فهرست مطالب بیژن نوری

The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the color changes in two types of heat-cure acrylic resins (Ivoclar and Acrosun) when immersed in common beverages such as coffee, tea, and soda for six days.

This experimental laboratory study involved the preparation of 60 heat-cure acrylic resins samples, with 30 from Ivoclar and 30 from Acrosun. The samples were divided into three subgroups and immersed in 200 ml of fresh solutions of one of the tested drinks (1% tea, 1% coffee, and soda) for six days and nights. The samples were then washed, dried, and examined using a solid reflective spectrophotometer. Colorimetry was performed based on the CIE Lab system.

The study found that exposure to 1% tea and 1% coffee solutions caused significant color changes in both Ivoclar and Acrosun heat-cure acrylic samples. However, the Acrosun resin acrylic samples demonstrated less color change compared to the Ivoclar group when exposed to all three drinks. The amount of color change caused by exposure to soda for six days was less in both groups, with the Acrosun group performing better.

The study concludes that immersion in soda for six days caused less color change in both Ivoclar and Acrosun acrylic resins groups and had better performance. Acrosun resin acrylic samples experienced significantly less color change when exposed to all three drinks: 1%tea, 1% coffee, and soda. According to the NBS units index, no clinical difference was observed between the color change of the two groups of acrylic resins samples.

Cancer is one of the principal causes of death in most countries of the world. Lung cancer is the deadliest and most expensive cancer in the world. In this study, the incidence of lung cancer in Kurdistan province was investigated for the first time in a specific period.

In this cross-sectional study, 815 cases of lung cancer were investigatedin Kurdistan province between 2005 and 2016.Reported cases of lung cancer were extracted at the Cancer Registry Center by gender, age, and morphology. Considering the population of 2005 as the standard population, the expected incidence rate was calculated, and the standardized incidence rate was estimated directly.

The results showed that the highest incidence of lung cancer was observed in 2016 and 2014 with 153 and 136 cases, respectively, and the lowest in 2009 and 2005, with 11 and 18 cases,respectively. The frequency of cases was observed in the age groups of 75-79 years in 2012 with 23 cases (22.77%) and in the age group of 70-74 years with 28 cases (18.30%) in 2016. The highest crude incidence was observed in 1394 with 12.47 and the lowest in 2013 with 1.10.

According to the results of the present study, the incidence of lung cancer was higher in men than women and the incidence of the disease was higher in older ages. Analytical studies are necessary to find the causes of the disease and solve the problems related to this disease.

Nursing care is an essential part of health care services and should be fully provided. Missed nursing care is a major threat to patient safety and health care quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount and reasons for missed nursing care in infection control and prevention from the point of view of care providers working in the medical, educational, and therapeutic center of Besat Sanandaj during 2023.

This cross-sectional study was conducteed in Besat Hospital, one of the teaching hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. The research samples in this cross-sectional study included 389 nurses and midwives working in Besat Hospital who were included in the study by census. To collect data, three tools were used: a demographic information registration form, a questionnaire on the missed nursing care in infection prevention and control, and a questionnaire on factors related to missed care.

The findings of the present study showed that the average score of missed nursing care in infection prevention and control was 75.83 ± 23.28 and below the average. The most important missed nursing care from the point of view of the nurses and midwives of Besat Hospital was the use of personal protective equipment by the service personnel of the department (4.88 %), the report of the patient's infection status when transferred to another department or paraclinical unit such as radiology (3.86 %), and teaching patients about bathing before surgery (3.86 %). The most important factor of forgotten nursing care was unexpected increase in workload and number of patients in the ward (79.69 %) along with insufficient number of nursing and midwifery personnel in the ward (32.75 percent). A statistically significant relationship was observed between forgotten nursing care in infection prevention and control with the related factors (P = 0.0001), (R = - 0.1940).

The missed nursing care in the prevention and control of infection from the point of view of nurses and midwives of Besat Hospital was average. The most important factor was the unexpected increase in the workload the number of patients and the lack of personnel. The people participating in the research emphasized the role of systemic, organizational, and management factors in preventing effective infection control. Therefore, it seems necessary to reduce the factors that cause missed care with proper planning and management by reducing nurses' workload and providing budget and manpower.

