جمال سیف دواتی

The limitation of animal feed resources has increased the tendency to use agricultural residues such as straws in feeding ruminants. It has been reported that livestock production decreases when using low-quality crop residues due to the low palatability, energy level and protein of these feed materials. In other hand, high consumption of straws decreases ruminant's performance because of feed intake restriction, low digestibility and the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as silica, tannin and lignin in straws. The use of fibrolytic enzymes of foreign origin increases the usability of forage, which results in increased production. One of the most important methods of processing wooden materials is the use of chemicals, especially alkaline materials, especially urea. Adding molasses as an energy-generating part and urea as a non-protein nitrogen source simultaneously provides the rumen microorganisms with a source of energy and protein. In general, the addition of enzymes to the diet is used for the purpose of supplementing and compensating the defects of the enzyme system of the ruminant’s digestive system, removing anti-nutritional substances and increasing the availability of nutrients in the animal body. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of processing chickpea straw with urea, molasses and enzymes on chemical composition, ruminal and intestinal digestibility, gas production and disappearance under laboratory conditions. So that the results of this research can be optimally used in animal nutrition.

This research was conducted on processed chickpea straw with urea, molasses and, enzyme source of fungal cellulase and rumen liquid. The tested feed material was chickpea straw, which was processed with urea, molasses and enzymes. Enzymes included fungal cellulase and rumen liquid. The tested feed ingredients were ground using a special mill with a sieve with 2 ml pores and then sieved using a 50 micrometer sieve to remove particles smaller than 50 micrometers.To perform the gas test, first, the sample of the tested feed (chickpea straw enriched with urea, molasses and enzyme) was ground with a 1 mm grid. Measurements of chemical composition and gas production were carried out by standard methods and the determination of the digestibility of samples was done with Daisy ǁ device and Gargalo's three-step method. After performing the initial calculations and collecting all the data, statistical analysis of the data was done using the SAS statistical software in the form of a completely random design and a 4x4 factorial experiment with the GLM procedure.

According to the results, processing chickpea straw with urea, molasses, and enzymes increased the percentage of dry matter and the amount of crude protein in the treatments. However, it decreased the percentage of cell wall and cell wall without hemicellulose. The processing of chickpea straw with urea, rumen liquid and a mixture of two enzymes and the combination of all three enzymes with a level of 4% molasses increases the digestibility of dry matter in the total digestive system, and the addition of molasses and the combination of rumen liquid and a mixture of two enzymes with different levels of molasses were increased the digestibility of crude protein in the rumen (P<0.05). Adding all three enzymes to chickpea straw at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours, but with rumen juice from 12 to 96 hours, has led to an increase in gas production. The combination of molasses levels of 2 and 4% with a mixture of two enzymes increased gas production in all hours of incubation (P<0.05). The average constant rate of disappearance and gas production potential of chickpea straw was significantly different among all treatments (P < 0.05). The results showed that molasses and enzyme increased the constant rate of disappearance and 4% molasses and enzyme increased the gas production potential. The combination of molasses with fungal cellulase and the mixture of two enzymes decreased the constant rate of disappearance and gas production potential. The average laboratory digestibility of organic matter, metabolizable energy, lactation energy and short chain fatty acids were significant in all chickpea straw treatments (P < 0.05).

In general, based on the obtained results, the use of urea, molasses, and enzyme sources including fungal cellulase and rumen liquid has successfully increased the nutritional value, gas production parameters, and digestibility of chickpea straw. Among the experimental treatments, processing chickpea straw with 3.5% urea, 4% molasses, and fungal cellulase enzyme improved the nutritional value the most. Further animal experiments are needed to confirm these results. More research is required in the field of using agricultural waste in animal nutrition.

Recently, nanoparticles have been produced and marketed using nanotechnology. Reducing the size of particles to nanoparticles (size less than 100 nm) increases the surface-to-volume ratio and changes other material properties. Increasing the contact surface in nanoparticles causes their interaction with organic and inorganic molecules to be done differently. Among the minerals, copper is an essential, scarce element that performs various functions in living organisms. It has been reported that copper nanoparticles have beneficial effects on animal performance and can replace copper sulfate. Also, nano copper oxide has several advantages over copper sulfate, including improved effectiveness, lower dosage with better results, no interference with other materials, and less disposal in the environment, and can replace copper sulfate. High copper in the diet has benefits such as antibacterial activity, increasing growth hormone secretion, increasing feed intake and production performance. However, environmental pollution and subsequent accumulation in feed and water can affect vital organs such as the liver and kidney.The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different copper forms and levels (copper nano oxide and copper sulfate) on performance, blood parameters and immunity in Romanov-Moghani crossbred lambs.

This research was conducted using 30 lambs in the form of a completely randomized design with 5 experimental groups and 6 replications (lambs) in each group. The duration of the experiment was 56 days. The experimental diets of this research include: 1) basal or control diet (CON; without copper supplementation), 2) basal diet + 10 mg of copper per kg of dry matter in the form of copper sulfate (CuS10), 3) basal diet + 20 mg of copper per kg of dry matter in the form of copper sulfate (CuS20), 4) basal diet + 10 mg of copper per kg of dry matter in the form of copper nano oxide (CuN10), 5) basal diet + 20 mg of copper per kg of dry matter in the form of copper nano oxide (CuN20). Lambs were randomly grouped based on body weight and each group was fed with one of 5 experimental diets. On the 30th and 56th days of the experimental period, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein 3 hours after the morning meal. Next, after separating serum and plasma, the samples were kept at -20◦C until the analysis. The determined blood parameters include the concentration of copper, zinc, selenium, malondialdehyde, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, urea, beta-hydroxybutyrate, liver enzymes (ALT and AST). Total antioxidant capacity, activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes were also determined.After killing the animals, meat samples were taken from the 12-13 intercostal eye muscle to determine the concentration of copper, zinc and selenium elements, and liver samples were also taken. Liver, meat and blood samples were digested by the method of Kechoui et al. (2013). For the analysis of blood and tissue samples, ICP-OES (model: Optimum 7300 DV) was used at Isfahan University. At the time of animal slaughter, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the carcass, including the weight of the heart, kidney, lungs, liver, and tail, along with the cold carcass and the hot carcass, were recorded. The resulting data were analyzed in the form of a completely randomized design using SAS software (2003). Means were shown as Least Squares (LSMEAN) along with standard error and mean comparisons at a significance level of five percent.

The results of this study showed that the use of copper sulfate and copper nano oxide at the levels of 10 or 20 mg/kg dry matter of the diet had no significant effect on the performance parameters of fattening lambs, in terms of body weight, live weight gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). Also, the findings of this research showed that the concentration of blood urea in 30 days increased significantly with CuS10 and CuN10 treatments (P<0.05). Other blood parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, protein, BHBA, AST, ALT enzymes and antioxidant indices superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity were not affected by the experimental treatments (P>0.05). The supplemental feeding of nano copper oxide increased catalase enzyme activity in blood samples (P<0.05). Copper concentration was increased in the liver significantly as a result of feeding 20 mg of copper in the form of copper nano oxide(P<0.05). Supplemental feeding of copper sulfate decreased the concentration of selenium in meat compared to the control group (P<0.05). Carcass characteristics including the percentage of hot carcass and cold along with the percentage of internal organs (tail, heart, liver, kidney and lungs) were not significantly different among the treatment groups (P>0.05).

According to the present results, the use of mineral and nano forms of copper at levels of 10 or 20 mg/kg dry matter of the diet had a significant effect on parameters such as blood urea, malondialdehyde, catalase enzyme activity, percentage of copper in blood and selenium in meat. However, no significant difference was observed in performance and most blood parameters, antioxidant indices, total antioxidant capacity, activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase enzymes, carcass characteristics of fattening lambs and clinical signs of poisoning in lambs of treatment groups. This shows that the levels used in this study did not have the potential of poisoning and health risks for the tested lambs. Considering the improvement of liver concentrations of copper in the treatment receiving copper nano oxide source; it seems that the use of 20 mg/kg of dry matter of copper nano oxide can be a useful strategy in reducing the disposal of this element and reducing environmental pollution.

Daily, large amounts of rumen contents are produced as waste in slaughterhouses, which are not used and released into the environment, which causes environmental issues and problems. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the crops with high production throughout the world a large amount of which is removed from the consumption cycle as waste during different stages, and if not used correctly, it can cause environmental pollution. The main method of using potato waste is to use it in fresh or dried form to feed domestic animals. Although drying waste potatoes for use in animal feed seems like a good idea, but its high cost has made this uneconomical. Therefore, it is necessary to transform potato waste into a sustainable product that has a higher economic value. Compared to other processing methods, bioconversion is a new and desirable method for agricultural waste management. Ruminal fluid, as a rich source of enzymes, can be used in the bioconversion of agricultural waste. The microbial population present in the rumen is a rich source of new enzymes that have a high potential for industrial use. Various studies using different methods, such as the use of Saccharomyces yeasts and Lactobacillus species for the biological conversion of potato waste to ethanol, producing biogas from solid potato waste in a two-step process anaerobic digestion, fermentation of potato waste by mixed culture to produce lactic acid, enzymatic hydrolysis of potato pulp to produce glucose and ethanol and using Various bacterial species have been used for the biological conversion of potato pulp into cellulose. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of slow-release non-protein nitrogen on the bioconversion of potato waste by ruminal microorganisms.

