جعفر حاجی لو

Cultivating salt-tolerant species and inoculating them with beneficial soil microorganisms can be an effective solution to alleviate the salinity problems. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the physiological responses and nutrient uptake of the almond cultivar 'Supernova' grafted on GN15 rootstock when inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi at different salinity levels.

The current study followed a factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block design with two factors: (1) inoculation with fungi at two levels (non-inoculated and inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices) and (2) salinity at three levels (0, 60 and 120 mM) with three replicates under greenhouse conditions.

The results showed that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi improved growth indices, Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content under high salt stress. Inoculation with R. intraradices significantly reduced H2O2 and MDA content, while antioxidant capacity and proline content increased compared to non-inoculated plants under high salinity conditions. Inoculated plants showed significantly higher phosphorus and potassium content in the leaves at all salinity levels and in the roots at medium salinity compared to non-inoculated plants. Under salt stress, the sodium content of leaves in inoculated plants was significantly lower than in non-inoculated plants, while the opposite was observed for root sodium content.

The use of mycorrhizal fungi in combination with a tolerant rootstock can be an effective and environment-friendly approach to mprove the salt tolerance of almond trees. In this regard, it seems necessary to conduct more experiments with different almonds genotypes under garden conditions.

Peach (Prunus persica L.) is from the Rosaceae family and one of the most important fruit trees. Fruit quality is one of the important factors in the development and marketing of this product. Application of some chemicals and hormones have a great role in increasing the shelf life and quality of fruits. In this researc the effects of pre-harvest treatments of Spermidine on some fruit quality characteristics in two peach cultivars, an experiment to evaluate the possibility of increasing fruit quality in two peach cultivars (Anjiri e Khooni and Gajir Ganat) using different spermidine treatments (0, 1, 3 and 5 mM) in a randomized complete block design (RCD) with four replications. Spermidine foliar application was performed on peach trees 10 days before commercial arrival (based on total solubility solids index). After harvest, the fruits were transferred to the Flowering Biology and Fruit Laboratory of Tabriz University of agriculture and quality parameters such as fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acid (TA), fruit juice pH, vitamin C , Total phenol compositions, total flavonoid and total antioxidant capacity (DPPH) were evaluated. The results showed that pre-harvest application of spermidine had significant effects at 5% and 1% levels on the quality traits of peach fruit. In both varieties, fruit firmness, titrable acid, total phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin C and total antioxidant of fruit increased and fruit pH decreased slightly. The highest firmness of fruit, flavonoid, TSS and titratable acid were observed in “Gajirganat” cultivar and the highest total phenol, antioxidant and vitamin C were found in “Anjiri e Khooni” fruits. The highest values were observed in 5 mM spermidine and the lowest in control fruits. In both cultivars, the highest amount of fruit firmness, titratable acidity and flavonoids were observed in 3 and 5 mM spermidine.Peach (Prunus persica L.) is from the Rosaceae family and one of the most important fruit trees. Fruit quality is one of the important factors in the development and marketing of this product. Application of some chemicals and hormones have a great role in increasing the shelf life and quality of fruits. In this researc the effects of pre-harvest treatments of Spermidine on some fruit quality characteristics in two peach cultivars, an experiment to evaluate the possibility of increasing fruit quality in two peach cultivars (Anjiri e Khooni and Gajir Ganat) using different spermidine treatments (0, 1, 3 and 5 mM) in a randomized complete block design (RCD) with four replications. Spermidine foliar application was performed on peach trees 10 days before commercial arrival (based on total solubility solids index). After harvest, the fruits were transferred to the Flowering Biology and Fruit Laboratory of Tabriz University of agriculture and quality parameters such as fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acid (TA), fruit juice pH, vitamin C , Total phenol compositions, total flavonoid and total antioxidant capacity (DPPH) were evaluated. The results showed that pre-harvest application of spermidine had significant effects at 5% and 1% levels on the quality traits of peach fruit. In both varieties, fruit firmness, titrable acid, total phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin C and total antioxidant of fruit increased and fruit pH decreased slightly. The highest firmness of fruit, flavonoid, TSS and titratable acid were observed in “Gajirganat” cultivar and the highest total phenol, antioxidant and vitamin C were found in “Anjiri e Khooni” fruits. The highest values were observed in 5 mM spermidine and the lowest in control fruits. In both cultivars, the highest amount of fruit firmness, titratable acidity and flavonoids were observed in 3 and 5 mM spermidine.Peach (Prunus persica L.) is from the Rosaceae family and one of the most important fruit trees. Fruit quality is one of the important factors in the development and marketing of this product. Application of some chemicals and hormones have a great role in increasing the shelf life and quality of fruits. In this researc the effects of pre-harvest treatments of Spermidine on some fruit quality characteristics in two peach cultivars, an experiment to evaluate the possibility of increasing fruit quality in two peach cultivars (Anjiri e Khooni and Gajir Ganat) using different spermidine treatments (0, 1, 3 and 5 mM) in a randomized complete block design (RCD) with four replications. Spermidine foliar application was performed on peach trees 10 days before commercial arrival (based on total solubility solids index). After harvest, the fruits were transferred to the Flowering Biology and Fruit Laboratory of Tabriz University of agriculture and quality parameters such as fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acid (TA), fruit juice pH, vitamin C , Total phenol compositions, total flavonoid and total antioxidant capacity (DPPH) were evaluated. The results showed that pre-harvest application of spermidine had significant effects at 5% and 1% levels on the quality traits of peach fruit. In both varieties, fruit firmness, titrable acid, total phenolic, flavonoid, vitamin C and total antioxidant of fruit increased and fruit pH decreased slightly. The highest firmness of fruit, flavonoid, TSS and titratable acid were observed in “Gajirganat” cultivar and the highest total phenol, antioxidant and vitamin C were found in “Anjiri e Khooni” fruits. The highest values were observed in 5 mM spermidine and the lowest in control fruits. In both cultivars, the highest amount of fruit firmness, titratable acidity and flavonoids were observed in 3 and 5 mM spermidine.