The Kazhdumi Formation (Albian) consists of shale to limestone and marl facies, considered as one of the most important source rocks in the north of the Arabian Plate. This study evaluates the geochemistry of the Kazhdumi Formation as a potential source rock in the northwest of the Persian Gulf in the Hendijan, Soroosh, Foroozan, and Kharg fields. For this purpose, Rock-Eval pyrolysis analysis was performed on 140 cutting samples to assess the quantity and quality of organic matter and 53 vitrinite reflectance samples to examine the maturity. The absence of stratification in the water column and unsuitable environmental conditions have not led to the proper preservation of organic matter. Therefore, organic matters are mostly influenced by continental type kerogen (Type III) in this study, ranging from immature to early mature kerogen based on vitrinite reflectance.. However, towards the northeast sector of the Arabian Plate (Hendijan and Kharg fields), due to the presence of organism growth conditions in the water column and the prevailing anoxic conditions at the water-sediment contact (intra-shelf basin), the preservation of organic materials has occurred. The organic matter in this section is mostly marine type (Type II kerogen) and mature based on the vitrinite reflectance data. It seems that the Khafji-Hendijan paleo-high has played an important role in the maturity of the Kazhdumi Formation due to its influence on sediments after the deposition of the Kazhdumi Formation.

Neonatal Resuscitation training is one of the main trainings for people who are responsible for taking care of newborn, then how to implement and choose the right model for training is very important. Therefore, it is important to use innovative approaches in Resuscitation training that lead to improving and maintaining the knowledge and skills of learners. The present study was performed with aim to determine the effect of Educare training on the level of knowledge and performance of neonatal resuscitation in undergraduate midwifery students.

This semi-experimental study pre-and post-intervention was carried out in 2022 on 30 undergraduate midwifery students of the School of Nursing and Midwifery. The training was done by the Educare method using theory training and holding a 1-day workshop. Examining the level of knowledge and practice of students was done using a checklist and a researcher-made questionnaire after confirming the validity and reliability before/immediately/and two weeks after the practical training. Data analysis was done using STATA software (version 12) and Independent t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measures. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The neonatal resuscitation knowledge score in midwifery students immediately and two weeks after the training significantly increased compared to before the training (p=0.001). The neonatal resuscitation performance score immediately and two weeks after training significantly increased compared to before training. There was a significant difference between knowledge and performance scores in three stages (p=0.001).

The educare method has improved the neonatal resuscitation knowledge and performance of midwifery students, so it is recommended to design and use this method for training other clinical skills in midwifery students.

The theory-practice gap is one of the critical problems of nursing. This gap can affect the quality of patient care. This study aimed to investigate the theory-practice gap and its associated factors in the view of nursing students.

A cross-sectional survey with census sampling was done on 179, 3rd to 8th semester, undergraduate nursing students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. A self-designed three-part questionnaire including "demographic characteristics", " theory-practice gap" and "factors associated with the theory-practice gap" was used. The data were analyzed by STATA version 12 using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis tests considering a statistically significant level of 0.05.

There was a significant relationship between factors related to instructors and semester (P=0.0019). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the gap and the total score of the factors (P=0.0092, r=0.1943). Multiple Regression analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the theory-practice gap and factors related to hospital and clinical practice (P=0.005), as well as factors related to educational planning (P=0.000). Factors related to educational planning were the most important factor affecting the theory-practice gap.

Considering the theory-practice gap from the viewpoint of students and the relationship between this gap and total score, it is necessary to apply appropriate strategies to reduce the theory-practice gap and revision of educational planning in order to avoid the gap generation and its complications.

Self-efficacy of correct pain management and emotional intelligence are the most responsibilities of nurses, which, if properly considered, will reduce patients' pain, better manage patients, increase the quality of patient care, quickly return of the patients to daily life, reduce the length of stay in hospital, and reduce treatment costs. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the self-efficacy of pain management and its relationship with emotional intelligence in the nurses.