Potato waste was collected from potato storage stocks and after cleaning the waste materials, it was boiled and then grated before incubation. The required rumen fluid was obtained from the slaughterhouse and after being filtered with a four-layer cheesecloth, it was added to the glass bottles of the rumen digestion simulator apparatus (DaisyII) and immediately transferred to the apparatus and incubated at 39 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. Experimental groups were: 1) 400 ml of rumen fluid + 200 g of waste potato (N0), 2) 400 ml of rumen fluid + 200 g of waste potato + 1.5 g of nitrogen from a slow-release nitrogen source (N1.5), 3) 400 ml of rumen fluid + 200 grams of waste potatoes + 3 grams of nitrogen from a slow release nitrogen source (N3) and 4) 400 ml of rumen fluid + 200 grams of waste potatoes + 4.5 grams of nitrogen from a slow release nitrogen source (N4.5). After the end of the incubation time, the samples were removed from incubation bottles, and after filtering and separating the solid and liquid parts from each other for further tests. The liquid portion of the incubation medium was analyzed for protozoa count, volatile fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen, and hydrolytic enzymes and compared to the fresh initial rumen fluid used for the incubation. The resulting data were analyzed in the form of a completely randomized design using SAS software (2003). Means were shown as Least Squares (LSMEAN) along with standard error and mean comparisons at a significance level of five percent.

Protozoa count in the liquid portion of the incubation medium was affected by the experimental groups. Rumen fluid had the highest number of protozoa and supplementing the culture medium with a non-protein nitrogen source had a decreasing effect on the protozoa population. The activities of carboxy-methyl cellulase, alpha-amylase, microcrystalline cellulose, and filter-papers enzymes were affected by the levels of supplementation from slow-release non-protein nitrogen sources and the highest carbohydrate-degrading activities were recorded at 1.5 gr nitrogen supplementation per 100 gr potato waste (P<0.05). The level of urease and protease enzyme activity was also affected by different levels of non-protein nitrogen sources and 4.5 grams of nitrogen from non-protein nitrogen sources showed the highest level of activity. Supplementing the incubation medium increased its ammonia concentration and the highest value was observed at 4.5 grams of slow-release non-protein nitrogen level (P<0.05). For all enzyme activities, initial fresh rumen fluid had the lowest activities. Volatile fatty acid production was affected by supplementation with non-protein nitrogen levels and the amount of volatile fatty acids in the liquid phase of the incubation medium showed the highest values with 3 grams of non-protein slow-release nitrogen supplementation.

Based on the results of the present study, the addition of slow-release non-protein nitrogen to the incubation medium of potato waste with rumen liquid microorganisms significantly increases their power in the biotransformation of potato waste. Also, the liquid part of the culture medium can be considered as a source of enzymes and acids for use on an industrial scale due to the increased activity of hydrolytic enzymes and volatile fatty acids that are the product of the fermentation process. The use of the processed rumen fluid resulting from this incubation as a source of enzymes and nutrients in feeding livestock and poultry will be an environmentally friendly method, in this way, the rumen fluid of slaughterhouses and potato waste will be used with proper management methods. Therefore, the results of the present study, rumen liquid microorganisms along with a non-protein nitrogen source can be used in the bioconversion of potato waste more effectively to increase its nutritional value and produce a liquid rich in volatile fatty acids as well as a source of favorable enzyme activities.

Moghani sheep, one of the dominant meat breeds among Iranian sheep, is known for its good body size, resistance to changes in weather conditions, and capacity to produce heavy-weight lambs. The Romanov breed is known worldwide for its early sexual maturity, long breeding season, and high productivity. Among high-yielding breeds, the Romanov breed achieves higher twinning and fertility, higher weight of ewes, optimal shelf life of lambs, and heavier final weight of lambs. During past years, increasing productivity of Iranian native sheep breeds, including the Moghani breed, has been implemented through cross-breeding with high-yielding foreign breeds such as the Romanov breed to improve growth and twining rates and reduce size of the fat-tail. Crossbreeding is a way to improve poor production and reproductive characteristics of livestock. Due to the lack of information regarding the fattening performance and carcass characteristics of the Romanov-Moghani crossbreeds, the aim of this study was to investigate the fattening performance carcass characteristics, blood parameters, feed intake and digestibility of Moghani and Romanov-Moghani crossbreed fattening lambs under diets with different energy levels. This research was conducted using 24 male lambs (10 Moghani lambs and 10 Romanov-Moghani cross-bred lambs) as a factorial design with 4 experimental groups and 6 replications (lambs) in each group. The duration of the experiment was 75 days. The experimental groups in this research include: 1) Moghani lambs fed low energy diet, 2) Moghani lambs fed high energy diet, 3) Romanov-Moghani lambs fed low energy diet, 4) Romanov-Moghani lambs fed high energy diet. A rumen-protected energy powder (Energizer RP-10, IFFCO, Johor, Malaysia) was used to increase the energy level in high-energy diets. Fattening performance was measured by weighing the lambs every two weeks. At the end of the experiment, all the lambs were slaughtered and the carcass characteristics, including hot carcass percentage, cold carcass percentage, tail percentage, and back fat thickness were measured. After 24 hours of storage in 4ºC, back-fat thickness between the 14th and 13th vertebras were measured with a digital caliper. Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein of all lambs 3 hours after feed consumption, and the samples were immediately centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 15 minutes then the plasma samples were frozen at -20 ºC till analysis day determining concentrations of blood parameters including glucose, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, and globulin were determined using commercial kits and spectrophotometer. All the data were analyzed in the form of a completely random design and factorial experiment using the GLM method for statistical analysis. The results showed that Moghani lambs had significantly more tail percentage and lower tailless carcass percentage than Romanov-Moghani mixed lambs. Feeding a diet with a higher level of energy by feeding protected rumen fat decreased the percentage of the tail and increased the percentage of the carcass without the tail. Moghani lambs fed with high-energy diet had the highest back fat thickness compared to all groups. On the other hand, the average daily weight gain was only influenced by the energy level of the diet. Based on the results, Romanov-Moghani crossbred lambs had a higher weight gain than Moghani lambs, and feeding fat supplement improved livestock performance. Due to the fact that no significant difference was observed in the feed consumption of lambs due to fat supplement feeding, therefore, the better fattening performance of lambs in the groups fed with fat supplement can be attributed to the increase in energy intake in these animals as well as the higher efficiency of the metabolic energy conversion of fats compared to carbohydrates (McDonald et al., 2012). Based on the obtained results, Romanov-Moghani cross-bred lambs had a higher weight gain than pure lambs, and also fat supplement feeding improved the performance of livestock. Therefore, crossbreeding fat-tailed Moghani breed with a tailless breed such as Romanov can be considered as an efficient method to reduce carcass tail percentage and improve carcass yield. On the other hand, providing energy in the form of fat may also result in a relative decrease in the tail percentage. In general, the results of this experiment indicated that crossbreeding fat-tailed Moghani breed with a tailless breed like Romanov can be considered as an efficient method to reduce tail percentage and improve carcass yield. On the other hand, providing energy in the form of fat may also lead to a relative decrease in tail percentage.

