the concept of sustainable tourism was born, and among the many approaches for sustainable tourism, ecotourism was proposed as the most compatible type of tourism with the greatest potential. This form of tourism has a deep respect for people, tourist places and objects that are visited, and in it, a special emphasis is placed on protecting natural and cultural resources, involving local people in planning processes and creating prosperity for this. Among the tourism opportunities available in rural areas, the presence of natural attractions, pristine landscapes and suitable weather strengthens the ground for the development of ecotourism in villages more than other aspects of tourism development and as a complementary economy. Rural is a useful solution to reduce poverty and reduce migration from rural to the city and increase the level of welfare of rural people, and it can have an all-round effect on the lives of rural people. Considering the importance of ecotourism in national and regional development and the fact that Ardabil county as the center of Ardabil province is prone to develop ecotourism at the country level, and since it has unique ecotourism features and these features and advantages can be considered the basis of sustainable rural development of the city if planned, according to the importance of this part of tourism, the present research was conducted with the aim of determining the spatial performance of rural areas in terms of the ability to develop ecotourism in Ardabil county.

In terms of purpose and nature, the current research is of applied type and analytical and descriptive methods respectively. The geographical area under study is 52 rural points with a population of over 500 people from the three districts of Somrin (7 villages), Markazi (34 villages) and Hir (11 villages) in Ardabil county and the sample size is 50 students and professors of tourism to determine the importance of indicators. Quantitative data used in this research was obtained through the information contained in the birth certificates of the settlements published by the Deputy of Rural Development and Underprivileged Regions of the country and was analyzed using Guttman's model.

According to the results of Gutman's model, out of 52 studied villages, 3 villages have been evaluated at the tourism pole level, 21 villages at the center level and 28 villages at the tourism point level. In this way, 54 percent of the villages are at the level of tourist spots, and the average of these villages is less than 3.65, and 40 percent of the villages are at the level of tourist centers. As a result, the studied villages have not benefited from the benefits of ecotourism in the same way. Also, the results of the analysis of the poles of ecotourism by different parts of Ardabil county showed that the average of Somrin part is equal to 3.65 and according to this, Somrin village with an average of 6.56 and the highest score as a pole is in the central part of Ardabil county. Anzab Alia village with a score of 6.22 as a tourism hub and Hir section with an average of 3.96 has the best performance among other sections. In this part, Aralavi Bozorg village with the highest average which is equal to 6.44 can become a tourist hub if planned. Also, in the meantime, the village of Qezal Qiyah with a score of 5.33 has a high potential to change the function of the tourism center to a tourism hub.

Since all villages do not have the ability to develop in the field of tourism or this ability is very weak, it is necessary to select the villages that have a higher ability in the field of tourism than other villages with knowledge. According to the results of the village of Somrin, Anzab Alia and Aralvi Bozorg were chosen as the tourist hub of Ardabil county. Villages that have the function of tourism poles are the first priority for investment in the development of ecotourism. Tourism centers are those villages that, if strengthened, have the ability to become tourism hubs. There are 21 rural spots in Ardabil county. The tourism spot is considered as the third priority in the discussion of ecotourism development. Out of the 52 studied villages, 28 villages have the spatial function of a rural spot, which needs to be strengthened during a long-term planning. Also, among the three districts of Ardabil county, in terms of average, Hir district is in the first priority with an average of 3.96, Somrin district is in the second priority with an average of 3.65, and Central district is in the third priority with an average of 3.51.

The poisoning of farm workers with pesticides is a common job hazard caused by the application of pesticides, especially in developing countries. Agriculture is directly related to the environment including water resources, and farming behaviors can entail a plethora of positive or negative effects on these vital resources. So, the present study aimed to explore the safety and health behaviors of wheat farmers towards the use of chemical pesticides in Qorveh County in Kurdistan province, Iran. The statistical population of this applied research consisted of all irrigated wheat farmers in the 2019-2020 crop year (N = 1700) in Qorveh County. The sample size was determined to be 170 people by Cochran’s formula, and the random multistage technique was adopted for data collection. The main research instrument was a questionnaire whose content validity was checked by a panel of experts and the average variance extracted (AVE) index. Also, its reliability was estimated by Cronbach’s alpha and the Cumulative Reliability (CR) coefficient. The results of the structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that the variables of the information source, attitude, and knowledge of chemical pesticide application accounted for 79 percent of the variance in the factors affecting the safety and health behaviors of wheat farmers as to the application of these pesticides. Considering the significant relationship that information source, attitude, and knowledge have with safety and health behaviors, it is recommended to hold training courses to familiarize wheat farmers with the hazards of conventional farming practices and the benefits of IPM practices by the organizations in charge, e.g. Agricultural Jihad Organization. This will foster a positive attitude among the farmers to adopt safety and healthy behaviors.

