بهنام فارسی

Sound is one of the effective factors in creating artistic images of the Holy Qur'an, which has a deep compatibility with the content, deciphering the meanings and propositions of the text. This alignment of sound (phonetic) and meaning (semantic) opens up new levels of knowledge to the audience so that with Every change in phonemes, syllables, words, and musical context, semantic variables are also changed. A new image is formed through these sound approaches. For this purpose, phonetic fit and content, which is discussed in linguistics under the title of "Phono semantics", has been included in the scope of this Qur'anic research using the analytical-descriptive method, and the compatibility of letters, diacritical signs, words, and rhythm of the verses of Surah Sajdah with the meanings have been examined and specified; In Surah Sajdah, each of these sounds is well placed in its role in such a way that under the influence of meaning, the sound spreads from the smallest component to the entire context, and a phonetic and semantic overlap that is appropriate to the central theme, highlights the role of the surah's images.

Lexical polysemy is one of the most important topics that can be proposed in semantic studies in the field of linguistics. In linguistic studies regarding the meanings of words, we are always faced with concepts that are affected by the units and elements that accompany them. This influence is so much the semantic analysis of the word without considering the relationship between these elements is impossible. Focusing on the context and structure of the sentence after the etymology and historical course of a word proves its multiple meanings well. Achieving an accurate interpretation of the Holy Quran, which is one of the major goals of Quranic research, depends on the accurate understanding of the words of the Holy Quran. This research is focused on multiple meanings of Tughyan (Insurrection) in the Holy Quran, to find out its exact meaning. The course of meaning of this word in the verses of the holy Quran has been reviewed with its multiple aspects in relation to the central core of meaning and most importantly the influence of the accompanying units of the word Tughyan by referring to the interpreted versions of the holy Quran has been reviewed. This research shows that the word Tughyan is one of the words with multiple meanings in the Holy Quran, which has many aspects such as misguidance, cruelty, disbelief, rebellion and disobedience, arrogance and deities other than God, and all these meanings have a conceptual connection with the main core of the meaning.

In different periods of history, women always believed that they were in second position in terms of gender and were not considered as a main character. Moreover, the believes was true to some extent due to the behavior of men in front of them and caused women to become pessimistic towards the patriarchal society and its ideas. Considerably, in the 20th century, women entered into the economic and political areas to achieve the rights that they thought had been denied to them throughout history. In addition, women’s literature and writing were among the topics raised by some experts of the school of feminism. After that, the goal of experts in defining women’s writing was that women have their own writing style like men and show their inherent differences from men well in their texts. In fact, feminism can be defined as the study of gender in language, determined the phonetic, lexical and syntactic differences, identified what issues are related to women’s language.In the field of Arabic literature, the entered of the term women’s literature can be related to the Renaissance era, in which intellectuals realized the importance of the role of women in the awakening of the society and participating in social, cultural and literary fields. Moreover, new words such as women’s education and women’s association entered the language and culture of that society. (Momtahan & others, 2011: 137) believed that women’s literature in Algeria can be considered a late phenomenon and belongs to the last century. In addition, compared to the seventies more women published their works in the eighties. Considerably, Yasmin Saleh, Fazileh Farouq, Enam Bayoud, Sara Haider, Abir Shahrazad, and Ahlam Mostaghanami are among Algerian women writers, among whom Fazileh Farouq, Yasmin Saleh, and Ahlam Mostaghnami are more involved in their activities than others. The novel Al-Asud Yaliq Bek, written by Ahlam Mostaghnami, is one of the works in which the female language and its related components can be clearly observed. This research aims to provide a brief explanation of the phenomenon of women’s writing and examines women’s writing in the novel Al-Aswad Yaliq Bek written by Ahlam Mostaghanami.In addition, it answers the following questions:1. What were the factors influencing the emergence of women’s literature in Algeria?2. How are the female writing components of Al-Soud Yaliq Bek’s novel manifested?3. What are the most obvious characteristics of women’s writing in Al-Soud Yaliq Beyk’s novel and what could be the reason for it?

This research, in a descriptive-analytical way, has tried to define the components of this literary style after explaining the relationship between feminism and women’s writing in Arab countries, especially Algeria. And moreover, this research tries to define the author’s purpose of using this writing style by presenting evidence and statistics of each of the female linguistic components.