In sour cherry, as in other species of the genus Prunus, there is a gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) phenomenon. In this research, relations between pollen and pistil of 10 superior sour cherry genotype were investigated by using biological and molecular methods. In biological methods, pollen grains are prepared in balloon stage (D phenological stage) and then after evaluating the growth and percentage of pollen germination in medium, in suitable time flowers were emasculated, open pollination, controlled self and cross pollination were carried out in the orchard. In the molecular method, PCR-based methods were used to identify S alleles. The results showed that the highest pollen germination was observed on the stigma in self-pollination, and regarding of the number of pollen tube at the upper and lower parts of the pistil and ovary, the highest was related to open pollinating. Nine known S-haplotypes (S4, S6, S9, S6m2, S24, S26, S35, S36b and S36a) were identified, that alleles S6/S6m2, S9, S24 have a high frequency. Our study showed the low diversity of S alleles between studied genotypes. According to the growth of pollen tubes in style and ovary in all cases of pollination all of studied genotypes are compatible.

The most important factors affecting the blossoming of trees in temperate regions is the amount of temperature received by the buds. In order to evaluation of chill and heat requirement in flower buds of three cultivars of sweet cherry (Zard mash-had, Zoodras and Siah Shabestar) and one genotype of sour cherry, an experiment was conducted at the flower biology laboratory of faculty of agriculture, Tabriz University in 2015.From the 3rd of Aban, branches of one year old with diameter and length of about 1 and 30 cm recpectively, each week after harvest from the tree were transferred to the growth chamber. The weight changes of buds during the dormancy were evaluated weekly and analyzed in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications so that each cultivar was selected as a main plot and four varieties and different sampling dates were selected as sub factor.5 different models were used for estimating of chilling requirement and also GDH model was the basis for determining the heat requirement of the bud. In all models sour cherry had the lowest (752 hours) and Siah Shabestar (961 hours) had the highest chilling requirement, and also Zoodras and Zard Mash-had were 780 and 867 hours. Sour Cherry and Siah Shabestar had the least and the most heat requirement (4053 and 5458 GDH) respectively and the value of this feature was 5421 and 4614 respectively, for Zard Mash-had and Zoodras. Also the highest and lowest fresh and dry weights before and after placement in the growth chamber were observed in Siah Shabestar and sour cherry respectively.

In order to study the effect of two commercial rootstocks and two mycorrhizal fungi species colonization on absorb some elements and fruit quality of greenhouse cucumber, present study was conducted in greenhouse.   a factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design with three replications was carried out, in the greenhouse of science and horticulture engineering department, University of Tabriz. The first factor was the grafting of cucumber cv. Nagin on the two rootstocks of Shintoza, and Routpower and symbiosis with two species of mycorrhizal fungi (Diversispora versiformis and Rhizophagus intraradices) considered as the second factor.     The results showed that there was a significant difference between the rootstock and species of mycorrhizal fungi in terms of qualitive traits. Inoculation of Shintoza with D. mycorrhizal fungi produced the most yield per square meter and increased the concentration of phosphorus and potassium in leaves. Also, in these treatments, qualitative traits such as total antioxidant capacity and total phenol content, fruit firmness, soluble solids content (TSS) were increased. In addition, other fruit quality charachteristics including pH and EC of fruit extract and titrable acidity of fruit were similar among all treatments.   the results showed that grafting of greenhouse cucumber on squash rootstock and using of mycorrhizal fungi to increase of fruit yield with minimal consumption of agricultural inputs, and quality characteristics and absorption of nutrients, for sustainable cucumber fruit production in greenhouse condition.

