جمال سلیمی

The purpose of this research is to present a new paradigm for the success of schools through the development of family-school partnership.

The research approach is interpretive and qualitative, following the framework proposed by Edmonds & Kennedy (2017), utilizing a descriptive narrative strategy. The research was conducted in Kurdistan province, with potential participants including principals from primary, middle, and high schools in Sanandaj. Ultimately, 15 principals were purposefully selected (heterogeneous sampling) and invited to participate using an episodic interview protocol. The collected data were coded and analyzed using the thematic network method.

The findings regarding the first question revealed that the aspect of parenting (such as supervisory and supportive actions) represented the most common experience among principals, while community cooperation (acting as school ambassadors) was the least experienced. In addressing the second question, principals followed a hierarchical approach. They first believed that open-mindedness is crucial for school principals to listen to others' perspectives and engage in self-criticism. Subsequent steps included fostering an inclusive culture for all students to promote collective care and a peaceful environment, community-centered leadership to build mutual trust with parents and community members, and ultimately, creating a scholarly community to transform community members into drivers of learning, which are key strategies for enhancing family-school participation.

Paying attention to the different methods of interaction between the school and other institutions, especially the family, can provide different fields for the academic progress of students.

The current research aimed to study the concept, dimensions and examples of research productivity in Iran's higher education system from the perspective of university professors. The research used a qualitative strategy and was carried out with the phenomenological method. The participants of the research included 21 professors with the scientific rank of associate professor and professor with the most scientific references in the universities of Kurdistan, Razi Kermanshah, Ilam, and Buali Sina Hamedan, purposefully selected and data collection continued until reaching theoretical saturation. Data was collected using the semi-structured interview tool. Using the alignment method, the validity of the data was confirmed. The thematic analysis method was employed using MAXQDA qualitative analysis software to analyse the data. The results of the research showed that research productivity included four themes: the responsiveness of the research (modernity, reference and comprehensiveness of expertise), the originality of the research problem (scientific, professional and applied originality), the pioneering aspect of the research (increasing the knowledge capital), and scientific understanding and transparency are the nature and scope of research. The dimensions and components of research productivity were also identified in three main dimensions: technical, content and communication. The technical dimension included internal consistency, citation validity, reliability and validity of the tool. The content dimension showed the nature and existence of the research undertaken with the appropriate method. The functional dimension indicated the results obtained by undertaking research and scientific work

The aim of this research is to explore how parental literacy is related to academic enthusiasm and academic boredom among secondary school students with learning disabilities.

The study is classified as "applied" due to its purpose and "descriptive-survey" due to its method. The population consisted of all 250(92 girls and 63 boys) secondary school students (7th to 9th graders) who have learning disabilities and attend special education schools in the Kurdistan Province during 2022 and 2023.To determine the sample size, the Krejcie & Morgan table was used to select 155 students. Data was collected using a parent literacy questionnaire developed by the researchers (PLQ), an academic enthusiasm questionnaire by Fredricks, Blumenfeld & Paris (QAE), and an academic boredom questionnaire by Pekrun, Götz, Titz, and Perry (QAB). Data analysis was performed using SPSS26, and the structural equation model fit was performed using the Smart PLS3 package.

The findings indicated a significant association between parental literacy and academic enthusiasm and academic boredom in secondary school students with learning disabilities, where parental literacy is capable of explaining 89% of the variance in academic enthusiasm and academic boredom.

These results suggest that parental literacy can enhance students' enthusiasm and lessen academic boredom.