The current cross-sectional study was fulfilled by available sampling method on 110 nurses from the internal and surgical, infectious, CCU, ICU, pediatric, and emergency departments in the morning, evening, and night shifts of Razi and Salahuddin hospitals in Baneh city, Iran. Data were collected by researcher using Demographic questionnaire, Pain Management Self-Efficacy questionnaire, and Goleman Emotional Intelligence questionnaire. The results were analyzed in SPSS version 25 software using descriptive statistics and independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. A probability of <0.05 was accepted as significant.

The study results showed that pain management self-efficacy had no significant relationship with nurses' demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marriage, education level, position, overtime, work experience, and employment status (P>0.05). However, there was a significant relationship between pain management self-efficacy and its dimensions with the variables of the service department and training workshop as well as between pain management self-efficacy and the dimension of pain assessment (P<0.05). Emotional intelligence has no significant relationship with nurses' demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marriage, education level, service department, position, overtime, work experience, employment status, and participation in educational workshops (P>0.05). Also, no significant relation was observed between pain management self-efficacy and nurses' emotional intelligence (P>0.05).

Although pain management self-efficacy was not significantly related to nurses' emotional intelligence, some demographic characteristics were significantly related. The findings show that work experiences, awareness, practical knowledge, positive attitude, and skills can increase pain management self-efficacy.

Carrying out medical orders is one of the most important parts of treatment and medical errors can cause unrepairable damages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of nurses' medical errors and their related factors in Sanandaj teaching hospitals in 2018.

In this descriptive-analytical (cross-sectional) study, we reviewed 400 medical recoreds of the patients in educational hospitals in Sanandaj, during January, February, and  March 2018. Using a department  form consisting of demographic data of nurses (age, gender, occupational experience, working hours during a month and working shifts) and a specific checklist about medical errors including errors in recording drugs, in the spelling of drugs, in recording the exact form of drugs, in recording the exact dosage of administrated drugs, in recording increase or decrease of the dosage, in removing the drugs which had been discontinued. The opinions of the researcher and the nurse who had made the mistake, about the reason of exact error were also included. Data were analyzed by descriptive (frequency and percentage of frequency) and analytic (chi-square) tests.

Medical errors were found in 34 medical records. The most frequent errors occurred in the morning shifts (79.4 %), in the female gender (76.5 %), in the age group between  20 and 30 years of age in the nurses with occupational experience of less than 5 years, and in those who worked 100 to 200 hours/month (61.8) . The number of medical errors had significant relationships with occupational experience, age group, and working hours of the nurses.

Most mistakes were made by nurses who beared a heaver workload or had occupational experience of less than 5 years. Regarding the results of this study, in order to reduce the medical errors in the hospitals, the workload of nurses should be reduced and nurses with little experience should work under close supervision of the experienced nurses.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis has unprecedented pressure to the health systems around the world. Missed nursing care as a care that is needed by the patient but is omitted affects the quality and safety of care. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate and causes of missed nursing care of COVID-19 hospitalized patients in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of Saqez and Diwandara hospitals.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2021 on 110 nurses working in the special care units for COVID-19. Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire and the Forgotten Care Questionnaires were used to collect information. Data were analyzed using STATA version 12 software and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman's correlation coefficient tests.

The mean score of missed nursing care in ICUs for Covid-19 was 55.18 (20.24). The most common missed nursing care was controlling the patient's O2 saturation (18.75%) and recording the necessary information of patients (17.86%). The highest percentage of the factors related to missed nursing care was assigned to the lack of nursing staff (86.61%). The most common causes of neglected nursing care were lack of nursing staff (86.61%), lack of assistants or secretaries (74.77%), and the large volume of activities related to the admission and discharge of patients (67.66%).

A high percentage of nursing care in the special care units of Covid-19 is lost under the influence of factors such as the shortage of nursing staff and forced overtime working hours beyond the tolerance of nurses. Nursing managers can create appropriate interventions to support the professional role of nurses during the pandemic by considering related factors.