Apricot is one of the most important horticultural crops because of its attractive taste and nutritive value. Different cultivars of apricot contain highly variable content of ascorbic acid, cartenoids, and phenolic compound,which are good sourecs of antioxidant. Fuit quality is an important trait for concumers and producers. The purpose of this work was to estimate the effects of pre-harvest application of polyamines on quality characteristics of apricot fruits at the end of fruit ripening process.

The experiment was carried out as a factorial based on the randomized complete block design (three concentrations of spermidine at three harvesting time) with four replications. The selected branches of trees were sprayed as a pre-harvesting application method by three concentrations of spermidine (0, 2, and 3 mili molar) 7 days before commercial harvesting time. Fruits were harvested during harvesting times (3 days interval) and then some fruit characteristics such as total soluble solids (TSS), total ccidity (TA), vitamin C, firmness of fruit tissue, pH of fruit extract, total phenol, flavonoid, and total antioxidant capacity were measured in the laboratory of flower biology and fruit growth development at the department of horticulture, faculty of agiculture, university of Tabriz.

The results showed that the effects of different harvesting times were significant regarding all traits. The best results were observed in 3 mM spermidine and this treatment improved all the measured characteristics of fruit. The highest value of total antioxidant capacity (3.01%), vitamin C (3.29%), and fruit firmness (3.27%) were found in 3 mM spermidin at three harvesting times. In some characteristics such as TSS and TA, there was no significant difference between 2 and 3 mM spermidine, but among treated and non-treated fruit a full significant difference was observed. We assume that the second harvesting time can be the best harvesting time regarding fruit quality parameters. During fruit ripening, the amount of TSS and TA increased, while firmness, total phenolic, and flavonoids compounds and total antioxidant capacity decreased gradually.

Fruit physicochemical properties are very important for understanding the product behaviour during the harvesting, transporting, packaging, and storing of fruit crops. The results of this study showed that the pre-harvesting application of polyamines delayed the ripening and increased the quality of fruit during the different harvestings times.

Apricot fruit is a carbohydrate-rich commodity and is a good source of fibers, essential minerals, vitamins and organic acids. It is also rich in bioactive compounds i.e. polyphenols and carotenoids that have certain antioxidant character in biological system. It is consumed in fresh, dried and frozen forms or used for the preparation of jam, juices, nectars and extruded products. Therefore, apricot being an attractive nutritious fruit is appreciated by consumers and farmers all over the world and has gained great economic importance over the years. Apricot is a climacteric fruit that presents a high respiratory and metabolic rate and, among stone fruits, is the one that presents the highest ethylene emission. One of the major problems of apricots is the rapid postharvest softening, which limits its storability and marketability. These features results that, at the postharvest, have an extremely short shelf-life of only 1-2 weeks in the cold storage, and pass quickly from maturity to overripe. One of the major problems of apricots is the rapid postharvest softening, which limits its storability and marketability. For this reason, to have acceptable quality fruits, they must be stored with adequate techniques to limit the post-harvest losses. As apricot production and export increase, demands for practical methods of post-harvest quality retention are necessary to improve the post-harvest quality of apricots during postharvest life. Several pre- and postharvest technologies have been used to control postharvest losses, but the use of chemicals as fungicides is restricted in most countries and consumers demand agricultural commodities without pesticide residues. Consumers around the world demand for food of high-quality, without chemical preservatives, and extended shelf life. Therefore, an increased effort has been made to develop new natural preservatives and antimicrobials. Many storage techniques have been developed to extend the marketing distances and holding periods for commodities after harvest. Among these technologies, edible coatings are traditionally used to improve food appearance and preservation. Edible coatings are thin layers of edible material applied to the product surface in addition to or as a replacement for natural protective waxy coatings and provide a barrier to moisture, oxygen and solute movement. They are applied directly on the food surface by dipping, spraying or brushing. Edible coatings are used to create a modified atmosphere and to reduce weight loss during transport and storage. In fact, the barrier characteristics of gas exchange for films and coatings are the subjects of much recent interest. Recently, researchers have developed a gel based on Aloe vera that prolongs the conservation of fresh fruits. This gel is tasteless, colorless and odorless. This natural product is a safe and environmental friendly alternative to synthetic preservatives such as sulfur dioxide. This gel operates through a combination of mechanics, forming a protective layer against the oxygen and moisture of the air and inhibiting the action of micro-organisms that cause food-borne illnesses through its various antibacterial and antifungal compounds. Aloe vera gel-based edible coatings have been shown to prevent moisture and firmness losses, control respiratory rate and delay ripening process slow oxidative browning and reduce microorganism proliferation in fruits. Present study was conducted to evaluate the increasing of apricot storage time, introducing suitable cultivars based on Aloe vera gel coating, effects of Aloe vera gel on the qualitative characteristics of fruit and obtain the optimum concentration of Aloe vera gel required to coating apricot fruits.