The author of Al-Aswad story, Yaliq Bek, tried to show her intellectual space to the audience by using skepticism, expressing memories and feelings, detailing, using different colors and feminine terms. For example, considered to the component of expressing memories and feelings, the author has made a lot of use of the components related to the expression of feelings. Moreover, there are 63 cases for Hala and 27 cases for Tala, which shows that the main character of the story, Hala, is dominated by emotions. For Hala, she has used the fear and worry component more, which may be considered a reflection of the existence of Algerian women; women who spend their whole lives in fear. On the other hand, for Tala, the characteristics of love and infatuation is more, which is due to the infatuation and love that he felt for Hala in his being. This could go back to the psychological security that men have and could easily love and care for each other, but women must always be in fear and worry.

The following results can be obtained from the conducted research:1. The presence of educated women writers and the publication of their works, even in a limited form, broke the taboo of silence imposed on them. Moreover, other Algerian women writers started writing stories to claim their rights and created the emergence of women’s literature in Algeria.2. In the novel Al-Asoud by Yaliq Bek, features such as the expression of memories and feelings, the use of ambiguous shots, detailing, different colors and feminine terms are used for the main character of male and female and the narrator.3. The most obvious characteristics of female writing in the novel of Al-Asoud Yaliq Bek is the author’s use of uncertainly terms, which has a frequency of about 143 and shows uncertainty of the author and the characters of the story, especially the main female character, Hale. Moreover, this issue can refer to the caution of women in their speech and lack of self-confidence of women in expressing their words. Considerably, speaking for women is always limited to certain conditions, and they want to go beyond that limit, they must observe the aspects of caution. The author uses the element of expressing emotions, especially fear and worry, which is repeated 60 times. This issue can point to the psychological characteristics of women and the lack of psychological security. In such society’s women are considered the second sex, and they should always use anxiety and stress to prove their existence.Keywords: Women’s Literature, Women’s Writing, Ahlam Mostaghnami, Alsoud Yaliq Bek

Quranic metaphors do not always occur in nouns or verbs. However, this pattern, most often, occurs in subject nouns (pseudo-verbs). Many rhetoricians and Quranic researchers believed this type of metaphor to be a singular metaphor, but we can revisit this kind of metaphor to get a holistic perspective. In addition, the findings of previous studies showed that Quranic scholars have neglected the current capacities of subject nouns due to association with words. The main objective of this article is to investigate whether this metaphor, in its linguistic context, is singular or compound according to the coexistence, substitution and descriptive-analytical method. Then, the researchers contend that the subject noun is considered singular due to association with Quranic verses, while it seems that in these cases the subject noun is compound. Moreover, in some cases, ignoring these important issues has led to an incomplete translation by the translators.

The current research deals with the role of language learning strategies (LLSP) in teaching Arabic language to undergraduate students at Yazd University, and it is one of the topics that applied scientific research in teaching the Arabic language has not significantly touched yet, as most of the scientific efforts are concentrated on researching the problems of teaching without learning. This research aims to know the strategies for learning Arabic language and applying them in order to benefit Yazd University language learners. The positive results of the previous research conducted about English language and the unique approaches and integrated strategies of language learners in using language learning strategies for more effective language learning prompted us to investigate the role of this instructional strategy in learning Arabic. The present study sample consisted of 40 Arabic language undergraduate students at Yazd University. The data was collected based on a survey-analytical method through questionnaire and interview. The results showed that the study sample students tended to have a holistic view of the learning task by looking at their personal lives and academic experiences. They also chose interaction strategies with their teacher, speaking and flash cards as their preferred applied learning strategies. These choices indicated that Arabic language students at Yazd University were trying to strengthen their language skills by choosing a concrete and more functional strategy to make the language more relevant to everyday life. Thus, advanced students preferred the strategies of interaction with the teacher, speaking, flash cards and individual work, respectively, while the beginner students preferred the strategies of learning grammar and group work. Thus, the empirical evidence obtained from this study may yield positive results with regard to theoretical methods for teaching Arabic language effectively, training teachers of the Arabic language, developing curriculum in this field, and reducing its shortcomings.