Probiotic bacteria are Gram-positive and negative-catalase with various characteristics including resistance to acid and bile salt conditions, antimicrobial characteristics, bacitracin production, and lack of capability for transferring genes resistant to antibiotics. These bacteria are a part of selected and useful bacteria in the digestive system, which leads to reinforcement of the body's immune system if they are adequately consumed (106-107 CFU/g). This research aimed to identify molecular identification and assessment of probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates separated from the digestive and reproduction system of  Ross 308 broiler breeders.
Twenty Ross 308 broiler breeders were selected and samples of the vagina and ileum of them, and the cecum and feces of roosters were taken to separate LAB. The Gram and catalase test was used to approve the biochemical characteristics of LAB. The suspension containing each LAB isolate was harvested at 4  for five min (10,000×g) to assess the survival of the selected LAB isolated under conditions simulating the GI tract. Then, remained sediment in the buffer solution containing HCL (1N) reached to pH equal to two by eliminating the supernatant. After adding 0.1 % (w/v) pepsin to bacterial suspension, it was stored at 37  for three hours. After incubation, the pH of suspension with NaCl (1N) was reached to six. Then, tolerance to small intestine condition was evaluated in PBS solution (pH=7), containing Oxgall (0.3% w/v) and pancreatin (0.1% w/v) of washed suspensions of the LAB was mixed and incubated at 37 . Finally, the LAB isolate population was determined by consecutive dilution in sterile PBS and plate media on MRS agar compared to a blank sample (untreated). For molecular identification of dominant lactic acid bacteria, the DNA of the dominant lactic acid isolate was extracted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit. Then, it was amplified using primers (44F; 1542 R) in temperature conditions. Afterward, for initial approval, PCR products were transferred to 1.5 % agarose gel and electrophoresis was performed in TBE buffer in the presence of positive control and negative control samples. The good diffusion method was used to determine the anti-bacterial effect of the selected LAB isolated against pathogenic factors. To assess auto-aggregation of the selected isolate, the cells obtained from its 24-hour culture were separated by refrigerated centrifugation (10 min, 4 , 6000×g) and was dissolved in phosphate buffer during two phases (pH=7.2) so that the obtained suspension had absorption equal to . Then, the suspension was put at the temperature of 37  for four hours. Then, the absorption of LAB isolate suspension in 600 nm was read. A combination of an equal volume of LAB isolates suspension and pathogenic bacteria were vortexed and incubated at 37℃ for four hours to assess auto-aggregation of isolate. The surface part of the suspensions was read at 600 nm and calculated. About 200 µl of 24 h culture of selected LAB was added to four mL of 1 % MRS agar medium to evaluate the selected LAB isolated antibiotic susceptibility. This combination was overlaid on plates containing 1.5 mL of 1.5% MRS agar, and then, discs of antibiotics including Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Streptomycin, Cefazolin, Ciprofloxacin, Penicillin, Cephalothin, Imipenem, Novobiocin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Ceftriaxone, and Nalidixic acid was placed on each plate. After 24 h of incubation at 37℃, the diameter of the inhibition zone (mm) was measured and reported as resistant, relatively sensitive, and sensitive. To consider the capability of hemolysis of blood, LAB isolate was streaked on the surface of a blood agar plate supplemented with 5% sheep blood. After 48 h of incubation at 37℃, the plates were considered in terms of diameter inhibition zone creation and color change in the medium.
The results of the sequencing test led to the identification of Levilactobacillus brevis. The predominant LAB isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and reproductive tracts of Ross 308 broiler breeders and L. brevis isolated from the ileum (82.00%) (P<0.05) in the simulated conditions of the GIT compared to the L. brevis isolated from other parts GIT and the reproductive system had more survival than acid and bile. Examining the anti-bacterial effect of the aforementioned isolate showed that the L. brevis bacterium had an inhibitor influence on Shigella dysentery bacteria (87.00%) and Staphylococcus aureus (81.25%). In addition, the highest and the lowest characteristics of co-aggregation of this isolate were observed against Listeria monocytogenes (46.00%) and Salmonella typhimurium (38.00%). This isolate had 43% auto-aggregation characteristics and no hemolytic activity. Assessing antibiotic resistance of LAB isolate showed that the biggest diameter of inhibition zone of bacterium (23.5 mm) was related to Imipenem that had no significant difference with Ampicillin (22.5 mm) and Vancomycin (22.5 mm) and its lowest value (12 mm) was related to Ceftriaxone that had no significant difference with Gentamicin and Cephalotin. The results of this study showed that L. brevis bacterium can be used in the nutrition of broiler breeders as a probiotic bacterium.
The use of probiotics in the feeding of Ross 308 broiler breeders may eliminate the public health concerns of antimicrobial resistance development to some extent, as this could replace the use of antibiotics. According to antimicrobial characteristics, antibiotic resistance, hemolytic activity, auto-aggregation, and co-aggregation of predominant LAB isolate, it can be concluded that L. brevis can be useful and applicable as a probiotic supplement in producing food and pharmaceutical products for broiler breeders.

Spirulina is a microscopic unicellular algae that grows in fresh water and has a simple structure but a complex composition. This algae contains rich sources of various nutrients that have antioxidant properties and probiotic properties and can be suitable substitutes for antibiotics and can be used specifically as growth stimulants and improvement of feed conversion ratio in Holstein calves. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of using spirulina algae on the growth performance, blood parameters and some enzymes of the immune system of suckling Holstein calves.

To perform this experiment, 32 female Holstein calves between the ages of 1 to 5 days and the average weight of 37.2±2 kg were selected in a completely random design with 4 treatments and 8 replications. The experimental treatments included: 1) basic diet without additives, 2) basic diet with 1% spirulina algae, 3) basic diet with 2% spirulina algae, 4) basic diet + 3% spirulina algae based on the dry matter of the diet.

The data showed that the addition of 3% level of spirulina algae in the ration of suckling calves increased the final weight compared to the control group (P<0.05). Daily weight gain of suckling calves due to the addition of spirulina algae tended to be significant, so that the calves receiving 3% spirulina algae had a greater daily weight gain compared to other experimental treatments (P<0.06). Feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of suckling calves were not significantly affected by feeding spirulina algae. Addition of spirulina algae increased the body length of suckling calves at 30 days compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). Also, the height from the withers and breast circumference of the suckling calves at 30 and 75 days old increased by receiving 1 percent algae (P<0.05). The use of spirulina algae in the diet of infant calves did not have a significant effect on the blood concentration of glucose, triglyceride, albumin and blood urea at 30 and 65 days. Cholesterol concentration decreased in 30 days by adding 2% spirulina algae (P<0.05). On the other hand, the use of 2% spirulina algae increased the total protein concentration compared to the control group (P<0.05). The blood concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate increased with the addition of 1 and 2% spirulina algae (P<0.05). The concentration of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase was not affected by spirulina algae. The concentration of superoxide dismutase increased significantly after 30 days in the groups receiving one percent algae (P<0.05). The concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity were not affected by the use of algae in the diet of suckling calves.

In general, the use of spirulina algae at the level of 3% based on the dry matter of the starter diet of Holstein suckling calves was able to increase superoxide dismutase at 30 days of age and total antioxidant capacity, the final body weight and daily weight gain at 75 days of age and at the level of 2% the concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate and protein. It increased the total in 75 days and decreased the blood cholesterol at the level of 2% at 30 days and at the level of 1% at 75 days. Therefore, to increase the calf's immune system, it is recommended to use spirulina algae at the level of 3% based on the dry matter of the Holstein calf's starter diet.

The lamb rearing system in the pasture can provide a better growth rate when the diet is accompanied by concentrate supplements. Supplementary feeding can compensate the limitation of natural feed by replacing part of pasture fodder with concentrate especially in low rainfall seasons. However, availability and high costs of concentrate diets have caused their limited use by many small farmers. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of different levels of concentrate supplement on weight gain, growth performance, blood parameters and grazing behavior of weaned Ghezel lambs under grazing conditions.

This experiment was conducted by using 32 male Ghezel lamb (average weight = 29±2.7) in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 8 replications. The experimental treatments were 1) a control treatment consisting of free access to pasture grazing, 2) free access to pasture grazing with 150 g of concentrate supplement per day per head, 3) free access to pasture grazing with 250 g of concentrate supplement per day per head and 4) free access to pasture grazing with 350 g of concentrate supplement per day per head. In order to determine the daily weight gain, the lambs were weighed at the beginning and end of the period in the morning before the start of grazing. The grazing behavior of lambs in the pasture were recorded by direct observation every 10 minutes during access to the pasture. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken at noon from jagular vein and the samples were evaluated to determine glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, cholesterol and triglyceride. Feces samples were collected using special fabric bags that were tied to the animal's tail.

The results of the present study showed that concentrate supplement improved the daily weight gain, but no significant difference was observed between different levels of feeding with concentrate supplement. Among growth traits, body length and body height were significantly affected by experimental treatments. The amount of time lambs spent grazing in the pasture was not affected by feeding with different levels of concentrate supplementation. Supplemental feeding of concentrate increased the digestibility of organic matter. Changes in blood glucose of lambs during the experimental period were significant between the control group and the groups receiving the supplemental concentrate. Net profit per lamb also increased due to feeding with concentrate supplement.

The results of the present study showed that feeding Ghezel lambs with concentrate supplement in pasture conditions caused a significant increase in growth performance and it will be economical due to more net profit. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to feed at least 150 grams to 350 grams of concentrate supplement daily when rearing Ghezel lambs in pasture grazing conditions

Animal nutritionists are looking for alternative compounds with the ability to improve the fermentation process. Probiotics and medicinal plants can be mentioned among these alternative compounds. Yarrow and ginger can be mentioned among medicinal plants that have antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yarrow and ginger powder on the digestibility and gas production of sainfoin and alfalfa hay in laboratory conditions.

For this purpose, the in vitro digestibility of sainfoin and alfalfa hay and a mixture of 50% alfalfa and 50% sainfoin were measured due to the use of yarrow and ginger powder by Tilley and Terry's modified Holden method. So that different levels of yarrow and ginger powder at three levels of zero, 1.5 and 3% were added to 100 ml syringes containing alfalfa, sainfoin, and a mixture of alfalfa and sainfoin, and the amount of gas produced by incubating the syringes at times 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of measurement and the resulting data were analyzed in a completely randomized design.

The results showed that the addition of 3% of ginger and Yarrow powder in sainfoin hay increased the digestibility of dry matter from 55.71 to 68.76 and 74.65% (P=0.0458), the digestibility of organic matter in dry matter from 52.62 to 64.95 and 62.09 percent (P=0.0468) and metabolizable energy increased from 8.42 to 10.39 and 9.93 MJ kg-1 DM (P=0.0489) by Holden's method, respectively. While the use of ginger and yarrow powder did not have a significant effect on the digestibility of organic matter, the digestibility of organic matter in dry matter and metabolizable energy of alfalfa and alfalfa- sainfoin mixture. The results related to the digestibility according to the McNiven method showed that the addition of 1.5 and 3% of yarrow and ginger powder in sainfoin and alfalfa hay could reduce the amount of gas production at times 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours of incubation. However, the addition of yarrow and ginger powder to alfalfa- sainfoin mixture did not have a significant effect on the amount of gas produced. The results of the gas test method showed that the addition of 1.5% and 3% of yarrow and ginger in sainfoin and alfalfa hay reduced the digestibility of organic matter, total short chain fatty acids and metabolizable energy compared to the control group. Among these, 3% of ginger has the most significant reducing effect on the digestibility of organic matter from 67.80 to 50.14 and 45.99% (P=0.0092), total short chain fatty acids from 1.77 to 0.76 and 0.66 milli moles (p=0.0183) and metabolizable energy from 9.88 to 7.47 and 6.79 MJ kg-1 DM (P=0.0167) respectively in sainfoin hay. Also, this similar decreasing trend continued in alfalfa hay for the nutritional parameters of the gas test. A mixture of alfalfa and sainfoin was not affected by the addition of different levels of yarrow and ginger.