Achieving development goals is impossible without paying attention to the role of women, and rural women play a key role as one of the main actors in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the factors preventing and promoting the development of rural women's participation in Sardaba district. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose, and the method used in it is a combined method with a sequential exploratory approach that uses both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the first phase, using the qualitative method of qualitative content analysis, the data collected through the review of available sources and interviews, key concepts were extracted from the text of notes and interviews, and during open coding, 18 inhibiting factors and 17 promoting factors were divided into three groups. The main economic, socio-cultural and political factors were identified. Then in the quantitative phase, using the survey method; The extracted indicators were ranked and analyzed. The necessary technique to obtain the required data is library and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the present study is the population of women in 11 villages of Sardaba village in the central part of Ardabil city with a population of 3179. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used, and according to this formula, the statistical sample number was 345. Structural equation method and Lisrel software were used to analyze the data. The ranking based on the standardized factor load showed that socio-cultural factor with an effect factor of 0.95, political factor with an effect factor of 0.92, and economic factor with an effect factor of 0.89 are the most important factors hindering the development of rural women's participation. In terms of promoting factors, the political factor with an effect factor of 0.94 is the most important promoting factor in the development of rural women's participation. The socio-cultural factor with an effect factor of 0.90 is the second group, followed by the economic factors with an effect factor of 0.86 as factors that promote the development of rural women's participation.

The sustainable development of rural areas is one of the main programs of governments, which has been receiving attention for a long time. Sustainable development in villages can bring a lot of benefits in different economic, social, political, etc. dimensions. The main goal of the current research is to identify and prioritize effective approaches in order to create sustainable development in rural areas. The current research method is mixed, which investigates the issue using a sequential exploratory approach. In the first phase, the qualitative method of the focus group was used, and the corresponding codes were extracted by using semi-structured interviews and forming three consecutive groups. Then, in the second phase, each of the themes and indicators was prioritized using the quantitative weighting assignment (WA) method. The participants of both phases were from the academic and executive fields, and the first phase, used the purposive sampling method; in the second phase, interviews and questionnaires were collected using the stratified sampling method. According to the research findings, 134 primary codes, 46 key codes, 20 integrative codes, and 4 overarching categories were extracted, which are the main components and indicators of sustainable development in rural areas, which are considered as development bridges. From the results of the present research, the importance of supporting entrepreneurship and rural empowerment projects; providing long-term and easily accessible banking facilities and services; Rural strategic planning and management; and Improving the mechanism and necessary fields for attracting capital in the rural environment pointed out that they can provide favorable conditions for the implementation of various plans and projects in order to create sustainable development in rural areas.

In recent years, rural areas have become important places with great potential to create significant synergies to achieve sustainable rural development. However, in achieving sustainable rural development, there are obstacles that must be scientifically and carefully investigated and implemented. In most developing countries, the Rural Development Degree (RDD) largely reflects the degree of socio-economic development and national modernization. According to the latest statistics announced by Iran Statistics Center, about 74 percent of the country's population lives in urban areas and less than 26 percent in rural areas. These official statistics show that despite the excessive migration to cities and the existence of numerous problems in the villages, nearly 30 percent of the country's population still lives in the villages, and paying attention to the sustainable development of these areas is one of the main needs of these areas.For a long time, rural areas have been considered the most important economic activity for centuries. For this reason, many countries are trying to create sustainable development in villages by adopting different strategies and programs. Rural development is a set of activities and actions of different actors - individuals, organizations, and groups - which together lead to progress in rural areas. Therefore, in this research, the main goal is to identify and prioritize effective solutions to create sustainable development in rural areas, which takes place in the context of development and related concepts.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and of a mixed type. The approach used in it is a sequential exploratory approach that is carried out in two qualitative and quantitative phases. Thus, in the first phase, using the qualitative method of "focus group", through semi-structured interviews, the desired information is collected and categorized in the form of themes; Then in the second phase, that is, the quantitative phase; Using the quantitative Weighting Assignment (WA) Method, each of the themes have been approved or rejected by experts. Due to the limitations of access to some experts and the spread of the coronavirus, the online focus group method was used in this research, and the interviews were collected in the online environment of one of the social applications. Semi-structured interviews were collected between May 2021 and April 2022. The geographical area under study is the villages of Alborz province, and each of the experts has full knowledge about the characteristics of this province and most of its villages. Three main categories were involved in these groups. The first group includes 6 experts in the field of urban and rural management and planning; The second group consists of 5 experts in public administration and sustainable development, and the third group, which is a collective group, consists of 8 experts in geography, urban and rural planning, and village executives who have executive and academic experience in this field in each of the interviews, the raw data were extracted independently and the initial reflections were discussed and using the "three-axis coding framework" in accordance with the inductive approach (moving from part to whole), the process of coding and extracting themes began, and continued until the theoretical saturation stage.