Stream of consciousness is a modern stunt in narration. Rather than recounting the events of a story, the narrator records the thoughts and feelings of a character exactly at the same moment they occur to him or her. The reader can, thus, share the mental experiences of the characters and take part in the creation of the story. This study aims at the parameters involved in the stream of consciousness with a focus on the novel Al-Khaefoun (Cowards) by Dima Wannous. It seeks to show how this phenomenon contributes to associations in the mind of the modern man, how various the narrative techniques are in the novel, and which of those techniques is the most functional. The results show that the characters of the novel speak their minds out through soliloquy, and internal soliloquy is the most commonly used. found that the events of the story are narrated in no logical order, and the overuse of poetic features has given the text a poetic rather than a prose entity. Furthermore, there are considerable references to associations, which serve to link the soliloquies. The novel is beset with ambiguities all through. This is exacerbated by the lack of logical order, dreams, and the quasi-poetic nature of the text. The author has benefited from different techniques of stream of consciousness, especially association and soliloquy, to depict the events before and after the Syrian civil war, sectarianism, the panic that has seized the people and the lack of order in the Syrian society.

Feminism is a school of thought that has been found to restore the oppressed rights of women and establish equity with and sometimes supremacy over men. After its pervasion in Western countries, the phenomenon slipped through such Muslim nations as Saudi Arabia. In her novel "Ontha al-Aankaboot" (Female Spider), Qumasha al-Ayan, a Saudi Arabian author, addresses women's problems and the challenges facing feministic movements in her country. Using a descriptive-analytic method, this study aims to firstly investigate the differences between the social structures of western and Islamic countries regarding feminist approaches and secondly to demonstrate the obstacles against the advancement of the feminist movement in Saudi Arabia to discuss social problems women face in that society with emphasis on the afore-mentioned novel. As the study results show, the Industrial Revolution and the subsequent need for women's workforce induced feministic feelings in Western countries. In contrast, such feelings have not found the opportunity to develop in Islamic nations, specifically in Saudi Arabia, since there is not only a fundamental conflict between Islam and feminism but also the normalization of patriarchy in these countries. Moreover, the male-oriented interpretation of laws in some Arab Muslim countries has limited women in different areas.

Many scholars, particularly social linguists, place a strong emphasis on how society and the environment influence how languages change through time. They contend that the social and institutional language of the military is influenced by culture, which responds to extralinguistic and environmental elements. Gender is examined as an extralinguistic component in connection to language creation in addition to aspects including the environment, social structure, attitudes, and values. Color is unquestionably one of the most crucial and successful components in the construction of literary works. Poets utilize color to communicate high-frequency abstract ideas to their audience. Among them is "Zeinab Habash," a poet of the Palestinian resistance who experienced the hardships of his time and wrote poetry to capture the freedom, suffering, and anguish of the Palestinian people. The interpretation of color in this poet's poetry and the identification of its uses appear crucial and imperative since the color is one of the symbolic aspects of current poetry and one of the essential elements of imagination. Therefore, the aim of this descriptive-analytical study is to investigate the role of colors and words in communicating sustainability concepts in the female writing of "Zeinab Habash" and to explain the qualitative and quantitative use of colors in her poems. The use of the element of color is an expression of the difference between this poet and other Palestinian female speakers. As far as the ratio of the positive use of colors to their negative usage is practically twofold and represents the optimistic thinking of the poet Zainab Habash; colors are frequently used to create positive notions. He employed the primary colors of red, black, green, white, and yellow; however, he avoided using blue in any form since he despises and does not regard the occupiers, who are represented by this color. Despite their low frequency, the two shades of wheat and silver have a very specific purpose in the poet's paintings and have given them fresh color and gloss.