It is concluded that the addition of 1.5 and 3% levels of yarrow and ginger powder in sainfoin and alfalfa hay could not improve the amount of gas production.

The most appropriate way to maximize profitability through breeding is to use economic coefficients of traits along with genetic evaluation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic coefficients of production, reproductive, performance and risk traits in farms in Ardabil, Khalkhal, Nir and Germi counties based on the collected data and market conditions in 1400, using a bio-economic model. The economic coefficient of the traits was calculated using MATLAB software with a unit change in the mean of the desired trait if other traits remain constant in their mean. The studied traits included milk production, milk fat, calving interval, production lifespan, daily weight gain before and after weaning, birth weight, adult body weight, survival rate before and after weaning. The economic coefficients for Ardabil city are 15501/17, 556278, -78829/41, 18325/85, 607695/31, 1984509/5, 47849/36, -34521/69, 676066/77, 3174287/11 Rials, respectively. Khalkhal city 12154/83, 555009/65, -156539/61, 17409/81, 1058103/07, 3480949/26, 83976/43, -43347/37, 3814230/34, 6371210/65 Rials, for Nir city 15281/13, 490212/7,-128232/97, 64858/19, 898225/59,2932385/16,70725/61,-49044/99,2503282/56 5036932/8 Rials and for Germi city 27118/6, 448803/94, -130308/28, 15699/58,908827/54,2990291/35,72192/17,-54554/8,3024142/99,5006904/32 Rials per cow per year were calculated in all production systems The highest income was related to milk sales and the lowest was related to elimination heifers. It was also found that the cost of nutrition has the largest share of the total variable costs. Among non-nutritional costs, manpower costs were the most important factor in increasing costs. The results of the sensitivity test showed that economic coefficients are the most sensitive to changes in feed and live weight prices and the least sensitive to fluctuations in milk and fat prices. The results also showed that livestock diseases and lack of vaccines and drugs are the most important risk factors in a livestock unit and problems with milk transportation and changes in livestock insurance conditions are the least important risk factors, so the most important risks In livestock, there are risks related to production and manpower. Also, the most important risks threatening natural factors include heat and cold stress and drought, respectively. The economic review of the production system causes a better identification of the position of the units and increases the level of awareness of the policy makers and planners of the livestock sector as well as the investors of these types of activities in order to make fundamental decisions or solve the existing problems.

Slaughterhouse rumen fluid contains microbial proteins, volatile fatty acids, microorganisms, vitamins and minerals. Rumen fluid has a very diverse population of bacteria and other microorganisms. Rumen bacteria have a thick bacterial polysaccharide (BPS) coating, so this fluid contains hundreds of bacterial polysaccharide molecules. Rumen fluid activity does not appear to be highly dependent on the diet. Bacterial polysaccharides are potent antigens and remain active even after autoclaving (Muscato et al., 2002). On the other hand, it contains high levels of ammonia and phosphorus, which, when disposed of in slaughterhouses, cause environmental pollution. Its nutrients cause eutrophication when excreted in soil and waterways. It is therefore important to find consistent uses of ruminal fluid (Trit and Schuchardt, 1992). The benefits of recycling these wastes are firstly reducing environmental pollution and secondly producing a feed source for ruminants (Mundal et al., 2013.(Spray drying has recently been used to dry biologically active compounds (Tribizenk et al. 1997). It is a simple, fast, and economical technique for obtaining powder from a solution or a liquid suspension (such as an enzyme suspension) (Bajsic and Kranjsevik 2001). This method is widely used in the pharmaceutical and dairy industries to dry milk, whey, antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes (DeVos et al. 2010). spray drying changes the liquid to a solid form and causes transport, storage, easy examination, and uniform mixing and distribution in food formulations in small amounts (Tan et al. 2005). Some materials are used in the spray drying method as stabilizers to protect active molecules from heat. These include carbohydrates (such as starch, maltodextrin, and dextrose), gums (gum arabic, acacia gum, alginates, and carginals), proteins (milk proteins, whey, and gelatin) (Aghbashloo et al., 2012), Chitosan (2004). These materials improve stability during the manufacturing and storage process, as well as reducing stress and protein denaturation (Maiori et al. 2005). This study was performed in order that these compounds are biologically active after drying by spray drying, and also ruminal fluid can be converted into an enzyme source.

Slaughterhouse rumen fluid obtained by filtration with 4 hydrocolloids of sodium alginate, guar gum, chitosan and maltodextrin in 1% (volume / weight) ratio was dried by spray drying. The chemical composition of the produced powders including the percentage of dry matter, protein, ether extract, in neutral detergent fibre and non-fibrous carbohydrates were determined. To determine gas production and nutritional parameters, 1 and 2 g of each powder were dissolved in 100 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 and sprayed on alfalfa grass, wheat straw and silage corn (10). Ml per 5 g of feed) and incubated for 24 hours at 39 ° C. Fresh ruminal fluid and phosphate buffer were selected as positive and negative control groups The method of Monk et al. (1979) was used to measure the amount of gas produced Digestible organic matter, metabolizable energy, short-chain fatty acids, lactation specific energy and total volatile fatty acids were estimated using their own formulas.

The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between dried rumen fluid with different hydrocolloids and without hydrocolloids in terms of chemical composition (P <0.05). The highest percentage of crude protein was related to dried rumen fluid with 1% maltodextrin. The amount of gas produced from incubation of alfalfa hay with processed ruminal fluid was significant at all times except 24 and 48 hours after incubation (P <0.05). Gas production parameters were significantly different (P <0.05). In the case of wheat straw and corn silage, the amount of gas produced was significant at all times except 6 and 12 o'clock (P <0.05). The highest amounts of digestible organic matter (DOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and specific lactation energy (NEL) were related to wheat straw processed with fresh rumen fluid. The highest values of nutritional parameters were related to corn silage processed with rumen dried with 2% maltodextrin. Changes in gas production kinetics of enzyme-treated feeds have been reported previously. Elghandour et al. (2013) stated that increasing doses of an enzyme preparation from a ruminal bacterium, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, increased gas production from four fibrous feeds at all incubation times. Similarly, rate of gas production in two of the four fibrous feeds increased in response to higher doses of the enzyme preparation. Colombatto et al. (2003) observed higher in vitro ruminal organic matter digestibility for enzyme-treated feeds using an in vitro gas production method. This effect is attributed to the increase in degradation rate achieved via a combined effect of direct enzyme hydrolysis and synergistic action between the endogenous (ruminal) and exogenous enzymes. Wallace et al. (2001) examined the effect of two enzymatic preparations on the fermentation of corn and grass silages using an in vitro ruminal gas production method and reported that the rate of gas production increased at concentrations much higher than the recommended application rates. They also observed the highest correlation between increased gas production and enzyme activities against micro-granular cellulose (Wallace et al., 2001).Nutritional parameters, amount of metabolizable energy, total volatile fatty acids, digestibility of organic matter in silage corn were also significantly affected by dried rumen fluid with different hydrocolloids (P <0.05).

This study showed that dried rumen fluid with different hydrocolloids is biologically active and alive and has the ability to become an enzymatic source. Maltodextrin hydrocolloids are also more successful among hydrocolloids in maintaining protein percentage, gas production, and nutritional parameters. Therefore, slaughter ruminal fluid is of great value.

Dominant genetic effects may have an important contribution to the total genetic diversity of quantitative and complex traits. However, genome-wide marker research to study genomic prediction (GP) and genetic mechanisms of complex traits generally ignore dominant genetic effects. The increasing availability of genomic datasets and the potential benefits of non-additive genetic effects have recently attracted much attention to  combining these effects into genomic prediction models.

A genome with 3 chromosomes of 100 cM each, with 200 QTL and 1000 biallelic markers on each chromosome were simulated.. Then the information related to records of pedigree, year of birth, weaning weight, offspring sex, percentage of twinning, carcass weight, carcass quality, age of first calving, wool density and other economic traits of Moghani sheep that were obtained through Jafarabad Moghani Breeding Center (during 1382 to 1393) formed the phenotypic matrix of the model. Additive and dominance genetic effects and accuracy of genomic prediction of 7 traits, including growth, carcass quality, wool and fertility were adopted through two linear models: (1) ) an additive effect model (MAG) and (2) a model that includes additive and dominance genetic effects (MADG). In addition, the 5-layer cross-validation method was used with R package “HIBLUP”to evaluate the GP capability in two different models.

The results of estimating variance components for each trait show that carcass weight (0.617) and lambing percentage per ewe (0.578), a large part of the phenotypic variation is explained by dominance genetic effects. Cross-validation results showed that the MADG model, including additive and dominance genetic effects, has a clear advantage over the MAG model, which includes only additive genetic effects. that’s means, the model that includes dominant genetic effects improves the accuracy of genomic prediction.