Cancer is one of the most important health-related issue in Iran and Worldwide. Cancer-related fatigue can persist even years after chemotherapy, and fatigue reduces the person's ability to work, activity, and trying to maintain a normal life. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of the family-centered empowerment model on the level of fatigue of the patients undergoing chemotherapy.

This is a semi experimental study in which 80 people were selected by convenience sampling method from the patients of blood 1 and 2 sections who were hospitalized in Imam Khomeini hospital in Urmia city, Iran. The family-centered empowerment model was enrolle in 4 main steps included: 1- understanding the threat, 2- promoting self-efficacy/problem solving, 3- promoting self-confidence and self-esteem through educational participation, and 4- evaluating the accomplishment of the task; These procedures were performed for the intervention group during 3 months in the 2nd Blood Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia. Cancer fatigue scale tool and demographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, independent t-test, Fisher's exact test, and chi-square test using STATA version 12 software.

At the beginning of the study, the two intervention and control groups did not have a significant difference in terms of the average fatigue score (p=0.649). After the intervention, the average fatigue score of the intervention group (34.57 ± 4.10) decreased significantly compared to the control group (46.77 ± 5.43) (p<0.001).

The results of the study showed that empowering the family members responsible for the care of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy has reduced the level of fatigue in the patients. Nurses are advised to help them reduce the side effects of chemotherapy by applying the family-oriented empowerment model and consciously involving the patient and family in making decisions to improve their health.

Chemical restraints are drugs used to restraint a patient's involuntary movements or emergency control of the patient's aggressive behavior and to cause sedation and pain relief, reduce symptoms, and reduce the likelihood of harming oneself or others. Improper use of chemical restraints can lead to complications in patients and can even delay the separation of patients under mechanical ventilation from the ventilator. The aim of this study was to investigate the effective factors in nurses' use of chemical restraints in patients admitted to intensive care units.

This was an observational study. The statistical society of the research included 160 hospitalized patients in intensive care units (ICU) at Kowsar hospital, Sanandaj, Iran. After 8 hours of hospitalization and stability of their conditions, those patients in intensive care units were assessed based on administrating of chemical restraint by nurses. Data was collected through patients’ information forms, and observational checklists, then analyzed by SPSS 21, independent t-test, Chi-2, Fisher, and Mann–Whitney. Independent risk factors for the administration of chemical restraint were investigated by using the logistic regression model.

Of the 160 patients admitted to intensive care units, 105 patients (65.62%) underwent chemical restraints. The most common time to use chemical restraints was during the night shift and then the evening shift. Comparison of patients for whom chemical restraint was used or not, showed that the two groups in terms of smoking history (P=0.037), intubation (P=0.0001), dressing (P=0.001) and drain (P=0.001) as well as NGT (P=0.010), GCS (P=0.012), FOUR score (P=0.050), type of nursing shifts (P=0.017), restlessness (P=0.004) Had a statistically significant difference. Relationship between BMI variables, alcohol addiction, drug addiction, having a catheter, fixator and traction, delirium, having a dressing, nurse to patient ratio, underlying disease and mechanical ventilation mode using limiters Chemical was not significant (P>0.05). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that between smoking (P=0.041, OR=3.232), being intubated (P=0.0001, OR=75.959), having a drain (P=0.016, OR=2.669), FOUR score (P=0.0001, OR=0.944), there was a significant relationship using chemical restraints.

Regarding the results of the study, it could be concluded that the administration of chemical restraint is increasing among nurses in intensive care units (ICU). Therefore, the necessity of the clinical guidelines and policies for the administration of chemical restraint are highlighted.

Due to the high mortality of patients admitted to the intensive care unit, the provision of high quality nursing care, especially for patients admitted to these wards, is of great importance, so the quality of death and dying in these wards is necessary. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of dying and death from the perspective of nurses working in intensive care units.

The present study was performed cross-sectional in the teaching hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. The research samples in this cross-sectional study were 105 nurses working in intensive care units who were selected by census. Data collection tools included two sections: demographic information, Quality of Dying and Death Questionnaire (QODD).