In the first phase, themes and indicators were extracted using semi-structured interviews. The main topic of each interview was done with reference to rural development evaluation indicators. And each of the interviews of the first, second, and third categories were conducted and analyzed in line with these axes. The time of each interview was 1 to 2 hours, which was recorded and transcribed. The reason for using semi-structured interviews was that the researcher used a semi-structured interview guide with pre-planned instructions to ensure that the same main questions were asked for all groups. Also, the index items of rural development evaluation were given to the relevant experts before the start of the focus group meeting. Finally, 134 primary or raw codes, 46 key codes, 20 Integrative codes, and 4 overarching codes were extracted.After collecting the interviews; According to the three-axis coding framework, primary codes are extracted first, and then it is time to categorize the centralized codes and finally systematic coding. In the following, the themes (components) and indicators of creating sustainable development in rural areas are stated. It should be noted that the indicators are the result of systematic coding, And the components or themes are the result of the classification of systematic codes. Four main themes or components have been identified with 20 related indicators, which are the components and indicators of creating sustainable development in rural areas, according to the quantitative phase, all the components were approved by the experts.

Achieving the sustainable development of rural areas is not only a big challenge for the development of rural areas, but also the vision and goal of the future development of rural areas, especially for our country, Iran, where a large number of its population lives in villages. The above themes and indicators, each of which can play a role as bridges for sustainable rural development, suggest different approaches in this field. In relation to smart rural governance and grassroots people, which was raised as one of the main themes; In our country, it has been emphasized many times that the crisis is lurking in the villages and good governance should be the priority of the government. Sustainable rural development, while creating such economic and social structures that can generate income for residents, meet their diverse approaches and needs, and improve access to public goods and services, and at the same time, the negative effects of phenomena such as weak rural economy, unemployment, migration unreasonably reduce the cities and even old and new theories confirm these things. Sustainable rural development can be developed in different ways. According to the first theme, the smart village is one of the things that seems to be useful in the current conditions of the country.

The rural areas show that the policies and planning of some of the implemented rural programs and projects have played a leading role, and some have played a hindering role in rural development. Moreover, it is necessary to provide the necessary foundations for the development of rural settlements by knowing more precisely and examining more plans and projects of rural development. However, in this region, for the realization of rural development plans, there are factors, drivers, and drivers as well as inhibiting factors that need to be identified and investigated. Because it is necessary to achieve the goals of rural development plans, it is necessary and necessary to identify the effective promoting and hindering factors in realizing rural development plans. Considering the importance of this issue, this research aims to analyze the effective factors in realizing the goals of the rural development plans of Zabol.

The methodology of this research is applied and analytical-descriptive according to the purpose. The method of collecting research data was a combined library-field method. The statistical community includes experts in various fields of geography, management, and economics, experts from governorates and governorates of Sistan and Baluchestan province. In this regard, the number of samples studied was 80 local professors and experts, which was calculated and obtained using non-probability sampling. The results obtained from Bartlett's test, which approximates the chi-square statistic, were obtained for research indicators at a significance level of p≥0.01, smaller than 5%, which shows that factor analysis is suitable for identifying the structure of the factor model.

According to the column of relative cumulative variance, the effective driving factors in the realization of the goals of rural development plans of Zabol can be in the management dimension 70.03%, the economic dimension 86.86%, the social dimension 71.16%, the physical dimension 66.02% and the natural dimension explain 47.43% of the variability (variance) of the variables. Effective driving factors in realizing the goals of rural development projects of Zabol in the economic field, including taking advantage of opportunities and economic development, project entrepreneurship, and job creation, in the management field, including needs assessment and implementation commitment, knowledge and awareness and the process of implementation and participation, and in the natural context, include environmental platforms and ecotourism. Based on the relative cumulative variance column, the inhibiting factors can be 80.19% in the management dimension, 65.24% in the economic dimension, 76.76% in the social dimension, 82.17% in the physical dimension and 66.95% in the natural dimension of variability. variance) to explain the variables. The effective inhibiting factors in realizing the goals of rural development plans of Zabol in the field of management include inefficiency of consultants, weak management, linear plan, and one-dimensional approach; in the economic field, including negligence in the economic development program; in the physical field, including the lack of infrastructural planning, regulations, and proper improvement program; and in the natural context, including environmental substrates.

The research results showed that among the five investigated factors, the economic factor was recognized as the most important factor promoting the realization of rural development plans and the physical factor as the most important factor hindering the realization of the goals of rural development plans in Zabol. So that the economic factor has been one of the most critical driving factors due to its essential role in rural development and especially the realization of the goals of rural development plans; therefore, the economic factor should be taken into development planners. Also, the investigation of the inhibiting factors of the rural development plans in Zabol showed that economic, social, physical, management and natural factors are the most important effective inhibitors in realizing the goals of the rural development plans in Zabol. Among these inhibitors, the physical factor is the most important inhibitory factor that must be considered.