One of the rhetorical representations employed in the Qur’an elaborately expressing certain concepts is metaphor. In the repertoire of metaphors, verbs containing extended metaphors are of special significance due to the complexities of discovering the intended meanings. The neglected issue regarding metaphor is the ‘common ground’ between a ‘tenor’ and a ‘vehicle’. Rhetoricians dealing with classifications of metaphors believe in a single type of association between ‘tenors’ and ‘vehicles’, but this seems to be subject to reconsideration. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present study seeks to cast a new look at a special group of metaphorical expressions. To this end, the study illustrates the ‘common ground’ between the ‘tenor’ and ‘vehicle’ with a focus on collocations and substitutions, exploring their influence on the translation of Quranic verses with metaphorical concepts. The findings reveal that the ‘common ground’ in an extended metaphor is complex considering the functions of verbs in the conveyance of meanings, their relationships with other sentence components, as well as the differences between types of verbs in terms of grammatical persons, i.e., the first, second and third person. Such metaphors can be considered semi-fables in the Quran presenting more vivid imagery in its translation.

Cultural criticism is a major literary phenomenon in the post-modern literature. It explores the layers of the society and interprets them from cultural, social, political and historical points of view. A recent subject of cultural criticism has been the Iraqi society, which has had bitter experiences through the tough years of several wars, from Iran-Iraq war to invasion of Kuwait to the US invasion of Iraq, as well as the advent and dissidence of terrorist groups. This has created a cultural problem that Ahamd Saadawi, a contemporary Iraqi novelist, adopted as the main theme of his works including the novel He Dreams, or Plays or Dies. The novel best depicts such cultural adversities in the society as corruption and oppression. The present study delves into the novel to detect the elements and techniques of exerting authority and show how the cultural layers of the society have undergone changes and damage. The research is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method and on the basis of Foucault’s theory. With regard to the three types of authority discussed under the theory, it is concluded that the Iraqi society has shifted toward cultural degeneration represented by such evils as declined sense of religion, immigration, immorality, violence, pugnacity, and prevalence of derision. Among the most important pioneers of cultural criticism in the West are pioneers from the Frankfurt School, including Michel Foucault (1921-1991), who critiqued politics and literature in the era of modernization. As Foucault believed, political, historical and social events affect literature, which is based on the perception of a world that results from culture. There is no difference between literary history and cultural history, but both are manifestations of social criticism. The most important thing that Foucault touched on in his modern theories is the mechanisms of the flow of power in society and how all these mechanisms affect the emergence of a form of culture whose impairments can be addressed through the same theory. Foucault does not see power as an imposition by the use of an external force, as the state imposes its own rule, for example, but rather as a fluid that flows through the entire social body. There is a manifestation of power at all levels of society; From major political phenomena such as the drafting of the constitution, down to personal relationships between individuals, such as the relationship between a father and his children or between a doctor and a patient. Foucault calls this theory “the tactics of domination or power.” The novel as a tool for research, exploration and analysis of reality and its problems, and a representation of the urgent course of life and its exciting events. It is not surprising that we find in it a reflection of the cultural, social and political reality, as it may be very self-evident to say that the novel is a literary art with a cultural implication, so we try in this research to shed light on the phenomenon of cultural impairments and techniques Showing it through cultural criticism in the novel "He dreams, plays or dies" by Ahmed Saadawi as a novel that narrates the various forms of impairments in Iraqi society and reveals the deterioration of human relations as a result. We adopted Michel Foucault's approach to extracting forms of power because of the comprehensiveness of dialogue in the expression of impairments. It is worth noting that Foucault divided force into three categories: visual force, mechanical force, and physiological force. The method of exercising power in Iraq in terms of visual power weakened Islamic thought and the culture of jihad and martyrdom on the one hand, and on the other hand it created a wave of contradictions in a sea of ​​beliefs. The most famous example of the dominance of visual power in the way of marginalizing culture is the permissibility of immoral scenes such as casinos. Add to this that the domination of despair and betrayal over life, the loss of any vitality or activity due to seeing war scenes, and indifference to social problems and difficulties have other effects of this type of power. On the other hand, the use and planning of a certain type of mechanical power represented by the ruling regime's use of discipline to exploit people for its benefit has increased the wave of migration and drained the brains out of Iraq. In addition, the habit of blind obedience, uprooting the culture of slavery, and ignoring civil rights and human rights are among the other destructive effects of the mechanism of exercising power in Iraq, where the ruling regime focuses its attempts to exploit people, especially young people, by imposing some things under the cover of the military or social system and obeying their orders like sheep. At the same time, physiological force, by refraining from punishing social wrongs, has led to widespread corruption in the structure of government institutions and financial and moral corruption of government officials. We often deal with scenes that indicate the absence of laws to provide social justice that leads to economic corruption in the structure of the state without the people. And it is what creates pleasure in resisting right and law in the cultural structure of society.