The narrative experiences of international students from foreign universities have addressed a vital aspect of their studies in international environments. These experiences play an important role in cultural exchange and the promotion of higher education. In addition to raising awareness about the challenges and opportunities presented by a new culture, the academic experiences of international students at foreign universities have been proposed as a crucial step toward internationalizing education. Studying at foreign universities exposes students to a variety of educational environments and provides them with diverse learning approaches, ideologies, and perspectives. This experience not only helps promote individuals' educational and research skills but also has a deeper and broader impact on the cultural and social development of students. The present study provides a comprehensive review of the experiences of foreign students at Kurdistan University. According to the latest 2021-22 results from the USA News Institute, Kurdistan University achieved a ranking of 13th among the country's comprehensive universities and 1434th among the world's leading scientific institutions. The main objective of this study is to understand the meaning of studying and the application methods used by foreign students at the university. As sub-stories, this survey examines in detail the life and educational experiences of students and attempts to understand the different dimensions of education at Kurdistan University from the perspective of students' daily personal lives. Using a narratology approach, this study examined the life experiences of 14 participants selected through Malachi's sampling technique from the foreign student population. To select individuals for this study, criteria such as at least two years of prior study at Kurdistan University were considered, along with experiences and memories to express during their periods studying abroad. To collect data, a narrative interview charter was used in an episodic manner. This type of interview is designed to evoke and retrieve participants' past experiences in the form of short narratives, presented during dialogue. Then, analysis and coding of the interview transcripts were done using the three-step theoretical coding method (open, axial, and selective). The present study also examined the experiences of 14 foreign students at Kurdistan University. Text analysis of the interviews was carried out, resulting in 208 open codes, 34 axial codes, and 10 selective codes. These codes included personal growth, personal skills development, job opportunities, travel and discovery, optimism about studying abroad, collectivization of the academic process, communication barriers, cultural shocks, and challenges to academic reputation. From the participants' experiences, it became clear that foreign students tend to categorize their experiences as either pleasant or unpleasant. Some believe that studying abroad is an unparalleled experience that, in addition to benefiting society and their home country, allows students to foster individual development, explore the new world, develop personal skills, and improve job opportunities. This experience plays an important role in personal growth, improving social and economic conditions, and transforming worldviews across different student societies. The positive economic and social impacts of this experience indicate an investment in the future of students. Promoting individual skills and increasing the knowledge level of these students will not only have personal effects but will also help improve social and economic conditions. Considering the increasing importance of international student recruitment, it is essential to give special attention to the issue of sociocultural integration. In interviews with international students, there are clearly some problems in their connections with Iranian students, faculty, and staff. These relationships are influenced by various cultural factors such as values, traditions, habits, and beliefs. Cultural shock is a fundamental element in this process, arising from differences in values and traditions between the societies of origin and destination. This shock plays an important role in people's interactions with a variety of factors such as climate, language, social roles, behavioral rules, and communicative tensions. In the face of the challenges of cultural adaptation, it is important for the academic community to provide support and facilitation. Positive actions and support from Iranians and the people of Kurdistan toward international students can lead to the creation of dialogue and discussion panels among university community members. These panels not only help to improve the integration process but also help to address issues associated with cultural shock. Another finding indicated that the majority of the international students interviewed expressed considerable dissatisfaction with the attitudes and administrative procedures of the organization. With the increasing importance of attracting foreign students as a national priority and the potential negative effects of any administrative barriers on the future of higher education in the country, it seems necessary for the authorities to provide justification on various aspects of this sensitive subject. It is also recommended to conduct special training courses to improve the communication and cognitive skills of officers. On the other hand, if foreign students' academic institutions are introduced to social regulations, civil laws, and civil rights laws in Iran, these should be seriously considered by the relevant organizations and institutions, including municipalities, immigration police, passport administration offices, and ministries of foreign affairs. In some cases, sufficient information about the details of amenities such as dormitories, hostels, student buses, etc. was not provided to international students before they entered the university. This has led to discontent among some students. These students, on the other hand, face considerable challenges and barriers in accessing information and communication technology, all of which relate to the externally-organized problems of Kurdistan University. It should be noted that from the viewpoint of the interviewees, the educational activities of the Persian Language Teaching Center, the abilities of non-Persian speaking faculty, play an important role in conveying a positive image of the university before international students' admission. Additionally, the warm reception of foreign students by people in the region has increased their satisfaction with being present in Kurdistan province. On the other hand, the professional and friendly behavior of many professors and employees at the University of Kurdistan has created a positive impression of the university. Cultural similarities between the people of Sanandaj and a number of neighboring countries have also led to a sense of rapport among the students. Given the increasing population of international students and the growing competition among countries to attract these students, the authorities of higher education in Iran must pay special attention to providing adequate conditions for the sociocultural integration and residency of international students. This is because international students can serve as sources of future skilled labor.

The connected approach structure aims to enhance students' abilities and elucidate the nature of knowledge, the goals, and the fundamental values of the mission of education and research. The purpose of this study was to assess the status of undergraduate educational programs in the fields of "basic sciences, engineering, humanities, and social sciences" based on connected approach dimensions, as perceived by professors and students at the University of Kurdistan.

This survey study followed a descriptive research approach. The statistical population included a total of 483 professors and 6,612 students from three selected faculties. A sample of 112 professors and 323 students was randomly selected. Data were collected using the standard approach Connected Curriculum in Higher Education questionnaire by Dilly Fung (2017).