The development of sustainable rural tourism is known as a desirable goal in the development of sustainable tourism due to the addition of the concept of sustainability to rural tourism. But this sustainable development can have negative effects on the environment. For this reason, it is necessary to look at this category with a comprehensive and inclusive perspective. The development of rural tourism is very important for rural areas, because it can help solve economic and social problems, which in turn helps to maintain the local population in permanent places of residence and, as a result, improve. For a long time, rural tourism has been considered to have unique advantages in helping rural areas to get rid of poverty, attracting surplus rural labor, inheriting the culture of rural characteristics, optimizing the rural industrial structure and improving facilities, etc. This category is because rural tourism and related concepts have a wide perspective and scope. In recent years, the rapid development of rural tourism has caused researchers to pay more attention to it and conduct a large number of scientific studies and researches in this field. The increase in tourism activities in rural areas causes the weather, the land to be increasingly at risk of pollution due to the creation of tourism infrastructure and facilities, as well as the damage caused by tourism business activities that meet the needs of tourists. The development of rural tourism inevitably has negative effects on the destination's environment and resources, such as overcrowding, water pollution, waste production, and vegetation destruction. The question of how to reduce the conflict between environmental sustainability and local economic interests has become an important issue in the development of rural tourism. However, the environment and natural resources are essential for the development of rural tourism. In fact, both ignorance and obvious disregard for environmental protection seriously weaken the attractiveness of destinations. Improving and preserving the natural environment and ecosystem is useful for maintaining the competitiveness of rural tourism destinations and achieving sustainable development of rural tourism. It must rely on the joint efforts of residents and tourists. Many studies have investigated how to encourage residents to show environmentally responsible behaviors and green consumption of tourists. In rural tourism, local residents play an essential role in preserving the environment because their behavior and daily activities directly affect the ecological integrity of the destination. The main goal of this research is to investigate the factors influencing the development of sustainable and environmentally preserver rural tourism.

In terms of the basical purpose and the research method used in this research, the qualitative method is the foundational data theory. This type of research is in search of discovering facts and realities and knowledge of phenomena and objects, which expand the boundaries of general human knowledge and discover scientific laws and explain the characteristics and attributes of a reality. In the system of elements of sustainable development of rural tourism, the factors are interdependent, mutual and corresponding. Thematic research of sustainable development not only requires the good performance of one factor, but also the compatibility between factors. In addition, disruption in any factor may lead to weakening or even failure of the entire rural tourism system. Only by explaining the logical relationship and hierarchical context between the factors can one understand the working mechanism of the rural tourism system and have a deeper understanding of the various problems facing sustainable development. As a result, the coordination and corresponding relationship between the factors can be adjusted to achieve the goal of sustainable rural tourism development. Therefore, it is necessary to use qualitative methods such as foundational data theory to examine the conceptual link of these elements. In this research, using purposive sampling, experts in the field of rural management and planning, tourism, environmental management have been used as participants in semi-structured interviews.

According to the findings of the research, the codings were done using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin, and finally, 122 preliminary propositions were extracted. Following an inductive approach (moving from part to whole), the statements extracted were categorized into 83 open codes, 49 axial codes, and 20 selective codes. From the results of the present research, it can be pointed out the effective role of each of the influential factors in the development of sustainable rural tourism and environmental protection, which are presented in the form of the concept of green rural tourism. In fact, green rural tourism can protect the environment while developing sustainable rural tourism, and it is expected that the components of this type of tourism can include sustainable and responsible tourism approaches and create an effective discourse strategy.According to the findings of the research, the codings were done using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin, and finally, 122 preliminary propositions were extracted. Following an inductive approach (moving from part to whole), the statements extracted were categorized into 83 open codes, 49 axial codes, and 20 selective codes. From the results of the present research, it can be pointed out the effective role of each of the influential factors in the development of sustainable rural tourism and environmental protection, which are presented in the form of the concept of green rural tourism. In fact, green rural tourism can protect the environment while developing sustainable rural tourism, and it is expected that the components of this type of tourism can include sustainable and responsible tourism approaches and create an effective discourse strategy.According to the findings of the research, the codings were done using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin, and finally, 122 preliminary propositions were extracted. Following an inductive approach (moving from part to whole), the statements extracted were categorized into 83 open codes, 49 axial codes, and 20 selective codes. From the results of the present research, it can be pointed out the effective role of each of the influential factors in the development of sustainable rural tourism and environmental protection, which are presented in the form of the concept of green rural tourism. In fact, green rural tourism can protect the environment while developing sustainable rural tourism, and it is expected that the components of this type of tourism can include sustainable and responsible tourism approaches and create an effective discourse strategy.