Therefore, a factorial experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with four replications. The evaluated factors including cultivars “Dorosht-e Malayer” and “Ghermez-e Shahrood”, concentrations of Aloe vera gel [control (non-gel coating fruits), 25% and 33%] and storage time [0 (Harvest), 7, 14 and 21 d)]. Moreover, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), fruit firmness, pH, percentage of weight loss, antioxidant activity and vitamin C content were determined during storage time.

The results showed that treatment of apricot fruits with Aloe vera gel, especially at 33% concentration, significantly enhanced vitamin C content, titrable acidity, antioxidant capacity and improved tissue firmness, but also reduced soluble solids, weight loss and pH content. Moreover, it was found that vitamin C content, titratable acidity and fruit tissue firmness significantly decreased during storage time, while soluble solids content, weight loss and antioxidant capacity significantly increased. Among the cultivars, “Ghermez-e Shahrood” cultivar had higher soluble solids content, weight loss, pH and antioxidant capacity during storage time, whereas “Dorosht-e Malayer” cultivar had higher titrable acidity, tissue firmness and vitamin C at the end of storage time. double and triple interaction effects of evaluated factors significantly affected all characteristics, except in antioxidant activity, where just storage time had a significant effect. It was found that the highest vitamin C content in “Dorosht-e Malayer” and “Ghermez-e Shahrood” was obtained at the end of the second week in coated fruits with 33% of Aloe vera gel. TSS content in fruits of “Dorosht-e Malayer” cultivar that coated with 25% and 33% of Aloe vera gel was less than “Ghermez-e Shahrood” cultivar, while Aloe vera gel had no significant effect on TSS content in “Ghermez-e Shahrood” cultivar. Aloe vera gel had no defined pattern on TA concentration but generally, “Dorosht-e Malayer” fruits had higher TA concentration comparing “Ghermez-e Shahrood” fruits During the storage time, the fruit weight loss and firmness were higher in “Ghermez-e Shahrood” as compared with “Dorosht-e Malayer”, however, in the both evaluated cultivars, treatment with Aloe vera gel had a significant positive effect to controlling of fruit weight loss and firmness. Furthermore, coating with Aloe vera gel improved the antioxidant capacity in both evaluated cultivars.

Overall, according to the results, it can be concluded that as compared with “Ghermez-e Shahrood” cultivar, “Dorosht-e Malayer” cultivar showed better quality based on the evaluated parameters and maintained its quality for a longer time. As a conclusion, considering the positive effects of Aloe vera gel, it can be in order to increase the shelf-life and maintaining the quality of apricot fruits.

In order to study the effect of two commercial rootstocks and two mycorrhizal fungi species colonization on growth and yield of greenhouse cucumber,and the introduction of a suitable rootstock treatment with mycorrhizal fungi for cucumber greenhouse soil killings was performed.

a factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design with three replications, in the greenhouse, University of Tabriz was carried out. The first factor was the grafting of cucumber on the two rootstocks of Shintoza, and Routpower and symbiosis with two species of mycorrhizal fungi (Diversispora versiformis and Rhizophagus intraradices) considered as the second factor.

The results showed that there were significant differences between the rootstocks and the species of mycorrhizal fungi in aspect of growth, yield and qualitative traits. Plants inoculated with D. versiformis and grafted on Shintoza showed better growth parameter, concentration and fruit number and yield than other treatments. This treatment with 2086.76 g per plant had the highest fruit yield and non-grafted and non-mycorrhizal control plants with 787.94 g per plant had the lowest fruit yield. So about 164% fruit yield was increased in comparison with control.

simultaneous mycorrhizal fungi using of rootstock is one of the best ways to achieve optimal performance with minimal consumption of foreign inputs and Plants inoculated with D. versiformis and grafted on Shintoza showed better growth parameter. Therefore, the application of mycorrhizal fungi using of Shintoza rootstock is recommended for producing greenhouse cucumbers in soil conditions.