The results of the present study showed that the mean and standard deviation of the quality of dying and death variable were 37.15±13.47 and below the mean. Among the items related to the quality of death, the highest average was related to receiving appropriate sedation during the stay in the intensive care unit (5.80±2.41) and being touched or hugged by loved ones (4.90±2.78) and the lowest average quality of care was related to having a spiritual ceremony before the patient's death (2.12±2.59) and having one or more visits to a religious or spiritual counselor (2.24±2.66). There was a statistically significant relationship between the quality of dying and death and the history of passing training courses related to dying and death (P=0.03).

It is recommended to hold training courses related to quality dying and death care criteria for personnel working in intensive care units, as well as to evaluate the quality of mortality care from the perspective of the families of patients admitted to the intensive care unit.

Cadmium is one of the heavy metals and long time exposure to it can cause a lot of health problems in human beings. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of Cadmium on kidney performance in the smokers and non-smokers and also its relationship with ventilation systems at Maragheh City prison.

This descriptive-analytical study included 90 prisoners. Cadmium of urine samples was measured by using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Parameters of renal function including urine specific gravity, creatinine, protein, albumin, glucose and urea were measured using a Hitachi autoanalyzer.

The highest values of excretion of cadmium, protein, albumin, per gram creatinine and glucose were observed in the smokers without ventilation systems in their living quarters. In this group, ratio of cadmium per creatinine showed significant relationships with protein per creatinine, albumin per creatinine, urea, and glucose (P < 0.05), while in the control group without ventilation, this ratio had significant relationship only with urinary glucose excretion (P < 0.05) and we found no significant relationships between cadmium per creatinine ratio and other variables in this group (P ≥ 0.05).

Exposure to cadmium metal through cigarette smoke can directly and indirectly affect kidney function and lead to increased excretion of protein, albumin, urea and glucose. This effect is also affected by indoor ventilation systems, so that the presence of proper ventilation systems reduces exposure to cigarette smoke and hence cadmium, which results in reduced harmful effects of cadmium on the renal function of the exposed individuals.

Drug abuse is one of the global problems and despite the effectiveness of treatment methods, it often recurs over time.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motivational interviews on temptation and relapse in patients treated with Buprenorphine referred to addiction treatment clinics.

The research was applied and quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group, the study population was patients treated with Buprenorphine who were referred to addiction treatment clinics in Marivan in 2020. In this study, 42 people were selected by random sampling method and assigned to two groups of 21 intervention and control. Data collection tools included a substance use temptation questionnaire after withdrawal, a return prediction questionnaire along laboratory tests. Data were analyzed using STATA-12 and SPSS-25 using descriptive and inferential statistical tests of Wilcoxon, Man Whitney and Pearson's chi-squared test.

The results showed that intervention and control groups were statistically homogeneous. Before the intervention, the mean score of temptation was 74.42±11.31 and recurrence was 121.80±7.80. After the intervention, the mean score of temptation was reduced to (51.33±9.15) and recurrence of consumption was reduced to (108.76±10.62); therefore, there was a statistically significant difference between intervention and control groups (p<0.001).

The results showed that motivational interview was effective on the rate of temptation and recurrence of patients. Therefore, designing and using motivational interviews is recommended for caregivers in the psychiatric and addiction wards along with other addiction therapies.

Readmission rate is very important due to its impact on cost, quality of healthcare, and putting additional burden on the hospitals and patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of patient's readmission after discharge from educational and medical hospitals in Sanandaj in 2018.

This descriptive cross-sectional study included all the patients admitted to the educational and medical hospitals in Sanandaj twice or more times in 2018. SPSS software version 23 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used for drawing frequency distribution table for qualitative variables. Mean values with 95% confidence interval were calculated for quantitative variables.

The results of the study revealed 7623 readmissions in educational and medical hospitals of Sanandaj in 2018 which included 4373 (57.3%) female and 3250 (42.7%) male patients. In general, the most common cause of readmission belonged to follow-up (38.9%). Other causes of readmission were recurrence of the condition (26%), and treatment complications (21.8%).