The post-colonial feminism is a new feministic approach that deals with the cultural, economic and political impacts of colonialism on the women of non-western races in developing countries especially those that were once colonized.Indeed, the approach seeks to question the proclaimed comprehensiveness of the western theory of feminism by addressing the problems and experiences of women in marginal communities The novel Ghadan Youm ol-Jadid (Tomorrow is a New Day) by Abd ol-Hamid Bin Hadouqheh depicts the women’s status during the colonial time by making realistic references to the discriminations against them. The present study is an attempt to examine this issue in the novel through a descriptive-analytic method. The question to answer in this research is ‘How does the novel classify the women in terms of their function?’ and ‘How does the author react to their inferiority?’ As the results show,the women discussed in the novel are either Europeans or natives. The former are a part of colonial policies and look down on the other women. The latter, however, include married women who are passive and quite easy to dominate, as compared to the unmarried. Such women are found responsible for their own inferiority because they help it to take roots. In this regard, Bin Hadouqheh charges the patriarchal society of cooperating with colonizers to oppress women and then asks for the redemption of their rights. He also calls for a change of their situation from the margin to the center on the purpose of granting them a decent identity.

Over the past few decades, Iraq has experienced a bitter series of wars and miseries. A part of this history has been depicted in contemporary Arabic novels. These works of literature serve to display the realities and mysteries of the modern Iraqi man through narrations. Ahmad Saadawi, a contemporary Iraqi novelist, has dealt with wars and their outcomes in his works. His novel “Indeed He Dreams or Plays or Dies” makes references to different kinds of violence and reconstructs them to assess the reactive behavior of the society. What results from this behavior is a set of affective acts of violence that are internalized in the minds of people. The author has also staged social fright in a good way. This study is conducted through a descriptive-analytic method to examine the concept of violence in Saadawi’s novel. For this purpose, different types of violence are analyzed by narrative techniques, and the author’s objectives of showing violence in that novel are identified. As the results indicate, concrete and physical violence has led to panic and mental intimidation in the Iraqi society. The novel conveys this issue to its audience by such narrative techniques as the stream of consciousness, polyphony and meta-narration. Moreover, a combination of imagination and realism is used to express the war-induced violence represented by the elimination of social values, opposition to symbols, tendency for immigration and desire for segregation from Iraq.

The onset of the contemporary era was a critical period of significance for most Arab countries. No sooner had these countries been released from the despotism of the Ottoman Empire than they either fell in the trap of European colonization or went under the mandate of Europeans. Algeria was one of the countries occupied by France. On account of its military supremacy, the French colonialism made drastic changes in the social structure of Algeria on the purpose of altering the genuine identity of that nation. the Algerian intellectuals, scholars and men of letters tried to react to such changes.In his works, Algerian novelist Abdel Hamid bin Hadouqa reflects the social areas that the French colonialism sought to change. This descriptive-analytical study, relying on Frantz Fanon’s theory, seeks to detect the major social changes reflected in Bin Hadouqa’s novel ‘Tomorrow is a New Day’ as well as the solutions offered by the author to confront such colonial measures. The present study has concluded that a number of structural changes, including the creation of a colonization-dependent social class, emergence of a poor social class, and alteration of social foundations especially family and culture, were made in the society. Bin Hadouqa's strategy is to form a republican government consisting of parties, to benefit from theintellectuals’ opinions, to grant individual and social rights to women, and to return to the indigenous culture and genuine identity

Undoubtedly, derision is not merely a means of making fun of others. It is also an effective artistic tool in the hand of a writer or a poet to express his political and social concerns. One of those who have used this tool is the Syrian author Zakaria Tamer. In his short story Al-Istighatheh (supplication), he has practiced derision in various ways to criticize the wrong notions cherished by the Syrian society and political regime. Using a descriptive-analytical method in this article and at the suggestion of the authers, the images are drawn by a caricaturist. The present study seeks to convey the author’s attitudes to the audience, detect the instances of marginalizing the hero’s identity as a wrong deed, and highlight the artistic manners of derision in the story. As the results suggest, the art of derision is manifested in various concepts such as sleeping Damascus, shattered body, literate readers ignorant of the hero’s stance, inefficient weapon, false confused and disarmed hero minister, rejection of an abject death, and the end of the hero and his weapon. The artistic techniques of deriding as practiced in the story are magic realism, figurative words, painful ridiculous images, overt and covert ridicules, quasi-tribute rebuke, lexical semantic contradiction, and intertextuality