The results indicated that most of the connected curriculum approach dimensions were rated below average from the perspective of both students and professors across all three faculties. There were significant differences in opinions between professors and students within certain dimensions and across faculties.

Conclusion and Suggestions: 

Based on the findings, it is recommended that educational policymakers re-evaluate the existing aspects of Iran's higher education system, address its shortcomings, and create a more conducive environment for integrating education and research

Considering the experiences of agents and university and ministerial managers as well as experts in the field of higher education, the present research is an attempt to study and examine the challenges, opportunities and consequences of Corona on the main functions of higher education. The approach of qualitative research and its method was interpretive phenomenology. The participants of the research, who were purposefully selected, included 38 agents and university and ministerial managers, as well as experts in the field of higher education in universities and the central headquarters of the Ministry of Science and Research. The data collection process continued until theoretical saturation was reached and the data was collected through a semi-structured interview. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and validated using the alignment method. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis method in the MAXQDA software environment. The results of the research included three themes of the challenges of higher education in the Corona era (in the fields of education, research and management of human and financial resources), the opportunities of the Corona crisis for the higher education system (educational justice, fundamental transformation, critical rethinking of the functions of higher education, a new opportunity to face with the reality of virtual education, a new opportunity to address the fundamental questions and challenges related to them) and the consequences of Corona on the main functions of Iran's higher education system (consequences of policy making in the administrative-education sector, consequences of the research field, and human-social consequences).
Corona is one of the examples of the tragic but real crisis that the world and mankind faced in almost three years. This phenomenon was so widespread that made the pillars of the educational systems face a doubt and forced the educational systems to multiple and sometimes contradictory reactions. In the meantime, strategies such as temporary closure of school and university centers, fifty percent attendance, emphasis on the development of virtual and electronic education, etc., were adopted. What was very important in the meantime was the effort to observe educational justice and equality so that the weakness of the infrastructure and facilities does not prevent maximum access to education. This has had short, medium and long-term effects on higher education structures, the lives of students, families, researchers and university administrators. In the policy-making dimension, it has induced the necessity of reviewing the structures, types of policies, decision-making, research, financial resources, and interactions outside the university. Considering the structure of the higher education and the dynamism and uncertainty of this large scientific community, the policies and programs considered for it must have a special dynamism and innovation, and a university manager should regard Chaos theory and be ready for unforeseen crises like the Corona virus era.
Policymakers play a very important role in the education system; because each component in the system is implemented based on their decisions. The constructive role of the policy maker includes monitoring the size and organizational scope of higher education, designing policies for the development of universities, planning for recruiting, maintaining and improving human resources, improving teaching methods, organizing and compiling curriculum content based on the needs of the learners, and attention to the development of original researches based on the development of science. This role of the policymakers in higher education, which is experiencing its peak of uncertainty during the Corona epidemic, has become doubly important, while higher education was forced to change its policy, from face-to-face to online education. Therefore, according to the changes, the policymakers should plan and make decisions in such a way that the quality of education is improved, educational justice is established, and the learner and the teacher feel safe and effective in the new learning environment.
The policies of Iran's higher education during the Corona epidemic to prevent its damage were mostly temporary and based on case-by-case problem solving, and its only purpose was to prevent the closure of education. The policies used for higher education suffered from the lack of strategic planning for the crisis period and the lack of future research by innovative managers, and its effect on the quality of education was noticeable. In this situation, universities need appropriate models and tools in order to fulfill their important and dynamic tasks. In other words, the country's higher education system should strive to increase the efficiency and optimal use of the funds available in the country with detailed planning in education, research and human resources.
Many believe that the only condition for the successful implementation of virtual education programs is to be based on the results of educational, and psychological research. Universities face the challenges of online courses such as the low digital capabilities of professors and students, inappropriate Internet infrastructure and network problems, the lack of learning platforms and user-friendly educational content, the challenge of motivation and retention. In order to pass electronic courses, students need to compile and accept the regulations and pedagogy of electronic education and face challenges in the field of accepting electronic education charters and electronic evaluation. Today, education is faced with new communication tools and environments and new technology which is a constructive and transformative challenge for professors, for which there is no textbook. The management of higher education during the Corona indicated that although the focus was on immediate issues, the university needs a way of considering critical situations as an opportunity to rethink and re-evaluate elements of the student experience, admission, graduation needs, and exams. Artificial borders in education can be removed so that all people in all regions have access to the same educational resources and information. Educational and social justice can be established and expanded by using all human capacities. The necessity of making university and academic education smart and the use of new educational technologies such as augmented reality, virtual reality, and virtual education in smart environments, along with face-to-face education, was fully felt, and learning communities and new forms of learning emerged. The university realized that in order to succeed in regaining its power and position, it must revise its communication policies and the output of its activities must be something that will ultimately leave an impact on the society.