This research was done in the year 2021 and is based on its applied purpose and in terms of its analytical and exploratory nature. The method of data collection, according to the nature of the research study, is both library and field. Qualitative data was collected through an open questionnaire and document review. Quantitative data was prepared numerically and by weighting the Delphi questionnaire. In such a way that first the indicators were collected in different dimensions, and then they were provided to specialists and experts. In order to identify driving and key variables, the model of mutual effects has been used in the form of Mic Mac software. In the next step, after identifying the key factors, 30 experts were asked to assign a score of 0 to 3 to the indicators based on their degree of influence in the framework of the matrix of mutual effects. the results showed that six variables were in independent positions, two variables were input variables, two were dependent variables, and two were in binary positions. Also, the factor of planned tourism in the villages, whose direct impact was 24, as the input factor with the highest determining power in the first place, is the key driver for the development of tourism in the villages of Nair City from the expert panel's point of view. Also, environmental protection, residential facilities, and health facilities of the village were in second place with an impact rate of 17. In this regard, it is suggested to develop a codified programme for the development of rural tourism according to the powers and potentials of the region. In such a way that the development of the tourism industry in rural areas is studied as a new strategy by local communities, political agents, and planners who are considered important factors in the reform of rural areas and can play a major role in the development of these areas.

The nomadic community of Iran as a social reality is part of the historical, political and cultural structure and an active member of the national community. However, studies show that the nomadic livelihood pattern is in crisis. If this instability continues due to lack of enjoyment, national development will also be jeopardized. The statistical population of the study is nomadic and settled nomads of Gheshlagh village, Abesh Ahmad district, Kalibar city.

The sample population was 290 people according to Cochran sampling method for nomadic tribes and 40 people for settled nomads (Celine) and the questionnaires were randomly distributed among the heads of households. One-way t-test and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data

Geographical area of research :

The geographical scope of the research is Gheshlagh village, Abesh Ahmad district, Kalibar city.

The results of the one-sample T method showed that the quality of life of nomadic tribes (with an average of 2.97) is lower than the theoretical average (3) and is down to average. Also, the quality of livelihood of the settled nomads (with an average of 3.55) is higher than the theoretical average (3) and is on average rising.

The results of Pearson correlation test also showed a significant relationship between the studied variables with the quality of life of nomadic and settled nomads. According to the obtained results, it can be acknowledged that the living conditions of the settled nomads compared to the nomadic tribes in Gheshlagh village of Abesh Ahmad district of Kalibar city are in a good conditionConclusion  The results of Pearson correlation test also showed a significant relationship between the studied variables with the quality of life of nomadic and settled nomads. According to the obtained results, it can be acknowledged that the living conditions of the settled nomads compared to the nomadic tribes in Gheshlagh village of Abesh Ahmad district of Kalibar city are in a good condition

Today, villages, with their unique settlement patterns and human livelihoods, require organization and development considering their roles in countries' economic and social aspects. For the preparation and implementation of the Guide (Hādi) plan as the most comprehensive and local rural development plan in Iran, huge costs are spent, and this plan has had significant effects on the physical, social, and economic structure of rural settlements. The multi-dimensional effect of the preparation and implementation of this plan on the area of rural settlements and the communities settled in them doubles the necessity of the pathology of guide's plan. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to investigate the pathology of rural development plans with an emphasis on the rural guide plan and also the factors affecting the advancement of the rural guide plans, which was conducted as a case study in Māzandarān province. The current research was descriptive-analytical; documentary research and a researcher-made questionnaire were used for data collection. The statistical population of the research was experts and specialists in the field of rural guide plan. The questionnaires were distributed among 30 of them. They were selected using snowball sampling. The pathological criteria of the studied rural development plans included (economic-social-environmental-psychological and content) in the form of 33 questions. Results showed that the criteria of eradicating poverty (3.26), lack of people's participation in the plan (2.93), not considering international laws (3.10), neglecting functions and activities (3.96), the role of private sector (3.46), common understanding of the issues (3.33), investment in the agricultural sector (3.23), identification of geological factors (3.36), are among the damages from viewpoint of experts of guide plan in Māzandarān province. Furthermore, according to experts, the results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that the influential factors in advancing rural development projects in Māzandarān province included three dimensions (economic, social, and content-related) within a framework of nine variables. Ultimately, solutions are proposed to address existing challenges and improve the effectiveness of the rural guide plans in enhancing the quality of life for residents in the region.

One of the vital orientations in line with development policies is innovative foresight. The term foresight and foresight refers to a wide range of approaches that avoid repetitive outcomes and improve decision-making and attempt to map the best possible future over a long-term time horizon, thus striving to achieve comprehensive planning. And achieving local, micro and regional sustainable development and reducing regional imbalances, recognizing the criteria and key capabilities of these sectors and changing the approach from forecasting to future research is an undeniable necessity. And based on this, the goal and question of this research is to identify key factors that are effective in formulating future scenarios and to identify development factors on the future situation.