Considering the high readmission rates in Sanandaj hospitals, development of community-based health services, especially homecare centers and local clinics, is recommended.

Job involvement is a prominent and effective factor in shaping employee’s motivation that reflects the passion and attitude of the person to work. The aim of this study was to investigate the job involvement and its related factors in the emergency medical staff of Kurdistan province.

In this descriptive-analytic study in 2019, 100 medical emergency staff in Kurdistan province were selected through cluster sampling. Data were collected by the Kanungo questionnaire (JIQ). To analyze the information, we used version 12 of STATA software. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the hypothesis of the study.

Most of the participants were in the age range of 26-30 years old. Most of the participants had an associate degree and  work experience of fewer than 5 years. Job involvement was higher in single groups in comparison to married colleagues. There was a significant relationship between job involvement, education, and marital status (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between variables such as age, job experience, and income with job involvement (P>0.05).

We concluded that job involvement in the emergency medical personnel is low. So, rooting and accurate planning by the relevant managers is recommended to promote and increase job involvement.

Menstrual disorders are one of the most common complaints of women, they have a wide range including delayed periods to painful periods. They are common and benign and can lead to decreased quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of menstrual disorders and its related factors in the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences.

This was a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population included students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. We used cluster sampling and selected 300 students. Research tools included a questionnaire consisted of 10 demographic questions, 26 main questions and a chart for measurement of the amount of menstrual bleeding in a period. Data were introduced into STATA 12 and SPSS 22 softwares and analyzed by independent t-test, χ2 and Fisherchr('39')s test.

The prevalence of menstrual disorders in the study population was 15.3%. The most and least common disorders were dysmenorrhea and hypomenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea had significant relationships with, body mass index (P = 0.044) and age (P = 0.021). There was also a significant relationship between marital status and mastalgia (P = 0.015). We found a significant relationship between menorrhagia and age (P = 0.026), and also between hypermenorrhea and age (P = 0.045).

The results of this study showed presence of at least one type of menstrual disorder among the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences as an example of society, which is a threat to the individual and social life of women and girls.

Considering the high incidence and the harmful effects of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) on the performance of individuals, this study aimed to investigate the frequency of OCD symptoms and its related dimensions in medical and dental students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) in 2018.

This cross-sectional (descriptive-analytic) study included all medical and dental students of KUMS in 2018. Sampling method was randomized stratified technique. Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) was used for data collection. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22. We used chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test to  analyze the hypothesis.

  The study included 250 students of KUMS (186 medical and 64 dental students). The mean age of the participants was 22.71±2.5 years. 127 subjects were men and 123 were women. The overall incidence of OCD was 54.4%. The highest incidence rate belonged to "doubting" (44.8%), and the lowest for "slowness and checking" (11.8%). The overall incidence of OCD had no statistically significant relationship with age, sex, educational level, and marital status. Both the overall incidence of OCD and the slowness and checking OCD were significantly higher in the students living with their families and lower in those living in dormitories (p < 0.01). Subjects with cleaning OCD had a lower mean age (P=0.030) and the incidence of this dimension was higher in externs (P=0.023). Washing and checking were the most common obsessive dimensions in women and men respectively.

In our study, obsessive-compulsive disorder had a high prevalence rate among medical and dental students; therefore, in order to reduce the complications, authorities should consider necessary measures for prevention, early diagnosis, and timely treatment of the disorder.

The cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, because of their high prevalence and fatality, are of great importance in most countries like Iran. In terms of prevalence, stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers in Iran are ranked first, second and eighth, respectively. Therefore, this study aimed to model the incidence of the frequency of new cases of these cancers and their prediction in Kurdistan province, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, the incidence of stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers were analyzed from April 2000 to March 2017. In order to model time series data of the cancers, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) with Box-Jenkins approach were applied. After determining the suitable models, the frequencies of new cases for the cancers were predicted until March 2020. Data analysis was performed using R-3.4.2 statistical software package.