 The ability to tolerate cold will not be possible without stopping or inducing sleep, which is one of the important steps in the life cycle of plants in temperate regions. This period is one of the important factors in preventing cold damages in winter and spring in temperate regions. Various studies in controlled conditions on plants have shown that in plants, when entering and leaving this period, various changes occur in materials such as proteins, enzymes and hormones. In order to control the harmful effects of active oxygen species, plants have defense mechanisms. Catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes are a defensive team whose common goal is to defend against the destructive effects of active oxygen species. This study was carried out to determine the chill requirement and its relationship with the changes in the activity of antioxidants enzymes and proline.

 The experiment was conducted at agricultural Research Station of Khalat-Pooshan and the Laboratory of Flower Biology and Physiology of Fruit Growth in the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University in 2015-2016. Flower buds needed for testing were selected from ‘Siah Shabestar’, Zard Mashhad, Zoodras cultivars and a local genotype of sour cherry. Once a month, enough buds were harvested and until the experiments began, they were kept inside the freezer inside an aluminum foil at -80 ° C. In order to estimate the chill requirement, four replicates (4 geographic directions) from each cultivar and from each replication four branches with the same length and diameter were removed. The amount of chilling accumulation and chilling requirement in each month was calculated according to Utah model. In order to estimate fresh weight, four replicates in each cultivar were selected and in each replication five buds were selected from different parts of the branch. The statistical design used in the determination of the chill requirement was a randomized complete block design. Enzymatic and proline data were analyzed in a completely randomized design as factorial

 Chill requirement: Based on the Utah model, the chill requirement of sweet and sour cherry cultivars contains Zard Mashhad, Zoodras and Siah Shabestar were calculated 752, 780, 867 and 961 CU, respectively. There was a significant difference in the activity of superoxide dismutase enzymes between cultivars and different sampling times at 1% probability level. Siah Shabestar cultivars with the highest chill requirement had the lowest SOD enzymatic activity and Zard Mashhad and Zoodras were intermediate cultivars in terms of enzymatic activity. Sour cherries, which had the least chill requirement, showed the highest levels of SOD enzyme activity. This is consistent with the results of some researchers regarding apricot stated that the low chill apricot cultivars had the highest SOD enzymatic activity. The sour cherry had the highest amount of POX enzymatic activity with the least amount of chill requirement, and also Siah Shabestar has the least chill requirement. Like the two previous enzymes, the activity of catalase was highest in sour cherries and the lowest was observed in Siah Shabestar. In terms of the presence of free proline, there was no significant difference between the Zard Mashhad cultivars and Zoodras, while there was a significant difference between these two cultivars and Sour Cherry and Siah Shabestar. Zoodras cultivar has the highest and our cherry has the lowest amount of free proline. Between different cultivars, in terms of fresh weight of buds, there is a significant difference at 1% probability level before and after placement in the growth chamber. The increase in fresh weight of sour cherry and Zard Mashhad, Zoodras and Siah Shabestar cultivars were 25, 27, 31.5 and 33%, respectively. The highest fresh weight before and after placement in growth chamber was observed in Siah Shabestar and sour cherry was the lowest. In all the cultivars, the activity of all three enzymes were initially at maximum (369 CU), then, with the cooling of the air and the initiation of deep dormancy, the activity of these enzymes were greatly reduced (820 CU) and then again increased in the activity of this enzyme (963 CU), which is similar to other studies.

Conclusions :

The results of this study showed that the antioxidant metabolism in plants is influenced by seasonal cycle changes and enzymatic activity changes depending on temperature, so that sour cherry with the least chill requirement has the most activity of the enzyme catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and Siah Shabestar, which have the most chill requirement, have the least enzymatic activity. Accordingly, the enzymatic antioxidant system activity of the flower buds was relatively high at the beginning of the dormancy period, but decreased during the end of dormancy. Also, the amount of free proline at the end of dormancy and the stage of dormancy breaking was highest and the lowest was in the deep dormancy period.

Today, much attention is paid to the quality of fruits, including those of nuclear origin, with regard to their after-harvest life. The purpose of this research was to evaluate some of the qualitative traits during the final stages of growth and determine the time of harvesting apricot of Shahroodi cultivar according to the time and market of consumption. Apricot fruits were harvested in 3 different time intervals (distance between each harvest and another three days). Experiment was conducted on randomized complete block design in three treatments (different stages of harvesting) and four replications (main tree species). The measured qualitative traits included total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, fruit firmness, pH of fruit extract, phenol, flavonoid, total antioxidant capacity, anthocyanin, antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase) , Polyphenol oxidase) and total protein. All traits were significant at 5% level and changed during harvesting. Antioxidant enzymes increased during harvesting, except polyphenol oxidase, phenols and flavonoids decreased. According to the results, it seems that the best harvest time for this apricot is the second harvest.