The current research is descriptive and analytical and applied in nature.which was realized by emphasizing participation with the presence of all stakeholders. The scope of research is at the local level. And the target area includes ecological, physical, social and cultural, economic, political and managerial. The type of expected output is the way to identify the key factors affecting the future situation with an emphasis on the modeling method of the factor analysis type and the target groups including all the residents of the settlements and governmental and non-governmental organizations.which followed the Delphi method. So that the required data has been collected using field operations at the level of 104 villages through holding discussion group meetings through the formation of cooperative cores using local experts, representatives of different groups using the Delphi method. And finally, identification of key factors was used to develop future scenarios and identification of development drivers.

Future visions are one of the key measures. And it can be used strategically for policy making. In addition to that, it can help everyone to understand the concept of their development through future change. However, until the last two decades, it followed the traditional top-down approach. And it did not provide a long-term and growing economic base. But today, local initiatives and bottom-up development (endogenous development) have led to changes in spatial development. Therefore, this matter was taken into consideration in order to make this research as close to reality as possible. And it is even differentiating this research from other research findings.which mainly emphasize the role of governments (traditional top-down planning approach). But this research has adopted the endogenous approach (planning and policy-making from the bottom up). And the planners and policy makers are obliged to use the participation of local residents and the results of research findings for the future study of Khadafarin city in formulating spatial development plans.In this way, to have a significant impact on the future events and processes of Khadafarin city and draw long-term results.

This research was established with the aim of investigating and identifying key factors using the intellectual basis of factor analysis. And the method used in it has unique complexity and innovation. And it is among the first scientific experience of studies related to future research at the local level. Therefore, it should be acknowledged that various factors can affect the arrangement of phenomena and structure and consequently the spatial organization of a region. It seems that the identification of different and integrated methods can be of great help in this process. Therefore, considering the identification of three key factors: 1- Environmental sustainability (with 8 programs and Pishran projects) 2- Protection of natural resources (with 3 programs and Pishran projects) 3- Land management and agricultural production (with 3 programs and Pishran project); Through mutual/structural effects analysis, these factors were selected as the key factors of the study area, and the subvariables of each of these factors (extracted from factor analysis type modeling) were determined as driving programs and projects.

Assessments of water quality have recently developed and now include surface and groundwater pollution issues. Permanent changes occurring in the quality of groundwater, especially those affecting drinking water and salinization of water sources, are considered to be a serious threat to rural development. Unfortunately, many people lack enough knowledge about the importance of groundwater and the harmful effects of environmental pollution on these valuable resources. The present study has investigated the quality of potable groundwater in the rural parts of central Ardabil County using multi-criteria decision-making models and geostatistical analysis in GIS environment. Parameters such as EC, PH, SO4-, Cl-, Na and TH (in terms of CaCo3) have been used to create an overall picture of the quality of potable groundwater resources in Ardabil County based on which related zoning map was developed in geographic information system. The kriging interpolation method was also used to obtain the spatial distribution of the parameters and the simple additive weighting method was used to weigh and rank the layers. According to the final map of water quality, approximately 36% of the central Ardabil County (around 88 square kilometers, mainly in the southern part of the study area) has access to optimal quality of drinking water. On the other hand, low quality of drinking water is observed in the northern and northeastern parts which cover 46% of the study area (112 square kilometers). Moreover, a direct relationship is observed between the population density and the density of deep and semi-deep wells and the decrease in the quality of water.            

The present study has applied library research and field study methods. Rstudio and Arc GIS 10 software were also used to perform related analyses. Study Area Case study area includes 243 square kilometers of the central Ardabil County consisting of three cities and nineteen villages as illustrated in Figure 1. The following methods were used in this research:1- Direct rating 2- Kriging interpolation 3- Standardization method 4- Simple weighing method 5- Fuzzification of the final data The following parameters have also been used to assess the quality of drinking water:1- Electrical conductivity (EC) 2- Chlorine level (Cl-) 3-The amount of sulfate (SO4+) 4- The amount of nitrate (Na) 5 Total water hardness(TH) 6- Water acidity level (PH)

Groundwater chemical quality is primarily assessed using parameters such as changes in the amount of dissolved salts, and limitations on various uses of water especially water used for drinking. Table 1 shows different types of conventional kriging methods selected through the method test for the parameters. These can be obtained using the mutual evaluation method and RMS error. Factors affecting the quality of drinking water are then ranked and weighted according to the expert opinions. The final quality map is thus prepared. Layers are then standardized in accordance with data description and the results are presented in Table 1. It also exhibits maximum permissible and desirable level of non-toxic chemicals in drinking water in accordance with the Iranian Standards and Industrial Research Institute (ISIRI) and the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, along with the maximum permissible level of mineral substances in drinking water. Semivariograms used for kriging interpolation are also presented. Table 2 shows the RMS and RMSE errors as well as the average standard error of the water quality parameters in the study area. The interpolated primary layers are presented in Figure 3. The final map prepared for the quality of potable water in the study area indicates that the quality of groundwater in the northern part and a little section of the central part (46% or 112 square kilometers of the study area) is unfavorable. This includes 8 villages of the County. 6 villages have access to drinking water with semi-optimal quality and 5 villages are located in the optimal area of water quality. Accordingly, the quality of potable groundwater decreases drastically as we move towards the northern and northeastern parts of the study area, and the lowest quality of groundwater is observed in the most northerly part of the study area (covering 46% of the study area). Figure 4 shows the density of deep and semi-deep wells, the amount of annual harvest from rivers in the central part of Ardabil (in thousand cubic meters per year), the population density and industrial areas in this region. A direct relationship is therefore observed between population density, the density of existing wells, the level of water extraction from rivers and the sharp drop in the quality of groundwater. According to the reports prepared by Ardabil Regional Water Company, around 32 million cubic meters of water is annually needed to meet the drinking requirements of urban and rural uses, which can seriously damage the quality of underground water in the area.