Nowadays, it is of great importance for second language teachers to pay attention to the psychological needs of learners. That is to say, in order to succeed in teaching a second language, the instructor should not only have a sufficient knowledge of that language and skills in new teaching methods but also be fully familiar with the developmental characteristics and the psychological needs of learners. Through a descriptive-survey method, this study aims to investigate the problems of Arabic language learning for Persian language students by examining such factors as the degree of the students’ interest, ways of motivating them, grouping and team work of students, educational facilities and educational content. Then, certain solutions are provided to these problems. The participants consisted of 100 undergraduate students of Arabic language and literature at the Faculty of Foreign Languages at Yazd University. The data were collected through an author-made questionnaire the reliability and validity of which was already tested. EXCEL software was used to analyze the data. The findings of the study showed that the students’ interest in Arabic is acceptable, but more attention should be paid to teamwork, motivation, and content preparation in accordance with the learner’s moods.

Literature of a nation consists of components that serve as the best and most visible means of understanding the attitudes and the worldview of that nation. When it comes to recounting the intellectual foundations of a nation in the field of literature, post-colonial literature has a great contribution. This is because it expresses the attitudes and positions of that nation against foreign colonialism. The long-standing presence of French colonialism in Algeria has led to the emergence and prosperity of post-colonial literature in that country. The novel "Ghadan youmon jadid" by "Abdol Hamid ibn-e Hadouqa" narrates the effects of colonial racism on the people of Algeria. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present research seeks to analyze the most important fields of colonial racism in the novel and interpret them with examples. It also addresses the reasons for the emergence of colonial racism in the characters of the story and the way the author resolves this problem. The post-colonial analysis of the novel suggests that colonial racism has been practiced in the biological, religious, judicial, and internal aspects of the society. Vocational monopoly is another manifestation of racism. The author's strategy to get out of this crisis is to rely on indigenous culture and history, to gain knowledge about Europeans, and to reinforce the spirit of unity, resistance and oppression in the people.

The novel ‘French Perfume’ by Amir Taj Al-Sir (born in 1960) is the reflection of a segment of the Sudanese society that lives in the state-ignored Missing District while tackling socio-economic and psycho-cultural problems. To get rid of life-time imposed pressures and meet the needs of life, the hero of the novel, Ali Jorjar, takes certain steps. What he does can be interpreted through the theory of needs proposed by the American psychologist Henry Murray. According to this theory, needs are induced by the pressures of life, and human beings respond to those needs in various ways. By defining the theory of needs and using a descriptive-analytic method, this research aims to detect the types of pressure that have posed needs to the hero and to mark those pressures that are responded to. As the results indicate, social, economic and political problems, which are in the Alpha Press category, lead to psychological pressures, categorized as Beta Press. These pressures, in turn, lead to certain needs, like the needs felt by the protagonist of the novel. He tries to overcome external and internal pressures by meeting such secondary needs as understanding, domination, pretention, libido, reprobation, self-restraint, respect, invulnerability, affection and pugnacity. In spite of his attempts, he ends up in a character break-up.

Critical analysis is an important way of evaluating the quality of textbooks. It explicates their merits and disadvantages; therefore, it paves the way for improving the design of educational materials. Naeim Amouri’s Literary Criticism attempts to introduce theories and approaches of literary criticism to the students of Arabic Literary Studies. Employing descriptive-analytical and statistical methods, this article aims to evaluate the content and structure of Naeim Amouri’s Literary Criticism. The findings convey that the author is more successful when it comes to the book’s structural organization. The accurate use of terminology, critical in-depth analysis of theories, and their practical applications could have improved the structural organization and content of this textbook.