A total of 6439 gastrointestinal cancers were recorded during the study period, among which stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers had the highest frequencies with 2548, 1722 and 989 new cases, respectively. The best fited model for stomach, esophagus and colorectal cancers were SARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 0, 1)4، SARIMA (3, 1, 0) (0, 0, 1)4 and ARIMA (0, 1, 1), respectively. It is predicted that the incidence pattern of these cancers have an upward trend with moderate slope by March 2020.

The high incidence of stomach, colorectal and esophagus cancer, as well as their increasing trend in the predicted time can be a serious alarm. Therefore, in order to prevent and reduce the frequency of these cancers, it is vital to design and implement the effective programs such as screening, especially in high risk groups, early diagnosis of the cancers, increasing public awareness and controlling the risk factors to prevent and reduce of these increasing trends.

In this study, we try to evaluate the effect of ionic strength, pH and temperature of washing solutions on nitrate percentage in many leafy and root vegetable. For this purpose three edible solutions including NaCl as high ionic strength solution, baking soda (NaHCO3) as basic solution and vinegar as acidic solution selected as nitrate losing agents for leafy vegetables (mint, basil, savory, tarragon, parsley, coriander, cress, radish and chives) and the effect of temperature evaluated using warm water (70 -100 ˚C) on nitrate percentage in root vegetables (potato and onion). Nitrate percentage in vegetables changed with different patterns. High ionic strength increased leafy vegetable nitrate percentage in wide rang (20.25 - 85 %(w/w)), pH increasing by baking soda solution increased nitrate percentage of group 1(Mint & Basil) leafy vegetables (33 %(w/w)) and decreased it in other groups partially (0.22 - 6.2 %(w/w)). However, pH decreasing by vinegar solution decreased nitrate percentage in all cases (14.6 - 41 %(w/w)). Optimum concentration of vinegar solution and treatment time in this solution, for maximum nitrate losing were 20 % (w/w) and 10 minutes, respectively. In the second part of this study, effect of solution temperature on nitrate percentage of root vegetables (potato and onion) was evaluated. Results show by this pretreatment nitrate percentage decreased 68.6 %(w/w) about potato and 26.6% (w/w) about onion. The important advantage of this study is vegetables nitrate percentage decrease, while the freshness and safety of these products preserved.

Chronic urticaria is a dermal disease with continuous rash, itching or angioedema, papules and inflammatory plaques, which under conditions transformed from the acute phase to the chronic phase, causing depression and anxiety for many years in patients.  Chronic urticaria has a significant impact on the quality of life of the patient. The aim of this study was to examined the quality of life and related factors of patients with chronic urticaria in Kurdistan Province.

This descriptive study was performed on 228 patients referred to the Allergy Clinic of Besat Hospital in 2016 Census sampling method was used for selecting patient/ Information was gathered by using DQLI questionnaire. Then describe the data by frequency and percentage descriptive and quantitative data were calculated with Chi 2 and Spearman correlation, by using SPSS 15.

The mean age of participants was 34.81 ± 10.55 years. Data analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between quality of life and gender (p <0.001). There was a significant correlation between quality of life and type of disease (p <0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between quality of life and place of residence and education (p> 0.05).

The results showed that chronic urticaria has significant effect on patients' quality life. It seems that these patients were psychologically involved and their level of satisfaction of quality life was reduced.

In addition to modern medical advances, intravenous treatment has become an essential part of patient care. Intravenous treatment like other invasive techniques has its own side effects. Phlebitis and infection are the most serious complications of the intervention. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of aloe vera and nitroglycerin on the incidence and severity of phlebitis induced by peripheral catheter.

This blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted on 150 patients admitted to the internal ward of Kowsar Hospital in Sanandaj in 2019. Patients were randomly divided into three groups including nitroglycerin, aloe vera, and control. The data gathering tool was a phlebitis grading scale. After venipuncture, the ointment was applied to the upper part of the catheter and covered with a sterile coating. Patients were evaluated at intervals of 12 hours to 48 hours after sedation, and the incidence and severity of phlebitis were assessed within 48 hours. For data analysis, Fisher's exact tests, chi-square, Cochran and Maxwell-Stover test, and STATA version 12 software were used.