According to the final map of groundwater quality, only 36% of the study area (88 square kilometers) has access to drinking water with favorable quality which can be a great concern for planners and managers. Finally, it is suggested to use geostatistical methods and geographic information system as a useful tool to assess the quality of underground water. These methods can gradually replace the old methods and thus prepare more accurate statistics, increase the efficiency of water-related projects, and reduce their cost.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting rural development policy failures in Iran, which is practical in terms of purpose, and the data collection is descriptive-survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The desired factors were collected and interviews with experts and specialists were conducted with targeted sampling and then the complex relationships between the system components were investigated using the interpretive structural model. Finally, by using MICMAC analysis, the type of components was determined according to the impact and effectiveness on other components. The results showed that the effective components of not benefiting from a good governance model to achieve sustainable development, the dominance of the centralized rural planning system and the centralized and ineffective monitoring and evaluation system, and the direct intervention of the government and the failure to accept the role of supervisor and facilitator, with the power of influence 17, 16 and 16 are placed in the sixth level. Due to their high impact, these components act as the infrastructure and platform of the model, and in order to reform the policy structure of rural development in Iran, these factors should be emphasized. The inability of rural development policies to promote added value and the expected productivity in the agricultural sector, the lack of attention to the index of environmental capacities and ecological footprint in rural development policies, and the lack of capacity building and environmental empowerment (conserving water and soil resources, promoting sustainable agriculture).

The geographical study of the corona virus shows that this virus is like the global cholera disease, whose first homeland was Wuhan (the vast capital of central China's Hubei province) and then it was transferred to other countries. The spread of this virus in a very short period of time has become one of the biggest international challenges after World War II, and examining the economic consequences of the spread of this disease is also very important and necessary for policy making.The Covid-19 virus has been able to change the lifestyle of people in different societies, and people finally changed their activities accordingly (Werf et al, 2021); (Staton et al, 2021) The visual and to some extent auditory consumption pattern has had a special place in the lifestyle of Iranians during the Covid-19 virus (Trabels, 2020). During the days of quarantine, social networks became very popular. People could not visit their family or friends and many of them kept in touch with each other using virtual networks. In fact, the spread of the corona virus has led to the further development of online social life. . Individual isolation and quarantine and the increase in consumption and tendency towards virtual and video entertainment media have intensified in this era (Staton & et al, 2021).

Leading research is applied in terms of purpose and based on descriptive-analytical nature. The method of collecting data to answer the research questions was library and questionnaire. The tool used in the survey method was a questionnaire. Face validity has been used to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, and the face validity of the research tool was confirmed using the opinions of professors (fifteen people) in the field of rural development and experts in the field of health (ten people)

The statistical description of the characteristics of the sample in terms of gender showed that there were 302 men (83.4%) and 60 (16.6%) of them were women. Also, 56.9% of participants were married. The number of 146 people from the studied sample was between 41 and 50 years old, and the highest frequency was 40.3%.

To evaluate the effects of covid-19 on the lifestyle of the border villagers of Zabol city compared to before and after the disease outbreak, first one-sample T-test was used. The above test was performed at the 95% confidence level. In this regard, according to the 6-spectrum of the items (not at all = 0, very much = 5), the measurement and analysis of the indicators was evaluated at an average level (average 3). The results showed that lifestyles in media-oriented, community-oriented and livelihood indicators were below average before the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease, and after the outbreak of the disease, they were above average. In the health-oriented index of style status. Before the outbreak of the disease, life was below average and after that it was in an almost average state. In the leisure-oriented index, the life style before the outbreak of the disease was in an almost average state and after that it was in an above average state, and in the culture index The axis of lifestyle status changed after the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease and was in a higher than average status. To investigate the existence of differences between lifestyle indicators among the border villagers of Zabol city, before and after the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease, the paired or dependent t-test was used at the 95% confidence or significance level.