In order to investigate the effects of different levels of salinity on growth indices, proline and chlorophyll content, nitrogen concentration, potassium, phosphorus and sodium contents of leaf and sodium concentration of root of GN15 hybrid rootstocks, as well as the activity of three antioxidant enzymes, an experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 4 salinity levels of 0, 35, 70 and 105 mg / L sodium chloride and 5 replicates in 1394. Different concentrations of sodium chloride were added to the pots containing these plants and after 100 days of salinity stress, these traits were measured. Results showed as increasing salinity levels, growth indices including plant length and diameter, leaf number and area, relative humidity content and leaf chlorophyll content decreased. This reduction was lower at concentration of 35 mm but was very severe at 105 mM. Concentration and efficiency uptake of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus decreased with increasing sodium chloride concentrations, and increased the concentration of sodium in leaves and roots and its uptake efficiency in leaves. The amount of proline in the root and leaf increased simultaneously with increasing salt concentrations, so that its amount reached a maximum at concentration of 70 mM (39 and 30 mg / g fresh weight). The activity of antioxidant enzymes was also increased by increasing the salt concentration up to 70 mM, so that SOD, POD and CAT of roots in this treatment were 150.2, 22.6,13 and for leavs were 183.8, 16.8 and 24 U/mg protein, respectively.

Recognition and evaluation of qualitative traits of peach fruit is an important step in breeding programs and preservation of germplasm. For this purpose, the qualitative and biochemical properties of 18 peach cultivars and genotypes in East Azarbayjan province were investigated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Some pomological traits like firmness, TSS, pH, TA, vitamin C, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, total flavonoid and total anthocyanin of peel and flesh were evaluated. In order to determine the relationship between traits, a Pearson correlation between traits was calculated. Results showed that the effect of cultivar and genotype on the traits was significant at P

In order to evaluate the effect of Benzyl Adenine (BA) on qualitative characteristics and shelf life of plum fruits CV “Gold Drops”, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment different concentrations of BA (0, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg L-1) were applied as a foliar application. After harvesting, fruits were stored at 0.5-1 °C and 90% relative humidity for 6 weeks. Fruit characteristics including weight loss, firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity, phenolic and total flavonoid content, were measured once a week at Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. The results showed that effects of BA treatments and storage time were significant in all traits. The lowest percentage of weight loss was found at 125 mg L-1 BA in the first week of storage. The highest and lowest content of TSS were obtained at 125 mg L-1 BA during the six weeks of storage and control treatment in the first week, respectively. The amount of ascorbic acid gradually reduced during storage and the lowest content was found at the end of storage. The highest phenol content of fruit was occurred in 125 mg L-1 BA in the 2nd week and the lowest one in control at the 6th week of storage. According to these findings, BA spraying can bear positive effects on postharvest quality sustainment and shelf life of plum fruit.

The selection of the appropriate almond cultivars (Prunus dulcis Mill.) in dry and semi-arid regions like Iran in order to produce the optimal product is the importance. In order to study tolerance to water deficit stress, One-year old plants five almond cultivars/ genotypes on the GN15, A factorial experiment was conducted with a RCD which included 3 irrigations factors, 5 genotype factors and 3 replications. Three deficit-irrigation including moderate and severe stress (soil water potential, Ψsoil = -0.8 and -1.6 MPa, respectively) and a control treatment (Ψsoil= -0.33 MPa)  and genotypes/cultivars included: ‘K3-3-1’, ‘H’, ’13-40’, ‘Sahand’ and ‘Ferragness’ grafted on GN15 rootstock in research stations horticulture sahand (Agricultural and natural resources research center of Eastern Azerbaijan).Investigation on growth traits in this study, the number of internod, Proline, protein, total phenol, and total caratnoiede found in the leaves, the percentage of ion leakage (% EL) and chlorophyll fluorescence were evaluated. The results showed that with increasing severity of stress, Proline concentration in cultivar sahand and genotype H (respectively 83.13 and 84. 2 mg/kg) had the highest and genotype 13-40 with 53.65 mg Proline has the lowest. Cultivar ferragnes/ GN15 and 13-40/GN15 had 16.28 and 11.48 mg total protein in leaves. The total amount of phenol in the leaves of almond cultivars from 698 in the treatment control to treatment of severe drought stress to 948 mg equivalent of gallic acid per g. Cultivar Sahand with phenol mg equivalent of gallic acid per g had most activities showed and average percent leakage of electrolytes (% EL) from the 11. 59 to 59% inthe extreme drought stress increased. Severe dehydration stress by increasing the minimum amount of fluorescence and reduce the maximum fluorescence due to reducing the fluorescence rang on the plants and ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) from .083 in the control plants to 0. 76 in Sahand leaves .this amount in Ferragness’ leaves from0.81 to 0. 77 was reduced. Therefore, reduction in dry weight, leaf area and number of leaves and increasing special weight of leaves was observed. By reducing the number of internode, the overall growth of young plants reduced. Five cultivars and genotypes on GN15 in moderate stress tension (Ψw =-0.8 Mpa) of were showned tolerance but in extreme stress (Ψw =-1.6 Mpa) , Sahand, Ferragness’ and only partly H genotype were tolerated but two genotypes K3-3-1, and 1340 in severe stress condation showned dehydrated and over 80% of the leaves are falled, and these genotype as the most sensitive and cultivars sahand and Ferragness’  as the most tolerant and Hgenotype with average tolerance to severe stress on the rootstock of the GN15 were diagnosed.