Todays, academic identity has been constantly criticized by some researches. They claim academic identity has lost. But some academics do not accept this criticism to all disciplines and they consider the humanities and social sciences to be ineffective. One way to find out this identity is to explore the discourse that governs dissertation defense sessions. The present research aimed to investigate the issue in a marginal university through ethnographic method. Due to achieve the aim, 31 observations of senior and doctoral defense sessions in various fields as well as 35 interviews with students, referee and guidance team were conducted. The results showed that only chemistry and physics disciplines rely on professional identity in defense sessions and accordingly the content of the dissertation is scrutinized. But in other academic disciplines, the dominant discourse of defense sessions is a formalist discourse in which the refereeing and supervisory teams devote all their time to the dissertation form and ultimately the method, and forget the content produced. Based on the institutional theory, the disciplines that have been formalized cannot be considered ineffective. Because the external environment of the university accepts and legitimizes the discourse of experimental disciplines, and because of this, there is an opportunity for professional discourse.  This issue is not true to other disciplines, and its actors have no choice except to resort to form and method to protect their identity.

The present study was conducted to identify the competencies of managers of e-learning (virtual) approach in the Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan Branch. This study is a combination of meta-analysis of qualitative research. The studied statistical population in the qualitative part of the research is based on the data theory of the foundation. The research method is data based on the type of research. The statistical population of experts (at least 5 years of management experience) 30 people were selected by snowball method. The method of data collection was interview to theoretical saturation. The methods of data analysis were open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The results of the analysis of the interviews showed that the meritocracy components of the managers of the Islamic Azad University of Khuzestan Province led to the identification of 186 items, 12 components and 4 dimensions. In a small part, Friedman test was used and priorities were used based on mean weighting. Specialized - knowledge competencies (educational competencies, research competencies, scientific competencies, skill competencies), communicative competencies (individual competencies, organizational competencies, social competencies), competencies Structural-professional orientation (technological and technological competencies, intellectual competencies, personality competencies) Moral-value competencies (doctrinal competencies, spiritual "religious and cultural" competencies) were formed.

The aim of this study was to identify the experiences and perceptions of faculty members about the concept of research. The approach of interpretive research and its strategy was phenomenology and the field of research of Kurdistan, Hamedan, Kermanshah and Ilam universities. The sample size reached 15 people using semi-structured interview tools and with maximum diversity according to the criterion of theoretical saturation, which were selected by purposive sampling method and data were collected and by means of harmonization method. Data validation verified. Data analysis was performed with a descriptive-analytical approach using coding at both open and axial levels with the help of MAXQDA software. The results include four basic concepts and categories of research as a technical act, research as an individual action, research as a social action and research as a value. Each category has sub-components. Achieving all-round development and progress is not possible without proper use of research findings, so decision-making in decision-making systems requires that a suitable environment for the growth and development of researchers is a priority

One of the most important indicators in educational policy making and planning is the study of educational stakeholders (whether their experience, knowledge, satisfaction, or their needs and interests). The purpose of this research is to evaluate the experience of international students studying in the University of Kurdistan

This study was conducted with a quantitative and survey approach. The statistical population of this research includes 536 international students of Kurdistan University, among whom 112 people were selected as samples. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed in two stages: first, the demographic information of the sample was reported using descriptive statistics, then to check the normality of the data distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to compare the averages, depending on the number of groups, from the tests Independent t test and one-way analysis of variance are used.

Studying at the University of Kurdistan is a positive and beneficial experience for international students. The findings show that the academic performance of these students has improved significantly during their studies, indicating the good quality of education at this university. Additionally, studying at this university has broadened students' perspectives on cultural differences and improved their language skills. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills, which require further attention. Overall, there are opportunities to enhance the quality of education and respond to specific educational needs of this group of students, which the university authorities should consider.

The results indicate the high quality of education at the University of Kurdistan and the ability of this university to respond to the educational needs of international students. In this regard, to improve the experience of this category of students, it is recommended to strengthen international educational programs, promote cultural interactions, and increase financial support. Creating interactive spaces and paying attention to the development of language skills can also help to improve the academic and cultural performance of foreign students in Kurdistan University.