Three groups showed a significant reduction in the intensity of phlebitis in the first 12 hours (P = 0.000), 24 hours (P = 0.000), 36 hours (P = 0.001) and 48 hours (P = 0.001) after the catheterization. This reduction in phlebitis in the Aloe Vera group was higher than the Nitroglycerin group.

According to the results of this study, it is recommended to use nitroglycerin ointment and aloe vera to reduce phlebitis, although Aloe vera ointment is more effective in reducing phlebitis.

Neonatal jaundice is a common problem in the neonates which is caused by increased unconjugated bilirubin and can result in serious neurological side effects such as kerinictrus. Several drugs have been used to treat unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The present study was conducted to determine the preventive effect of glycerin suppository on neonatal jaundice. This single blind randomized clinical trial included 165 healthy term neonate without jaundice in Besat Hospital in Sanandaj. Neonates were divided into two groups. Case group treated with glycerin suppository at birth and 12 hours after birth. Control group didn’t receive glycerin suppository. Serum bilirubin levels were measured by Bili Check device (spectrophotometry) 12, 24 and 48 hours and also 5 days after birth. After 48 hours the mean serum bilirubin levels were 8.667 and 11.4412 in the case and control groups respectively, which showed no significant difference (p: 0.57) between the two groups. After 5 day the respective mean serum bilirubin levels in the case and control groups were 10.0450 and 11.05 which revealed a significant difference between the two groups (P value:0.03). Use of glycerin suppository showed significant effect on reducing billirubin level in the neonates and can be considered as an adjuvant therapy for neonatal jaundice.

Spirituality is the most important aspect of human existentialism. This dimension is considered as a strong force in the center of life for more than one-third of the people worldwide. Spirituality is linked to health, a sense of goodness and recovery, and a factor in the continuation of life, finding its meaning and purpose. This study aimed to determine spiritual health level and its related factors in the students of Sanandaj universities in 2015. The present study was a cross-sectional. The study population, were students of Kurdistan University, Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj and Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Five hundred persons of them were selected and studied using One-stage cluster sampling method. A two-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics and 20 questions about spiritual health was used. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20. The mean score of the belief system, intellectual, moral and life style of spiritual health were 25.78±3.95, 25.54±4.37, 22.97±4.65 and 23.04±4.75, respectively. The mean overall score of spiritual health was 96.33±14.92. The score was at the high level of health. There was a statistically significant difference between degrees (p<0.001), university (p<0.001), group study (p=0.007), pray and fasting (p<0.001) with mean total score of spiritual health. In the dimensions of the ethical system and lifestyle, the mean score of students was lower than the other dimensions, which could be somewhat alarming. It is recommended that the cultural planners of the universities Pay close attention and apply appropriate training.

Occupational burnout is one of the most common consequences of occupational stress. Nurses are orderly, caring, and motivated people before entering the nursing job, who, after encountering workplace stress and problems, tend to leave their careers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between occupational burnout and the intention to leave in nurses working in the training hospitals of Sanandaj, Iran in 2015. In this cross-sectional research, 165 questionnaires were distributed among nurses working in different wards of training hospitals of Sanadaj selected by quota sampling (stratified). Data collection tools included occupation and demographic characteristics sheet, Maslach Job Burnout Questionnaire, and Attwod and Hinshaw intention to leave Prediction Scale. Data analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient at the significance level of 0.05. In this study, the level of occupational burnout was reported at 27.4±27.33 and 25.4±21.85 in dimensions of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, respectively, which was considered moderate. Moreover, the level of occupational burnout was low in the dimension of incompetence (19.5±59.45). Mean and standard deviation of intention to leave was 3.04±0.34. Results were indicative of no significant correlation between occupational burnout and intention to leave. According to the results of the study, there was no association between occupational burnout and intention to leave.