In this study, 24 peach genotypes were studied to determine the overall degree of polymorphism and to detect similarities among early, medium and late ripening peach genotypes by morphological and microsatellite (SSR) markers. Morphological characters in three groups based on ripening time (early ripening from 74 to 119 DAFB, medium ripening from 120 to 160 DAFB and late ripening more than 160 DAFB).were considered according to UPOV peach descriptor. The variation was observed for traits related to morphology and fruit quality. Among the early ripening genotypes of peach, a crispy texture (called slow ripening) was detected. Factor analysis showed that the first four factors explained 86.74% of the total variation among the 24 genotypes. Cluster and principal component analysis showed a considerable phenotypically diversity in the peach germplasm. The cluster analysis by Wards method divided the genotypes into three main groups. In order to estimate their genetic diversity and to clarify their possible relationships, 20 SSR primer pairs, were used. A total of 112 alleles were produced with an average of 6.5 alleles per locus. The number of alleles (Na) varied from three for BPPCT036 to 10 for the UDP98-406. The effective number of allele (Ne) ranged from 2.08 in BPPCT036 to 06.06 for UDP98-414 with an average of 57.3 per locus. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.33 for BPPCT036 to 0.85 for UDP98-414 with an average of 0.70 per locus. The cluster analysis divided the genotypes into four groups. The Kosari peacch was isolated in one subgroup. The second group consisted of two subgroups; most of them were late harvest genotypes.

Different species of Citrus are sensitive to low temperature stress. Today plant growth regulators are used to reduce the negative effects of stress on plants. In this study, physiological and biochemical changes in the peel and pulp of Citrus fruits treated with different concentrations of putrescine and proline under low temperatures were investigated. The selected branches were sprayed with putrescine (0, 5 and 10 mM) and proline (0, 15 and 20 mM), 24 hours before exposure to low temperatures. Then, the treated bearing branches were exposed to temperatures of +1, -1 and -3 °C for three hours. Results of the study indicated that in control trees of both Citrus species, low temperature decreased the rate of reduction in sugars concentration, while the amounts of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and soluble solids in peel and pulp of both Citrus species were increased. The amount of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and soluble solids increased in fruits treated with proline and putrescin compared to control. The highest amounts of these parameters were observed in samples treated with proline at 20 mM and putrescine at 10 mM.

Plum as a fruit is used in fresh market or processed form. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest application of methyl jasmonate on qualitative characteristics and shelf life of plum cv" Gold Drop". Experiment was carried out as a factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Treatments were included in five levels of methyl jasmonate (0, 5.0, 1, 5.1, 2 mM) that were used as spray on selected branches of trees. After harvesting, fruits were stored at 2 °C and 95% relative humidity for 6 weeks. The qualitative characteristics including firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenol- and flavonoid, total antioxidant activity and pH of fruit juice were measured every week. The results showed that methyl jasmonate had significant effects on qualitative traits and shelf life of fruits. The pH of fruit juice in treated fruits were less than control and the amount of soluble solids, firmness, titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenol- and flavonoid and antioxidant activity in treated fruits were more than control fruits. Methyl jasmonate at 2 mM concentration were resulted in better preservation vitamin C, soluble solids, pH, firmness, phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity was compared to other concentrations.