Innovation and originality: 

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying and solving the challenges faced by the international students of Kurdistan University and it can play an key role in increasing the ability of this university to attract international students. Also, the findings of this research can be used in higher education policies related to accepting and supporting international students.

One of the components of measuring the productivity, quality and effectiveness of the higher education system is to cultivate the entrepreneurial spirit of students in any university. One of the most important influential variables in this component is critical thinking and tendencies and thinking styles. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to investigate the relationship between critical tendencies in cultivating students' entrepreneurial spirit. The statistical population of the study included students of Kurdistan University who were selected as a sample using stratified random sampling method. The California Critical Attitudes Questionnaire (CCTDI) and the Entrepreneurial Mood Questionnaire were used to collect data. The results of this study showed that the average of entrepreneurship components among students of Kurdistan University is above average and also there is a high correlation (85%) between critical tendencies and entrepreneurial spirit. The results of this study confirm that those who have a high level of critical tendencies and truth-seeking, open-mindedness (intellectual), analytical, intellectual systematization, selfconfidence, curiosity and cognitive maturity in them. They are at a high level, have a higher entrepreneurial spirit, and are more likely to do new and original work.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the tendency of executive managers of University of Kurdistan towards self-improvement skills of a leader. This research methods were purposeful, applied, and descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the study included all executive managers of University of Kurdistan (85 people). Of these, 63 people were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using a 60-item questionnaire consisting of components of job involvement, control source, organizational commitment, self-efficacy and metacognition whose reliability coefficient was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS23 and SMART PLS2 statistical software. Pearson correlation test, Chi-square test, Kendall test, one-sample t-test, Friedman test and path analysis were used in data analysis. The results showed that there was a significant relationship regarding the evaluation of the variables that determine the leader's tendency towards self-improvement including the source of control, job involvement, organizational commitment, metacognition, self-efficacy, motivation and self-regulation of managers. In addition, in examining the relationships between these variables, there was a significant relationship. Finally, the model used in the research was confirmed by the path analysis test.

The aim of this study was to investigate the adequacy of preparation and appointment of school district superintendents using a qualitative analytical approach and the interpretive phenomenology method. The statistical population of the study consisted of six superintendents and 18 professional teachers from the Uramanat school districts. Participants were selected purposively using the snowball sampling method. Data collection continued using in-depth semi-structured interviews until reaching theoretical data saturation. A three-step coding method was used for data analysis. The results of the data analysis show that superintendents perceive political, social, and family backing as affective factors in the appointment of superintendents. Teachers perceive political and family backing, acknowledging supporters, and political investment as affective factors in the appointment of superintendents.

Environmental education is one of the most important factors in promotion of public awareness about the environment. In particular, educating children will have a deeper impact. This study aims to present a model for evaluating environmental beliefs and attitudes of students and the factors influencing them. The proposed model has three scales. We studied past research, organizational experiences and viewpoints of experts on environmental education. In addition to offering a scale to measure environmental attitudes of students and the factors influencing them, we introduce a comprehensive and important model for such task. This research falls in the descriptive-review category. The results indicate the usefulness of taking three dimensions of the Manly, Johnson and Donloob model (2007) comprising the rights of nature, human liberty, and economic and critical aspects. To measure any of these dimensions it is necessary to use the approved environmental approach for children of Manley, Johnson and Dunlop (2007) and those concerning the relationship between man and nature offered by Lee and Long (2012).

This research was conducted with the aim of designing and presenting a model of competency for managers of the Islamic Azad University of Khuzestan province with the approach of virtual education. The research method of this study is a mixed research. The statistical population studied in the qualitative part of the research was based on grounded theory. The statistical population of all the experts who have at least 5 years of managerial experience, experts in the field of meritocracy, and have experience and publications, 30 people were selected as a sample using the purposeful snowball sampling method. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and in the 30th interview, the data reached theoretical saturation and the interviews were stopped.The results of the analysis of the interviews showed that the competency components of the Islamic Azad University of Khuzestan led to the identification of 186 items, 12 components and 4 dimensions. Expert-knowledge competencies (educational competencies, research competencies, scientific competencies, skill competencies), communicative competencies (individual competencies, organizational competencies, social competencies), Structural-professional competency (technological competencies, intellectual competencies, personality competencies) moral-value competencies (doctrinal competencies, spiritual competencies "religious and cultural").