Limiting communication and face-to-face interactions of people with each other, closing down gatherings, improving the level of personal and public hygiene such as frequent hand washing, using masks and sanitary gloves, maintaining distance from others and observing other protocols. health services, reforming the society's consumption pattern, improving social capital and increasing the level of empathy and social harmony and paying more attention to the lower classes of society, changing the type of entertainment, closing religious centers and holy places, modern social life in the context of virtual space and improving the level media literacy, reduction of air and ground travel traffic, internet shopping and sales, more convergence of family members, The growth of the culture of reading books, watching more series and movies, moving sports from group type to individual type, reducing fashion trends, holding distance education courses and many other such things, many changes. has created in the lifestyle of people. Of course, these changes are relative and are not the same in all societies and for all social strata, and not everyone has been equally affected by these changes.

due to the unique situation of Sistan due to the border line and the Milk transportation road, the low number of entrepreneurs in the region, the unfavorable employment situation, the deprivation of suitable facilities and infrastructure and the lack of significant action in the field of starting entrepreneurial activities, awareness of the challenges of rural entrepreneurship in the regions A border village is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify the challenges facing entrepreneurship in the border villages of Sistan..

 The current research is a descriptive-analytical survey in terms of its practical purpose and based on the nature and method of data collection. The method of data collection to answer the research questions was library and questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by university professors with a formal and content approach, and the reliability of the research measurement tool was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient with a value of 0.87. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical tests and structural equations.

 Based on the results of structural equations, it was determined that the greatest role and influence in this field was related to economic indicators, based on the results, the factor loading or standardized regression weight on the economic index was equal to 0.56 at a significance level of 0.000. ..

 The results of the research showed that the high profit of bank facilities for starting a business, the lack of government support, the limitation of the demand market, and such things, are undeniable and have a tremendous impact on the lack of entrepreneurship development in the border villages of Sistan. After the economic dimensions, we can mention the social barriers that have many effects on the lack of entrepreneurship development in the studied sample.

The rural areas of the Central District of Sarein County are an important tourism center in Iran due to their unique natural location and human context so that they host many tourists every year. However, it has not been adequately successful yet due to the lack of sound planning. Therefore, the present research aimed to evaluate and measure the factors influencing the realization of creative rural tourism in this district.

To analyze the issue and achieve the research goal, the researchers adopted an applied methodology that used a survey design for data collection. The statistical population was all local managers and experts living in the rural areas of the Central District of Sarein County. The subject was analyzed by five indices, including flexibility and creativity, innovation, risktaking, leadership, and participation, using 22 indicators. Data were analyzed by singlesample t-test and confirmatory factor analysis. The software packages used were SPSS and AMOS.

The results showed that in the structural dimensions, the studied villages were open to new views and thoughts. On the other hand, they are in an optimal situation in flexibility and leadership. In the socio-cultural dimensions, the local people are open to adopting and sharing new cultures and regulations in the villages, so measures can be taken to develop the villages in this respect. Also, it can be said that in the economic dimensions, local people have more tendency toward risk and investment due to the wide perspective in the villages. Eventually, the results in the environmental dimension revealed that local people would accept to deliver a part of their rural lands for the construction of recreational centers or other modern activities that would increase the return of their lands for the sake of the growth and development of their villages. They showed high creativity in this respect. Regarding the significance of the test, it can be said that the creative tourism indices are at optimal levels in the villages of the Central District of Sarein.

To interpret the results, it can be said that the creative tourism indices are at an optimal level, reflecting the proactivity of the tourism industry in this region. The creative tourism indices in the Central District of Sarein County showed that the environmental dimension is in the first rank, implying the importance of the environmental criteria for local people and tourists. Also, the socio-cultural and economic indices were ranked next, which shows the regional need to consider the issues of indigenous culture, employment, and the decline in unemployment. Local people have been successful in this respect, too. A higher mean value of the structural index than the hypothetical mean of the community, as well, shows the success of these villages in the structural dimensions.

Biological threats have had significant effects on human civilizations for centuries. A study on Covid 19 shows that the virus is as cosmopolitan as cholera. Quid 19 has had social and economic effects on a global and local scale. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the indicators affecting the reduction of vulnerability to the prevalence of Quid 19 in the border villages of Zabol City.

The main research method will be a combination of descriptive-analytical methods based on library, documentary and field studies using articles and questionnaires. The statistical population of this study is households living in border villages of Sistan. The method of data analysis is the use of statistical tests and correlation tests.

Based on the results, it was found that the indicators of employment (β = 0.165, P = 0.019), government measures (β = 0.149, P = 0.017), and cooperation and coordination (119/11) Β = 0, P = 0.027) has the most positive and significant effect on the severity of vulnerability to the prevalence of Covid 19 and income and investment indicators (β = -0.167, P = 0.014), health - Β therapy (β = -0.139, P = 0.031) and social network (β = -0.123, P = 0.047) have the most negative effect on the severity of vulnerability to the prevalence of Covid 19 in this regard.

It can be inferred that the higher the level of health care services, the lower the severity and severity of the vulnerability.