The better performance (prediction accuracy) of the MADG model for some traits compared to the MAG model shows that dominance effects should be included in animal genetic evaluation models to improve the accuracy of predicting future phenotypes. MADG model can also be a useful tool for culling decision  in farms, and the use of the entire genetic potential of progeny in mating programs may improve progeny performance.

 Before weaning, dairy calves are susceptible to many pathogens and nutritional problems. For several years antibiotics have been used to overcome these problems also to obtain economic benefits in terms of improved calves performance and reduced medication costs. However, the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry is in question because of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms. In an effort to replace antibiotics from animal feeds, many additives have been proposed. Probiotic, prebiotics and Organic and inorganic mineral salts are examples of these additives. Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which are not metabolized in the small intestine and fermented in large intestine. Mannan oligosaccharides and β-glucan are prebiotics which derived from saccharomyeces cereviciae cell wall and are able to block fimbriae of patho genic bacteria, and thus prevent their adhesion to the mucous epithelium. The administration of prebiotic to calves can decrease coliform population of large intestine and colon of calves. More recently, prebiotics have been shown to have immune-enhancing characteristics Also, Copper is a microelement that is present in many important processes in the body and plays a vital role. Copper deficiency in some parts of the world is a major problem in ruminants. For this reason, dietary supplements are commonly used to regulate the diet of calf to compensate for copper deficiency. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of copper nanoxide and prebiotics on blood cell count and growth performance in Holstein suckling calves.

Twenty-eight Holstein calves with an average age of 1 to 8 days and an average weight of 39±1 kg were used in a factorial experiment as a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 7 replications. Experimental treatments include: 1) Basal diet without additives, 2) Basic diet with 4 gr of prebiotic per day, 3) Basic diet with 15 ppm nanoparticles of copper per day, 4) Basic diet + 4 gr of prebiotic + 15 ppm nanoparticles of copper per day. The diet containing feed and milk was given two times a day i.e. in the morning (8:00 am) and evening (18:00 pm). Water was offered adlibitum. Whole blood samples were collected from jugular veins on d 60, approximately 3 h after the morning feeding. Samples were sent to the laboratory under refrigeration (4°C) till analyzed for WBC count, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte concentration.Results and Discussion The results showed that the copper nanoxide, prebiotics and the interaction of copper nanoxide and prebiotics could not affect the final weight of suckling calves. The results showed that feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of suckling calves were not significantly affected by supplementation of prebiotic and copper nanoxide in the diet during the first, second month and experimental period. Also, Body length, Wither height and Heart girth of Holstein suckling calves were not affected by copper nanoparticles and prebiotics supplementation. Prebiotic, copper nanoxide and their interaction had no significant effect on white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit. In contrast, copper nanoxide and prebiotics significantly increased the neutrophil percentage (P <0.05).

has shown that probiotic consumption had no significant effect on functional parameters of Baluch sheep including final weight, daily gain, feed intake and dietary intake. However the result of the other study suggests that prebiotic can be supplemented to the calves for better performance. In contrary to the results of the present study, other researchers have indicated that copper nanoparticles could improve growth performance and modulate intestinal microflora and intestinalmucosal morphology in weaned piglets. In the study addition of pro- prebiotic and symbiotic to the whole milk of dairy female calves increased average daily gain but dry matter intake and blood parameters related to immune system and cell-mediated immune response were not affected. However, when a combination of probiotic and prebiotic added to the milk a better improvement in average daily gain was observed. A study reported that haematological traits (WBC count, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte and hemoglobin) were unaffected by prebiotic and synbiotic in weaned pigs. However, the other study showed that immune parameters such as lymphocytes, leukocyte and neutrophils tended to increase in supplementation of symbiotic.

In general, results of this experiment indicated that using prebiotics and copper nanoxide did not improve growth performance and blood cell count except neutrophil percentage.

Recent advances in nanotechnology suggest that nanoscale particles were used in medicine, dietary additives, and engineering arenas. However, their possible toxicity to people, animals, and environmental health is still unclear. The researchs showed that the ruminal fermentation of sheep with different levels of copper oxide nanoscale particles produced acetic acid and volatile fatty acid at the appropriate amount of copper oxide nanoscale particles stimulates rumen fermentation.

This investigation was designed to evaluate copper oxide nanoscale particles' supplementation with plant and animal protein types by biogas production method.

The produced gas from incubated syringes at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h was measured by Menke and Steinggass (1988) assay. For this purpose three amounts of 0, 30, and 60 ppm of copper oxide nanoparticles was impregnated in three types of plant proteins (soybean meal, canola meal and cottonseed meal) and three types of animal protein (poultry offal meal, fish meal and blood meal) and were applied in a completely randomized plan by three replications and two-run (a total of 6 repetitions).

The obtained results indicated that after 72 h, the highest of produced gas achieved for soybean meal from plant protein (58.4 mL/200 mg dry matter (DM)) and in animal protein sources was obtained for fish meal (36.7 mL/200 mg DM). The higher digestible organic matter (DOM) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were related to soybean meal, and the smaller of them was related to a blood meal. Also, the higher metabolizable energy (ME) of soybean meal for the quantities of zero were 30 and 60 ppm of copper oxide nanoscale particle, 6.48, 5.65, and 6.52 MJ/Kg DM, and the lower values of this case was found for blood meal 3.07, 3.91, and 4.01 MJ/Kg DM, respectively. The maximum and minimum amounts of microbial protein (MP) were achieved for soybean meal and blood meal 52.92 and 22.17 g/kg DOM, respectively.

As a whole, copper oxide nanoscale particles could be improved fermentation parameters in some of the protein types.

Feed shortages as well as the allocation of more than 75 percent of the cost of livestock feed, challenge-where in ensuring animal protein needed by society has created accurate estimation of the nutritional value of animal feeds, especially the use of agricultural waste As a new source of food supply, it can be an important step in meeting the needs of livestock and reducing breeding costs (Nikkhah et al, 1990). Potato plant with a cultivated area of more than 22 million hectares in the world and production of 376 million tons is the number one tuber crop (FAO, 2016). At present, a large amount of potato crop is allocated to animal feed worldwide, approximately 35% of the total potato crop is wasted during processing as waste (Agricultural Report, 2009). These wastes add to environmental problems if not consumed properly. Biotransformation of agricultural wastes and wastes compared to other processing methods increases the nutritional value of the compounds and causes the least pollution to humans, livestock and the environment. On the other hand, it costs less than other methods (Nikkhah and Amanloo, 1992). Large amounts of ruminal contents are produced daily as wastes in slaughterhouses (Said et al, 2015) and are considered environmental pollutants. Abouhief, Kraidees et al. (1999) that the high cost of disposing of these wastes requires a revision of slaughterhouse by-product management (Rincon, Bermudez-Hurtado et al. 2010). Reduces (Cherdthong, Wanapat et al. 2014). Protein is one of the most important factors limiting food intake for ruminants (Mapato, Wanapat et al. 2010). Today, various plant sources (oilseed meal), animal sources (meat powder) and seafood (fish meal) and non-protein nitrogen (urea and slow-release urea) are used to provide the protein needed by livestock. Utilization of non-nitrogen sources Protein reduces the cost of feed consumed in animal feed and improves production efficiency in ruminants (Horn, Telford et al. 1979, Herrera-Saldana and Huber 1989, Gado, Mansour et al. 1998, Holden 1999, Wang, Wu et al. . 2010).Nitroza is a slow-release non-protein nitrogen source for ruminants containing 40% nitrogen, equivalent to 250% crude protein. Nitrogen is a compound with a special structure that causes the slow release of ammonia in the rumen. Fiber-digesting bacteria need a constant amount of ammonia throughout the day (equivalent to 10-15 mg / dL) for their proper growth and function. This amount of ammonia ensures the proper nutrition of bacteria that play an important role in fiber digestion. Ammonia imbalances occur in normal diets. The rumen is deficient at significant hours of the day and at other times has an increase in ammonia. Potato waste is the product of inappropriate environmental conditions, inappropriate harvesting, physiological changes, damage by insects and pests, etc. Potato waste is an ideal substrate for biohydrogen products, and during the simple fermentation process by applying rumen fluid (rumen liquor microorganisms) achieved from the slaughterhouse and adding slow-release urea (Nitroza), it can be assumed as a high protein byproduct. This study is investigating the potential of using rumen liquid microorganisms with slow-release non-protein nitrogen source for bioconversion of potato wastes by measuring CP, N-NH3, VFA, pH, digestibility and nutrient composition in the fermentation medium.

Rumen fluid was obtained from the slaughterhouse (400 mL) and added to potato wastes (200 g) along with different levels (1.5, 3, 4.5 gr) of nitrogen from the Nitroza source and incubated for 24 h at 39 ̊C. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design (CRD).