Concepts of spirituality and spiritual development in both religious and secular views have been studied by Humanities researchers. A significant amount of research relevant to both adults and teenagers, but recently spirituality and spiritual development of young children have been studying. What is important in this context, looking at the audience (people) to the subject of spirituality and that is what he sees in spirituality. In the 21st century, young people greatly monitored from religious institutions, as well as some of the government and religion-based political structures. Current research is the phenomenography study to survey the experiences and a perspective of students about the concept of spirituality (what, and how, it is possible education and spiritual aspects of a person's behavior). The populations of this research are graduate students the University of Kurdistan. Researchers selected some of this student by Criterion Sampling and try to explore the spirituality from their point of views based on their experience. Semi-structured interviews have been used to collecting of data. Based on the results four categories have given in: aspects of spirituality, the ability of spiritual education, factors affecting education, spirituality and spiritual characteristics of individuals classified.

It has been a long time which many experts of strategic management have found that about 50 to 90 percent of the formulated strategies either not implemented at all, or their implementation have poor results. As a result, a wave of researches has examined the obstacles to strategy implementation. The present research aimed to integrate the obstacles of the strategic implementation in Iranian government organizations into cohesive set. The research strategy was research synthesis. By referring to the most important databases in Iran, 40 articles were received and validated through CASP method. To analyze the data, inductive and deductive content analysis were conducted simultaneously. A total of 291 different obstacles were identified which were divided into 12 sub-obstacles, 4 main obstacles, and 2 themes. The results showed that although the obstacles were numerous and diverse but most of them are related to the implementation of strategies. In addition, over the years of the study and research on the strategic implementation obstacles, the obstacles have not diminished in terms of quantity and diversity. This phenomenon indicated that there has not been long-term orientation to address and solve the obstacles. As a result, the theory of short-term society, which is used to describe Iranian society, represents the phenomenon.

In recent years, higher education has faced three major paradigm shifts: "Development of lifelong learning", "Democratization of knowledge" and "Development of the global knowledge community".  This study aims to design and validate a evaluating mechanism for the pedagogical elements and dimensions in sustainable teaching-learning processes in both public and private academic institutions.

This is an explanatory mixed method research design that has been done sequentially in two parts, qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative section, data was collected via semi-structured interviews. Participants including 17 experts and higher education specialists who were selected by purposive sampling method. In this section, inductive content analysis method was applied for data analysis and findings was validated by participants and colleagues. The model of  the quantitative section was descriptive-survey. For this 322 faculty members  in public and private universities were selected based on the Cochran's estimation for formulating sample size. A researcher- made questionnaire including 3 subscales was used for data collection respectively. Data was analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software.

The results of data analysis in the coding process led to the identification of 75 open codes, which were finally classified into 22 core categories and 3 selected codes (students, curriculum, professors).  In quantitative part, findings showed that it is sufficiently and appropriately could identify the components of sustainable pedagogy. The findings also showed that the current status of relevant indicators in public universities (2.99) is significantly higher than private universities (2.88) (p <0.05: t = 4.11).

According to the results of the study, it can be expressed, universities should move towards sustainability in order to maintain their stability in the current situation. Accordingly, one of the main indicators of a sustainable university is sustainable pedagogy, which has a sustainable strategy and a multifaceted view of the curriculum  and emphasizes on nurturing creative and intelligent students and up-to-date professors, and an academic identity that always seeks to strengthen the identity of professional citizens who could help a stable and pioneering society. Therefore, the findings of this study can be used in order to enrich the teaching-learning processes as much as possible.

The purpose of the present study is survey of relationship between student’s social intelligence and academic help seeking with academic burnout by use of extraversion character as mediator variable in students of Sanandaj University of Medical Sciences.

The research methode is descriptive-survey and correlation method. Statistical population of this research included all of the students of Nursing and Midwife Faculty (Surgery room, Nursing, Midwife) in 94-95 that the participants were four hundred. About 198 of the participants were selected by determining the sample size with Cochrane method, also the sampling method was used in this research proportional sampling. The instruments in this study including: four social intelligence’s questionnaire, help seeking, academic burnout, and Neo’s extraversion property. For analyzing the data, the structural equation modeling approach was used by using Amos software 18 editions, SPSS, and LISREL (version8/54).

The most findings of the research were social intelligence with %38 coefficient and help seeking with %83 coefficient. They can directly explain academic burnout and indirectly the mediator of extraversion property.

generally, previous studies have evaluated scientific research as academic and psychological harms, but this study showed that it can be used to improve or improve the status of social intelligence. academic help seeking can reduce academic burnout.