Paradox is an artistic method of composition which results in literary defamiliarizations. In contemporary literature and poetry, paradox has been used extensively. After giving a working definition of paradox as a literary method of composition, the present study discusses its difference from irony in Ahmed Matar's poetry. Through its descriptive-analytic framework, the study explores why Matar has relied heavily on paradox in his poetry. After analyzing his poems, the study concludes that two types of paradoxes are used in Matar's poetry: Mixed paradox and semantic paradox. The study also observes the political and discursive reasons why Matar wished to mask his critique of Arab society – which has suffered from the tyranny of dictatorial rulers – with his humorous, derisive and paradoxical language.

Postcolonial studies seek to explain how economic and political domination are employed to attribute otherness to African and Middle Eastern subjects and deny their sense of autonomous identity in order to consolidate Western and Imperialist cultural and ethical supremacy. Gender, as one of the major tenets of this theoretical framework, is of special interest in the East-West relationship in Arabic novels where the interactions between Eastern men and Western women are apparently determined by domination. Mohammad Al-‘AaliAr’aar, an Algerian writer, explores the role of gender in the relationships among his protagonist, his wife and a French woman in his postcolonial novel, Ma La Tazrouh al-Riyah. This paper aims to investigate the role of gender in creation of rapport between the Eastern man and the Eastern woman. It also examines the autonomy and active role of the Eastern man against the Western woman. It is contended that femininity and weakness are essentially conceptualized to be associated with women and the Orient. In a patriarchal society and culture, the Eastern woman is passive while the Eastern man presumes an active role. However, in his relationship with the Western woman, the Oriental man becomes passive and presumes a feminine role. Mohammad Al-‘AaliAr’aar attempts to, indeed, demystify this erroneous concept by showing that femininity is essential to neither women nor the Orient; rather, such an essentialist conceptualization is merely imposed on them by the West to further its ideological intentions.

One of the most serious crimes against spiritual character of people is sexual accusations which are called qazf. With the advent and prevalence of Mass Media, the scope of crimes against spiritual character of people has broadened and it has created new issues for research for scholars of Jurisprudence and Law. This study tries to see whether the concept of qazf is applicable to some widespread crimes that occur in Mass Media. Thus, concept of qazf is defined and its conditions are explained. Based on the offered definition, qazf is applicable to written sexual accusations, sexual accusations found on the internet and also pornography. Factors such as wider audience, slander on people’s honor, promotion of prostitution, retention and playback capabilities and also the role that Media can play in directing pop culture can be considered as aggravating circumstances that justify a more severe punishment of qazf in Mass Media in comparison with ordinary qazf.

“Sword and Pen” is among the fanciful debates that have attracted critics’ attentions. Sword and pen are considered as important symbols in the formation of all governments. ‘Sword’ symbolizes warriors and the military, while ‘pen’ symbolizes intellectuals and the elite. This study deals with a structural and content analysis of the debates between the sword and the pen, in Persian and Arabic, how writers join and leave the debates, the elements used in such debates, and their similarities and differences. In addition to exaltation and showing their authorial skills, writers of such debates intended to teach religious, moral, historical, and scientific lessons. The pen usually triggers the debate in Persian, whereas in Arabic, it is the sword that often starts a debate and this feature has a historical reason. Debates resolve peacefully, and due to the influence of Islam both on Persian and Arabic writers, verses from Qur’an are frequently cited.

Qasr or hasr (restriction) is one of the techniques of semantics that can be used in different ways. Most of former thinkers believed that despite differences that exist in how these methods convey meaning to readers or audience, they function similarly. This research is a descriptive-analytical study of methods of qasr and tries to elaborate on the fundamental differences among these methods. It is also an attempt to invalidate former thinkers’ claim and tries to find the answer to this question: Can we assert that different methods of qasr are the same and have similar function although we know that those methods have been influenced by syntax. To find the answer to this question, different methods of qasr are introduced first, and then they are compared so that their differences are revealed. In conclusion, it is proved that every method of qasr has a specific meaning which makes its unique and it is not possible to consider different methods of qasr identical in terms of their function. It is also shown that all structures of qasr are based on syntactic rules and the issue of wujub which has entered rhetoric from semantics is a distinctive factor which distinguishes maqsur (the thing restricted) from maqsur alayh. Finally, qasr through negation and exception is the most important method of qasr because it has a peculiar syntactic structure.