Protein content in experimental treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control group, and the highest level was related to 3 g Nitrogen level (27.223). In the presence of rumen microorganisms, potato wastes with 1.5 g nitrogen from the Nitroza source had the highest digestibility (81.33) during 24 h incubation (P<0.05). The pH of the fermentation medium of the experimental groups ranged from 4.60 to 7.43 for potato waste along with rumen microorganisms group to the added levels of 4.5 g Nitrogen source respectively (P<0.05). In general, based on the results of the present study, rumen liquid microorganisms along with Nitroza as a non-protein nitrogen source can be used in bio-conversion of potato waste to increase nutritional value and nutrient composition. The results of Swingersren et al. (2007) showed that more than half of the raw potatoes remained non-degradable after 5 hours of incubation with ruminal fluid. In vitro disappearance of dry matter and organic matter of potato, skin lesions were reported to be 85.38% and 88.7% and it is probable that these results are slightly dependent on crude fiber (Horn et al. 1979) and digestion rate is more related to starch (Gado et al. 1998). 1 gram of nitrogen from nitrogen may be related to the supply of sufficient ammonia from Nitroza and increase digestion. The results of the study of the effect of various additives including nitrogen on the disappearance of dry matter using the Holden method are reported in Table 5.

Based on the results, adding different sources of nitrogen had a significant effect on food digestibility (p<0.05). According to the results, it can be said that using ruminal microorganisms for bioconversion of potato waste along with supplementation with different levels of non-protein nitrogen sources, including nitrogen, significantly increased the nutritional value of potato waste, which thus in addition to the use of various sources of non-protein nitrogen, research can be done on agricultural wastes that have no marketability and its disposal to the environment causes many problems, slaughterhouse waste. Which are environmentally polluting and used the resulting substance in the diet of ruminants.

Using horticultural and agricultural products such as almond hull is a useful way to compensate for feedstuff shortages and reduce environmental pollution. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of slow-release non-protein nitrogen replacement (Nitrosa) with urea in diets containing almond hulls on microbial protein production and nitrogen balance in sheep in order to provide an inexpensive non-forage fiber source with easily accessible nitrogen.

Materail and Methods:

This study was performed using four adult sheep weighing 49.33 ± 4.59 which were kept in metabolic cages were assigned in a 4×4 Latin square design in four 19-days periods. Feed intake and daily excretion of feces and urine were measured. Four rations were tested with the same raw protein and energy content, which contained 36% of the total crude protein content of non-protein nitrogen supplements. Only urea was used in the first treatment. In the second treatment, 24% of the crude protein required by urea and 12% by Nitrosa were provided. In the third treatment of urea and Nitrosa, respectively, 12 and 24%, and in the fourth treatment, Nitrosa was used only to provide 36% of the total crude protein needed in four periods. Each period included 14 days of habit and 5 days of measurements.

Allantoin showed a significant difference between treatments under the influence of experimental diets. So that treatment 3 had a significant difference with treatment 1 and 2, but did not differ with treatment 4. Also, treatment 2 had a significant difference with treatment 4 (p<0.05). Xanthine and hypoxanthine were not affected by diets (p>0.05). Uric acid, total purine derivatives excreted and all purine derivatives absorbed microbial nitrogen production, and microbial protein production under experimental diets showed a significant difference between treatments (p<0.05). The dry matter digestibility, crude protein, crude fat, and organic matter were not affected by the experimental syringes and there was no significant difference between the treatments (p>0.05). The digestibility of insoluble fiber in neutral detergent under the influence of experimental diets showed a significant difference between treatments (p<0.05). Treatment 4 had significant differences with treatment 1 and 3 and there was no difference between treatment 4 and 2.

Based on the results Using Nitrosa in diets containing almond hull as a low-cost non-forage fiber source also low-protein can be useful in improving the digestibility of fiber.

In the livestock industry around the world, most decisions are about increasing profitability per head, which is not an independent process and is affected by the interactions of biological functions such as (production, reproduction and health) and prices that are changed by policy. Replacement and breeding affect profitability (Nasre Esfahani, 2018). Issues such as feed price fluctuations and the lack of coherent policies to support the dairy industry in the country have made the profession one of the most risky jobs in the economy. When a producer wants to make the decision to remove or replace a cow, it is best to compare the future benefits and expected benefits of keeping a cow or replacing an animal with another. The most important objective of a livestock unit is to maximize the profit of the herd, one of the issues affecting this profit is the criteria and rate of elimination (Rogers et al,1988). If culling and replacement are not optimal, the cows are removed sooner or later than the optimal deadline, the profitability of the herd decreases. The need to determine the optimal time to remove cows requires simultaneous consideration of several biological and economic variables (De Vries,2006). The removal decision must be based on the anticipated future earnings of the cow. The longer the livestock has a livelihood in the herd, the more profit the livestock earns. The decision to properly, optimally and reasonably eliminate livestock is made by comparing the present value of the future cash flow of the cow present in the herd to the present value of the future cash flow of its replacement heifers, ultimately occupying the most valuable animal in the present (Groenendall et al,2005). The application of dynamic programming in the animal sciences is more on animal substitution issues. The optimal policy at each stage represents the best decision from that stage to the final stage. This method calculates an expected value for each of the situations that can be faced and the decision maker selects the best decision based on the expected value based on the situations ahead. Several dynamic programming models for optimal replacement decision making in dairy herds have been proposed by (De Vries,2004) and (Van Arendonk,1985). (Cardoso et al,1999) reported optimizing replacement and inoculation policies in dairy cows by calculating monthly income, costs and probability of elimination.

In this study, using raw data collected from industrial dairy farms of Ardabil between 2015 and 2018, the biological parameters of the herd, such as the shape of the lactation curve, the risk of forced removal and the possibility of pregnancy in different lactation periods and Different months after calving were estimated. The financial information of the herd was also obtained in the form of an economic questionnaire from the studied units. It was further developed by incorporating biological parameters and financial information into a bio economic model in Dairy Vip software. The feature of this software is that it simulates the livestock over time and also calculates the performance of the herd based on breeding and replacement decisions with the goal of maximizing profitability. Milk production was evaluated using daily milk production records and fitting the incomplete gamma curve (Wood). Dairy Vip software defined average daily milk production levels in the herd by entering lactation data (raw milk quantity, incremental milk slope to peak production and milk slope decrease until peak production). Mean milk yield of 305 days at first to third lactation and peak lactation was reported in Table 1.The mean 21-day inoculation rate and cattle breeding rate were 49.3% and 37%, respectively. By default Dairy Vip software, a maximum livestock can be in the herd 24 months after calving. The risk of fetal loss from the second to the eighth month was 6.24, 4.16, 2.08, 1.11, 0.45, 0.19, and 0.19 percent, respectively. A Dynamic programming model was developed to determine the optimal replacement policy for cows in dairy farms and in economic conditions in Ardabil province. The objective function investigated in this study was to maximize the present value of net income from current cows and alternative heifers. Markov chain simulation was used to estimate the expected statistics under optimal policy.

The implications of the decision policies for optimum and non-optimum removal using Dairy Vip software are presented in Table 3. With the implementation of optimal policies, the overall annual removal rate increased from 30.11% to 43.8%. However, the forced removal rate fell by 2.3%. Pregnancy rate increased from 18/15 to 18.2% and increased by 2.89%. Based on the above results, it can be inferred that the economic importance of increasing the pregnancy rate is more urgent in herds with poorer reproductive performance. Also, the non-optimal catch rate dropped from 33.9% to 37%, indicating an increased likelihood of livestock being pregnant in different months. The 21-day inoculation rate ranged from 47.6 to 49.3%, indicating appropriate cow inoculation. By reducing the days of gestation in dairy cows can increase milk production, which in this study reduced the optimal days of gestation from 139 days to 132 days, which resulted in a significant 7-day decrease in milk production and finally annual. Open days are the interval from birth to the next gestation period, from 167 days to 161 days. With the decline in pregnancy, the rate of pregnancy increased. Calving distance also decreased from 13.6 to 13.3, which was reduced to 0.3 per month, which in turn increased annual milk production. As shown in Table 3, the optimal daily milk yields were increased from 41.4 to 44.2 by the optimal policies, which increased the daily milk yield by 3 kg per cow. And the annual yield of milk increased from 12548 to 13483 kg per cow. Reducing the average days of lactation increased the daily and annual production of productive cows by 3 and 935 kg, respectively.

Decisions to optimize voluntary removal and estimation of livestock value by computer simulation in Dairy VIP software enable improved economic returns. This improvement is due to the decrease in average lactation days in the herd resulting in increased milk production, cattle sales and calf production. Although the implementation of optimal policies is associated with increased livestock removal and replacement costs and increased feed costs, however, the increased revenue from implementing these policies could well offset the increased costs. In general, it can be concluded that increasing milk production in medium-sized cows is the most important factor in increasing economic profit. The results of this study showed that low-yielding animals showed their least future benefit in early lactation, indicating that they should be eliminated sooner.