The aim of this study is to provide a model based on the views and experiences of Faculty members on the fields of Knowledge Diplomacy application in educational studies as an interdisciplinary knowledge for communication and scientific exchange in universities to help the Scientific development of Iranian higher education system by using the capacity of interdisciplinary knowledge in the university educational programs. The approach of this research is qualitative and based on the strategy of Systematic Grounded Theory. The research scope included Faculty members in the field of educational studies at the universities of Kurdistan province, and 14 participants were selected through theoretical sampling and they interviewed by in depth and semi-structured interviews. The interview data were coded and modeled through the Maxqda 2020 qualitative data analysis software. Based on the findings, the central phenomenon of Interdisciplinary Knowledge Diplomacy in the internationalization of an Iranian University is based on causal conditions (linguistic issues in international education and research; and weakness of knowledge of educational and curriculum content of Iranian universities); Intervening conditions (decision-making in the academic policy-making system; promoting the development of communication and virtual education; and the structure of scientific-executive power and academic authorities); contexts (science production and research approach; qualitative development, competitiveness and academic prestige; and diversify cultural and social needs); strategies (development of Interdisciplinary diplomacy; Individual and academic science exchanges; and comparative educational studies with other countries) and consequences (achieving academic science authority, reconstruction of Interdisciplinary content knowledge, and familiarity with regional and International relations experiences).

The purpose of study is survey to identify the dimensions and components of academic corruption in Iranian higher education. The research approach is heuristic mixed method. In the qualitative part, the Grounded Theory(GT) method was used. The participants in this section consisted of 20 professors of higher education in Tehran, Allameh Tabataba'i, Amirkabir University of Technology, Kurdistan and Semnan Universities of which selected through theoretical sampling method and data were collected using the Semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding methods using MAXQDA qualitative analysis software. The results show that the concepts and categories related to the conceptual dimensions of academic corruption are structural, non-structural, and scientific. Also, the main categories of academic corruption were drawn in terms of causal, contextual, and confounding conditions, and finally, the resulting outcomes. The quantitative part was done by descriptive method and using survey. In the quantitative part, after designing the questionnaire tool based on the findings of the first part, data were tested for normality and confirmatory factor analysis was used for validity of the questionnaire, which was done for the concept of corruption; factors affecting academic corruption and its consequences. Then, using the Chi-square method and Friedman analysis, the dimensions, factors, and consequences of academic corruption were examined. The results show that in the structural-administrative dimension, the most important factor is the quantitative development of higher education with a mean (4.0489), and in the non-structural dimension, literacy with a mean (4.0326) is the most important; Is the least common of these species. Also among the causal factors are the mechanisms of production of science with a mean (15.7011); in the underlying factors, the mass higher education and the Credentialism with a mean (15.7880); Average (11.6739) is the most important.

Today, corruption has become a serious issue in the higher education system, and thus different researches have studied the issue. But what can be seen in these studies is that there is a lack of clear and acceptable definition of indicators and components of academic corruption among researchers. This issue has gone so far that even the definition of corruption depends on the social and cultural context. Thus, it seemed necessary to design a questionnaire to measure university corruption in Iran according to its context.

The purpose of this study was to determine the components of the Academic Corruption Questionnaire in the faculty members of Iranian higher education. In addition, the current research sought to assess the validity and reliability of the university corruption scale.

  The method of the present study was correlation research based on factor analysis. The population of the study included faculty members of the University of Tehran (Faculties of Educational Sciences and Basic Sciences), Allameh Tabataba’i University (Faculties of Psychology and Educational Sciences and Social Sciences), Amirkabir University of Technology (Electrical Engineering and Medical Engineering), Semnan University (Faculty of Humanities and Psychology Educational) and University of Kurdistan (Faculties of Humanities and Basic Sciences). In total, the research population was 420 faculty members. By using stratified random sampling method, a total of 200 faculty members were selected as the sample based on the Cochran's formula. The method of data collection in the research was field study. Namely, the questionnaires used were distributed among the faculty members and after completing and returning the questionnaires, the necessary data were extracted from them. The measurement tool in the present study was a researcher-made academic corruption questionnaire. The questions were designed in five ranges 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The questionnaire was given to 5 professors and experts of higher education, and they confirmed the content validity of the questionnaire and the appropriateness of the questionnaire items. Then the questionnaire was tested on 30 sample people and the problems related to translation were solved. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the initial implementation was 0.90.