In this research water relations, gas exchange and leaf temperature in five almond genotype/cultivars grafted on GN15 rootstock in response to deficit irrigation stress were studied. Factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five cultivars (Sahand, Ferragness, 13-40, H and K3-3-1) and three levels of irrigation (available water, 70% and 40% available water) in Horticultural Research Station of Sahand. Results showed relative water content (RWC) decreased from 21% to 32%, leaf water potential (Ψleaf) dropped to -4.8 MPa and electrolyte leakage (EL%) increased from 53% to 59% in sensitive genotypes (K3-3-1 and 13-40). In sensitive genotypes photosynthesis and stomatal conductance decreased 70% till 75% in response to severe deficit stress. Water deficit stress promoted water use efficiency (WUE) up to 6 to 7 folds in drought tolerant genotypes. Leaf temperature difference in the morning and noon (ΔT) significantly decreased in drought tolerant genotypes. Reducing stomatal conductance and the ability to maintain RWC involved in almond genotypes in drought tolerance mechanisms. Negative significant correlation between leaf temperature difference and photosynthesis found. We suggested that ΔT could be used as a simple measurement for determining water stress in almond genotypes and monitoring water stress in the irrigation management of almond orchards. Finally, it was concluded that ferragness cultivar, Sahand and H genotypes on GN15 rootstock better act under severe stress tolerance.

The effects of postharvest oxalic acid (OA) treatment on ethylene production, fruit quality, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of peach fruit, were examined. Fruits were treated with oxalic acid immediately after harvest and stored at 1° C and 90% relative humidity for 28 days. The oxalic acid treated peach fruit exhibited significantly lower levels of ethylene production, pH, total soluble solids and weight loss and higher levels of firmness and titratable acidity than control. Also, OA treated fruit exhibited significantly higher total antioxidant capacity, which resulted from higher total phenols and flavonoids accumulation. During storage, activity of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased in both control and treated peaches, and peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in OA treated fruit were significantly greater than those in control. But, there was no significant difference in catalase activity between OA treated and control fruit. Results suggested that OA treatments could be a promising strategy to delay softening and enhance the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of peaches.

In order to investigate the effects of pre-harvest salicylic acid (SA) treatments on fruit quality and antioxidant activity of two apricot cultivers (Shakarpareh and Shamlou), an experiment was conducted, based on complete randomized blocks design. Apricot trees were treated with four concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 mM) 6 days before harvesting. Fruit were harvested on physiological ripening in both cultivars and some characteristics such as fruit firmness, total soluble solid (TSS) contents, titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid content, total phenolic contents and total anti-oxidant activity were determined in treated and non-treated fruit. Results showed that pH and TSS were decreased in chemical-treated fruit but TA, fruit firmness, total flavonoids and total phenol were increased significantly in both cultivars. Salicylic acid treatments had no significant effect on ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity. The highest value of fruit firmness, TA, total phenol content in Shakarpareh were observed using 4.5 mM SA but the lowest value were found in non-treated fruit. The highest flavonoid contents in this cultivar were recorded in the 3 mM SA. In Shamlou cultivar, the highest value of fruit firmness, TA and total flavonoids were observed in 3 mM SA.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the proline and enzymes changes after termination of chilling requirement and during heat accumulation. Four apricot cultivars including “Tabarzeh”, “Shekarpareh”,”Shamloo” and “Asgarabad” were selected at Khalaat Pooshan Agricultural Research Station, Tabriz University, Iran. In this study, changes in enzyme activity of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase as well as proline content were measured monthly just after the end of dormancy period until 50% blooming for each cultivar. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a significant difference in enzymes activity within different cultivars. Enzymes activity had the minimum value immediately after terminating chilling requirement while reached the maximum value during the bloom. Comparing the average superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activity in different cultivars showed that “Asgarabad“ had the highest enzyme activity in March with the 3254 Grow Degree Hour (GDH), while the least amount of enzyme activity was recorded in “Tabarze“ during February with 214 GDH. Also, significant change in proline content was revealed in studied cultivars at different sampling times, so that, the highest and lowest proline contents was observed in “Tabarzeh” with 254 GDH and “Asgaraabad” with 214 GDH, respectively.

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid by consumers to cornelian cherry fruit, which is rich in antioxidants. This research was carried out based on a randomized complete block design for evaluation of the variations in some quantitative and qualitative properties of cornelian cherry fruits during the last stages of maturation in 2015. Fruits were harvested at 4 different times and from 4 main geographical directions of the tree and were then immediately transferred to the laboratory. Several parameters such as dimension (length and width), weight, firmness, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TA), TSS/TA ratio, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, and total antioxidant capacity of the fruits were investigated. The results showed that the effect of different harvest dates on all traits was significant (P