In order to optimally use the inputs, the efficiency of economic units is of great importance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the technical efficiency and economic value of some traits of production, reproduction, survival and growth of Holstein cows in Pars agro-industry. For this purpose, required information including: manpower, cattle population, feed consumption and milk production quantities were collected from Pars Livestock Unit by documentary study, observation and face-to-face interview and their efficiency was calculated based on production and economic performance. The variables used in the research include herd size in terms of head, feed and concentrate in terms of weight, manpower in terms of men per day, health in terms of number of days per day, milk production and production of manure in terms of kilograms and incomes in Rials, which include Income from milk sales, Rial value of livestock manure produced, income from sales of voluntary and forced elimination of livestock, income from sales of bulls and heifers in dairy farms were examined. Deap 2.1 software was used for performance calculations. Optimal decision was calculated numerically by a iterative method using compecon toolbox in MATLAB program. Probability of pregnancy in the first, second, third and higher lactation periods based on data analysis and using logistic regression and GenMod procedure of SAS software Obtained, the results showed that the average of technical efficiency with constant efficiency compared to the scale was 0.83; the average efficiency with variable efficiency compared to the scale was 0.86 The scale efficiency of this company was estimated to be 0.96. The amount of technical efficiency in general was 0.83, allocation efficiency was 0.87 and economic efficiency was 0.72. This unit was efficient in March in terms of types of efficiency, which means that during this month, in addition to consuming a certain amount of product produced with a minimum of inputs, the minimum costs are also considered in the composition of inputs, so the unit in this month was technically, allocative, economically and economically efficient and has a constant return on scale. Also, the highest economic value in non-optimal conditions in survival, reproductive, productive and growth traits, and also for survival rate after weaning, first calving age, milk fat and body weight of adult animals was equal to 234297.30, -41835.16, 128664.12 and 454227.93 Rials, respectively. In optimal conditions, the highest economic value for survival, reproduction, production and growth traits was related to the set of traits of production lifespan, and the calving interval, milk fatproduction and daily weight gain before weaning were estimated at 4594.88,9084.67, 1582264.09 and -1464.87 Rials, respectively. The reason for the difference in economic values of traits in optimal conditions compared to non-optimal conditions is due to the application of optimal livestock replacement strategy, so that the farmer's policy in eliminating and replacing, affect herd profit.

The effect of different levels of density of flaked corn on performance, blood and rumen parameters of 48 Holstein suckling calves with an average weight of 38.5 ± 1.20 kg was studied in 4 treatments and 12 replications for 70 days. Treatments included corn grain in the mashed form (control), flaked corn with a density of 300, flaked corn with a density of 350 and flaked corn with a density of 400 g / l. Calves were weaned at 56 days of age and daily intake of initial feed and body weight up to 70 days of age were measured. The effect of feeding experimental treatments on weight gain and dry matter intake of calves was not significant. The results of this study showed a significant effect of the experimental treatments on the concentration of ruminal volatile fatty acids and blood triglycerides (p<0.05). The density of 350 g / l of flaked corn (Treatment 3) had the highest concentration of triglycerides, propionic and butyric acid and treatment containing flaked corn with a density of 300 g (Treatment 2) per liter had the highest amount of acetic acid. The highest concentration of i-valeric acid (i-VA) belonged to the control treatment (corn grain in the mashed form). The effect of the sampling period on functional, blood, and skeletal growth parameters was significant among ruminal volatile fatty acids and valeric acid isomers (p<0.05). According to the results of this study, corn grain processing with a density of 350 g / l had a better response to most of the studied parameters than other densities and without having a negative impact on calf performance was able to improve some performance, blood and rumen parameters of calves.

The main purpose of this study is to estimate the relative emphasis on production and reproductive traits of growth and longevity in dairy herds of Pars Animal Husbandry Company. This study was conducted using a bioeconomic model and by determining the economic value and relative importance of each of these traits in the breeding programs of dairy cattle breeding system of Pars Livestock Company in Ardabil province. The first step in the development of breeding goals is to determine the economic coefficients for the traits that are considered as breeding goals. The economic value of a trait indicates the contribution of the genetic growth of a trait in improving the economic efficiency of the production system. In order to study the effects of change in input values on the model response, sensitivity test was used. Also, for comparing different attributes, the relative emphasis of each attribute was calculated. The annual profit of each productive cattle in this research was reported to be 5529076.86 9 Rials. Attributes can be divided into several categories in terms of the type of effects on revenues and expenses. A group of traits increase the income and cost of the production unit as well as the profit compared to the baseline (initial amount) by increasing their average. Most of the production traits including milk production, fat production, weight gain after weaning, adult body weight, and survival rate before and after weaning were in this category. However, with an increase of one unit in daily weight gain before weaning, income and expenses have increased compared to the base amount, but the profit has decreased. In the other category were traits whose average increase was both a decrease in income and a decrease in costs, which led to a decrease in profit, which included the traits of production life and the calving interval in this group. The traits of the third group had no effect on income, but as the average increased, the unit costs of production increased, resulting in a decrease in annual profits, which included age at first calving. The fourth category also includes an attribute that has no effect on cost and with the increase of unit income has caused profitability, which is the attribute of milk fat in this category. The results also showed that the highest relative importance or emphasis was related to milk production with a value of 45.01% and the lowest was related to the calving interval of 4.17%.However, in terms of the relative importance of traits in each category, in the group of production traits, milk production and milk fat had the highest relative importance. In the group of survival and survival traits, the priority of survival rate after weaning, survival rate before weaning and production life, as well as in the reproductive group, age at first calving and calving interval were the highest relative importance, respectively. In the group of growth traits, adult body weight, weight gain after weaning and weight gain before weaning, respectively, had the highest relative importance. Sensitivity test results also showed that the effect of fluctuations of production factors on economic values of traits are not the same. and some traits are more stable.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of saponin extract on production performance, some blood parameters and ruminal protozoan in Holstein dairy cows. In this study, out of 20 Holstein cows in second calving,  two groups including, one group with an average milk production of 37.94 kg per day and lactation days was 98.62 and the second group with an average milk production of 38.96 kg per day and lactation days was 98.45,  for a 30-day trial period (Two 15-day periods) was used. Treatments included 1- control (the group that did not use saponin extract) and the second group used 8 ml of saponin extract extracted from mint, licorice and gensing plants. After one period of use, in order to eliminate the effect of the previous treatments, the base diet was used for 20 days and in the second period, the place of the treatments was changed. Feed intake was recorded daily in the last week of each experiment. Milk production per lactation was recorded on days 5, 10 and 15 of the experiment. In order to determine the milk composition, on day 15 of the experiment, a 50 ml sample was taken from the milk of each cow in the morning. To evaluate blood parameters, sampling was performed on day 15 in each period. The results showed that dry matter intake, milk production, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, milk somatic cell count and milk urea nitrogen were not affected by the addition of saponin extract (p<0.05). Triglyceride concentration was significantly reduced compared to the control group with the addition of saponin extract (p<0.05). Also, with the addition of saponin extract, acetate concentration, total volatile fatty acids and the number of ruminal protozoa were significantly reduced (p<0.05). In general, saponin extract had no negative effect on the performance of Holstein dairy cows.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) advancement map and the specification of population-level haplotype block structures are parameters that are helpful for managing the study of the Genome wide Association (GWAS), and to comprehend the nature of non-linear relationship among phenotypes and genotype. Compared with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), genomic prediction fitting haplotype alleles and improve prediction accuracy; but the increase in accuracy belong how the Haplotype block are characterized. The aim of this study was to test the optimal size for haplotype length in genomic predictions.

The Haplotype alleles were defined according the SNP alleles in not covering blocks 125 Kb, 250 Kb, 500 Kb, and 1 Mb. The Haplotype alleles with frequencies below 1, 2.5, 5 or 10% are eliminated. Two methods, Bayes A and Bayes B, were used to predict the genomic effects of SNPs and haplotypes. From Bayes A and B methods to predict the genomic effects of SNPs and haplotypes in three traits with three levels of heritability (milk production (h2 = 0.1), carcass weight (h2 = 0.3) and body weight in Maturity (h2 = 0.45) was used.

The highest genomic prediction obtained in body weight at maturity by Bayesian method B (0.652) during 250 kb haplotypic block and the lowest by Bayesian method A in milk production (0.407) during haplotypic block 1 Mb. Haplotype blocks of 250 kb with a frequency threshold of 1% provided the highest genomic prediction accuracy. Comparing Bayes A and Bayes B methods, Bayes B method provided higher estimation accuracy in both SNP-based and haplotype allele-based models.

: Placing haplotype alleles instead of SNPs in the statistical model, if the haplotype length is properly defined, improves the accuracy of genomic prediction.

Zinc is an essential trace mineral for all forms of life because it plays an important role in ‎DNA and RNA synthesis by increasing replication and cell proliferation. Zn deficiency in grazing and ‎forage feed is widespread in Iran and other countries, so Zn supplements are generally required for ‎ruminants. Several kinds of Zn sources have been used in diet ruminants. Supplemental Zn is usually ‎added to animal diets in the form of inorganic Zn (Zno and Znso4), However,. Many studies reported ‎that organic Zn is absorbed more readily by ruminants than inorganic Zn. Recently, a novel elemental ‎Zn source used in animal diets. The development of nano technology holds unique properties for nano ‎Zn, because nanometer particulates exhibit novel characteristics, such as great specific surface area, high ‎surface activity, high catalytic efficiency and strong absorbing ability. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects different forms of zn on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation of diatery dairy ‎cows with high production using gas production and nylon bags techniques.‎

The Zno naoparticles were prepared by chemical co-precipitation method. The ‎basal diet for sheep and dairy cows were provided according to NRC (2007) and NRC (2001) ‎respectivelely, to meet requirements, except of Zn. The four various tretments in the current experiment ‎were as: (1) the basal without Zn supplementation. (2) the basal diet plus 40 mg Zn/kg DM as zinc ‎oxide (Zno), (3) the basal diet plus 40 mg Zn/kg DM as zinc glycine (ZnGly, ZnGly, B-TRA MIX R ‎‎2C, 18.5% Zn) and (4) the basal diet plus 40 mg Zn/kg DM as Zn nano (zn>99%, 15-20 nm). Four ‎ruminal fistuled male sheep were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square, experiment with four 28-day ‎periods (21 day adaptation and 7 day sampling collection each period). Nylon bags methods 5g of ‎samples were incubated in the rumen of fistulated sheep for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h ‎for determination degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). The gas production was ‎recorded after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48,72 and 96 h of incubation. Ruminal fluid were used for pH, ‎ammomia-N, voliate fatty acids (VFA). ‎