Factor analysis by principal component analysis and orthogonal rotation (varimax) was conducted and the analysis showed 4 dimensions included educational, research, communication and administrative-managerial factors. A total Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.88. And for other factors were calculated 0.82, 0.79, 0.89 and 0.72, respectively. In addition, confirmatory factor analysis using fit indices in 4 factors has been confirmed. Finally, this scale of academic corruption can be used as a valid and reliable tool in measuring the academic corruption of the higher education community. 

  Findings from exploratory factor analysis showed that all items of academic corruption are loaded in four components: academic corruption, educational corruption, research corruption, communication corruption and managerial-administrative corruption. The analysis of the materials showed that this scale has appropriate psychometric properties and all its materials effectively participate in the academic corruption scale.

Critical thinking is recognized as one of the best skills that students need to live outside of school. The purpose of this study is to develop educational strategies for the development of critical thinking in the curriculum of the first secondary school in Kermanshah.

The method of this study was exploratory in two phases: qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative stage of the research, data collection method was used. In the quantitative stage, a questionnaire containing 80 questions was designed based on the findings of the qualitative stage. The statistical population in the qualitative part includes 12 experts and specialists in curriculum planning of Kermanshah University (government, free, cultural) who were selected by purposive sampling method and in the quantitative part was the statistical population of teachers in Kermanshah in the first year of high school Using available sampling method, 320 people were selected as the sample size. The study tool was a semi-structured interview technique in the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative part. The face and content validity of this tool was confirmed by 4 relevant experts. The reliability of the tool was calculated by a pre-test on a sample of 30 people to be 0.93. The data analysis method in the qualitative part was content analysis and in the quantitative part were descriptive and inferential statistics and confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS 18 and LISREL software.

In the qualitative section of 14 codes, 3 criteria were identified. In the quantitative part, the calculated CMIN / DF value was 2.143. Also, the RMSEA value was 0.026. Indicators (GFI), (AGFI), (CFI), (NNFI), (TLI), (IFI) and (RFI) are also higher than 0.90 in the present model. The data of this study have a good fit with the factor structure of this scale.

Therefore, developing critical thinking skills is one of the main and ultimate goals of the educational system and is not possible except through the strategy and strategic plan of curricula in critical thinking. The most important effective strategies for developing critical thinking skills include; Questions and answers were participatory methods, teaching how to think and reason, storytelling, role-playing and metacognitive strategies.

The current study was carried out to validate the indexes for measuring the perception of job inequality among teachers.

The present study is a basic research with a quantitative approach. For the identified validity, all teachers working in education in District 2 of Sanandaj city in the academic year of 1996-97 with a population of 2000 people were selected as the statistical population. Then, by analyzing the content of the theoretical foundations and research background and the experts’ views, the indexes and indicators of teachers' perceptions of job inequality after exploratory factor analysis, validation and elimination of weaker items (CVR) were identified. Participants in the study were selected using a Morgan table consisting of 338 teachers using a simple random method and responded to the research tool. The reliability of the questions was 0.84 with Cronbach’s alpha test for all components. Data value test was performed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis

The results showed that the indexes of perception of job inequality among teachers are the status of salaries and job benefits with 8 items, job promotion status with 9 items, gender-age-physical limitations with 11 items, and finally organizational accountability and role with 13 items.

These results show that the components approved in this study can be used to measure the perception of job inequality

The faculty members of the universities have a key role in training the professional and efficient human resources needed by the society and creating insight in them, so it is very important to pay attention to their professional identity. The present study sought to identify important factors in the process of formation and development of their professional identity by studying the lived experience of faculty members and used qualitative research method and phenomenological strategy. Study population was faculties of Kurdistan University who were selected by purposive sampling method and the sample size reached 14 people due to saturation of opinions. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and using the data coding, the relevant findings were categorized and placed in the main and sub-categories and themes. Data were analyzed by using the seven-step Colizzi method. The result of the analysis was the extraction of semantic units embedded in the experiences of faculty members that were important in the formation and development of their professional identity and included five main themes "creation and effectiveness", "effective teaching", "Attention to environment", "classified audience" and "organizational coordination". These topics expressed the depth of experiences of university professors in relation to the phenomenon of professional identity and the extent of development of these cases was a measure of their work success. Attention to the findings of this study can provide insights to higher education institutions to better understand professional identity of faculties and create the ground to strengthen the important issues in its formation and development and thus in training quality and efficient human resources to be more effective.