In present study, the highest amount of gas production was obtained in ‎organic, nano and in organic zin supplemented treatments respectively. Zinc supplementation ‎significantly increased the OMD, SCFA and ME concentrations (p < 0.05). The results of this study ‎showed that Zinc supplementation significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the N-NH3 concentration in ‎different experimental groups. There was no effect on molar proportion of acetate and butyrate ‎‎(p < 0.05), whereas that of propionate was linearly (p < 0.05) increased with increasing nano-zn and ‎glycine-zn supplementation. As a result, ratio of acetate to propionate was decreased. Total ruminal ‎VFA concentration was increased (p < 0.05) as Zinc Supplementation. Increasing the concentration of ‎total volatile fatty acids in the rumen can be due to improved microbial fermentation in the rumen. In ‎situ trial, adding zn in forms nano and organic increased the DM disappearance (p < 0.05). Also zn ‎supplementation significantly increased ;b; fraction of DM of diatery cows with high production in ‎different experimental groups. The present results suggested zn functions to maintain the production of ‎proteolytic digestive enzymes and activity of protein decomposing bacteria could be improved by zn. In ‎‎24 to 96 hours incubations crude protein degradability zn-glycine and nano-zn was significantly ‎‎(p < 0.05) lower than zn oxide and control treatments. Also zinc Supplementation in forms nano and ‎organic decreased (p < 0.05) ;b; fraction and ;ED; of crude protein of diatery cows with high production ‎compared to control and zinc oxide treatments. The reason for this can be because of the low solubility ‎of proteins dietary due to bonding with the zinc element in the rumen or the change in the activity of ‎the proteolytic microbes.‎

The results suggested that the addition of zinc in the forms of organic and nano increased ‎the fermentation and degradability of the dietary high production dairy cows compared with inorganic ‎form. Also, there was no difference in digestibility and fermentation between organic and nano forms; ‎hence, in order to select the nanoparticulate or organic form of zinc element in the diet of animals, it ‎was necessary to pay attention to their price and price in the market.‎

It has been documented many times in various articles that the plasma vitamin C concentrations have been severely reduced during stress and disease in calves. Another report shows that the production of endogenous vitamin C was not apparently observed in dairy calves up to 4 months of age, and therefore the suckling calf depended on relatively low concentrations of vitamin C in consumed milk. Therefore, suckling calves are exposed to various pathogens that cause various diseases and consequently economic loss. One of the most important causes of mortality in suckling calves is their susceptibility to infections, since calves are more susceptible to intestinal and respiratory infections resulting in high mortality during this period. Therefore, use of dietary supplements and vitamins can improve the immune system and growth performance. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant properties and can kill free radicals produced in cells. The amount of vitamin C in the animal is reduced during stress and exposure to the disease. Therefore, providing it through starter rations can improve animal performance. There is limited research about the effects of vitamin C on the immune system and its beneficial effects in suckling calves. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate the supplementation of vitamin C on growth performance and immune system of Holstein suckling calves.

For this experiment, 40 newborn Holstein calves with an average age of 1-10 days, and about 36±1 kg weight, were used in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 20 replications. The treatments included: 1) Control (starter and whole milk) 2) Control + daily 600 mg vitamin C. Average daily gain and feed intake were measured and feed efficiency was determined. Blood samples from each calf were taken 4 times, including 48 h immediately after birth, 7, 21, and 45 days after birth. Total protein, albumin, triglyceride, cholesterol levels were measured by commercial kits (made by Pars Test Co.). Serum concentrations of vitamin C, super oxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were measured by commercial kits.

Results showed that using 600 mg vitamin C in the diets of suckling calves had significant effect on final weight. Supplementation of vitamin C in calf starter diet increased dry mater intake in second months and total period (P < 0.05). Vitamin C supplementation had no significant effect on feed efficiency in the first, second months and the total period. Feed intake decreased with increasing vitamin C content in feeds but improved feed conversion ratio. These researchers also reported that that vitamin C use had no effect on final weight. Vitamin C supplementation in suckling calves diet had no effect on serum concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, and total protein at 48 hours postpartum, days 7, 21 and 45 after birth compared with the control group (P>0.05). The effects of ascorbic acid at levels of 0, 10 and 15 g in Buffalo decreased glucose concentrations, these researchers stated that as the amount of ascorbic acid increased, glucose concentration decreased. Vitamin C supplementation had no significant effect on blood concentration of superoxide dismutase except 21 days after birth and glutathione peroxidase concentration except for 45 days after birth compared to the control group. Calves received ascorbic acid had the highest amount of superoxide dismutase in the first week after birth and the lowest in the fifth week. Glutathione peroxidase also reached its lowest level 45 days after birth. Furthermore, serum vitamin C concentration in suckling calves received vitamin C containing diet increased significantly at 45 days after birth compared with the control group. This may be due to the intake of vitamin C as an agent for the control of oxidative stress. Conclusion By studying the effects of vitamin C on growth performance, blood parameters and bioavailability in suckling calves, it can be concluded that using this vitamin increased dry mater intake and average daily gain, glutathione peroxidase concentration and serum vitamin C bioavailability throughout the period. In general, supplementation of the diet of suckling calves with vitamin C had beneficial effects on the performance. It is concluded that vitamin C as supplementation of the diet (milk replacer or starter diet) may enhance immunity and resistance in Holstein suckling calves.

The purpose of this study was to evaluation the culling rate in two different optimization systems for reproductive and reproductive traits and reproductive and health traits in dairy herds based on data collected from dairy herds in Ardabil province according to market conditions in a production period from 2017 to 2018. One of the most important management decisions affecting livestock profit is timely replacement with young heifers. By analyzing the economic system of the dairy herd system, they were broken down into income and cost components, and each of these components was subdivided into other sub-sections. Then, using mathematical models, a simulation of a bioeconomic model was performed and optimized using MATLAB's Compecon toolbox and dynamic programming. Dairy cows were treated by status variables at three levels (low productivity, medium and high productivity) and reproductive performance at four levels (ideal calving interval, 50,100 and 150 days delay) and health performance at three conditions (no disease, The curable disease, a disease that causes involuntary eradication, was categorized and evaluated in the planning horizon with 10 lactation cycles. The results of the production and reproductive model showed that in the low-production group, the present value increased up to the fourth abdomen and then decreased. And in the intermediate group the present value is increased to the second abdomen and then decreases automatically and in the high productive group the first abdominal value decreases. The results of the production and health models were similar to those of the production and reproductive models in terms of present value changes. Future value is the value of an asset or cash at a specified future date, which is equal to the present value at a present value. It was observed that the trend of future value changes in both systems in different breeding and reproductive status and health and production status decreased with increasing lactation and with increasing cow age. The difference between the future value and the present value under the discount of 20% showed that this difference is further increased by the level of production. Regardless of the present and future value, cows are removed sooner than the optimal deadline, which leads to a decrease in the profitability of the herd. The optimum lifetime determined by dynamic programming was obtained using the Markov simulation for the reproduction and reproduction models of 4.99 years and for reproduction and health of 4.83 years, So that culling of dairy cows older than the optimum age leads to increased profitability of livestock units.

Forage quality information could help managers of rangelands to select appropriate grazing method to achieve higher animal performance without damage to ecosystem. The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional value of Thymus kotschyanus, Artemisia melanolepis and A. austriaca in different altitudes and phenological stages in 2016. According to the presense of the selected species, three rangeland sites in the southeast of Sabalan near Alvares ski resort including 2200-2400, 2600-2800, and 3000-3200 meters above sea level were selected. At each site 50 samples from each species were taken at three phenological stages. The nutritional value of the species was determined by measuring the percentage of dry matter, ash, organic matter, protein, fat, Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), macro elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and sodium) and micro elements (iron, zinc, copper and manganese) and the results were analyzed in a completely randomized design using ANOVA. Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare the means. Considernig the difference in altitude in the habitat of T. kotschyanus and A. melanolepis, the effect of altitude factor on the studied traits in these two species was solely evaluated by independent t-test and the results showed that, altitude changes had no effect on the nutritional value and macro and micro elements of T. kotschyanus and A. melanolepis. The difference between phenological stages in species was significant. The highest and lowest percentage of organic matter were in seedling and growth stages for A. austriaca (94.43%) and A. melanolepis (91.49%), respectively. As phenological stages pass, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of fat, protein and ash in all three species (p < 0.05). The highest crude protein was observed in A. melanolepis at vegetative stage (17%) and the lowest in A. austriaca at seedling stage (7.5%). With the development of growth stages organic and dry matter, NDF and ADF were increased in the species. Phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen and sodium in the species were decreased significantly as phenological stages progress (p < 0.05). The highest phosphorus was recorded at vegetative stage in A. austriaca (0.34%) and the lowest (0.12%) in T. kotschyanus at the seedling stage. Overall, A. austriaca, A. melanolepis and T. kotschyanus have high nutritional value and suitable minerals, which can be used as substitute forage when other forage species are reduced in a given rangeland.