حامد حیاتی

The Shi‘a teachings originated from the Holy Quran and the Infallibles’ sayings have presented certain conceptual and practical strategies as principles beyond time and place, which are exploitable. One of the architectural and urban places reflecting the ideology of the ruling systems is mosque-school. Since, with a review of the studies conducted, the effect of the most important principles of the Islamic-Iranian architecture (mosque-centrism, education-centrism, district-centrism, introversion and naturalism) on the body of architecture of the mosque-schools have not been clarified, this study explains the desired solutions and strategies of the five principles extracted from the Shiite sources based on the Infallibles’ traditions as the most important principles of the Islamic-Iranian architecture. In this article, the Shi‘a traditions serve as the independent variable affecting the structure of the mosque-schools as the dependent variable. This study aims at identifying the values and principles of the Islamic-Iranian architecture, describing the ways to realize them in the architecture of mosque-schools based on the Shi‘a traditions. The research method is qualitative-quantitative (compound) in type of data, descriptive-analytical from the viewpoint of type of results, and historical-interpretive in its approach. The aforementioned five principles were seen of great priority, for the experts, among the most important principles of Islamic-Iranian principles of architecture and urban planning based on the Shi‘a traditions in the in early studies. For explaining the desired strategies and solutions, these five principles were analyzed in four historical mosque-schools selected purposefully from Islamic periods (Saljuqids, Teymurids, Safavids and Qajars).

The purpose of this study is to analyze and identify the factors affecting the sense of place in shrine buildings and to improve these factors for a deeper understanding of the sense of place in these buildings. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the sample size was determined based on Morgan table of 78 people. What distinguishes this research from its similar researches is the analysis and study of the components of sense of place in Ali Ibn Mahziar's tomb as the most significant shrine building in Ahvaz, which has not been researched in this field so far. The results of Pearson test, while confirming the correlation of all criteria and sub-criteria with the sense of place, show; The variable of peace and spirituality has the highest and the variable of security has the lowest correlation with the amount of sense of place. According to the results of regression test, perceptual and physical dimensions have the most effect and functional and social dimensions have less effect on inducing a sense of place in the shrine. The results show that in addition to the four components of physical, semantic, social and service, other components are involved in creating a sense of place in tombs and religious buildings. Therefore, it is possible to deepen the sense of place among pilgrims in pilgrimage buildings and religious tombs by providing more grounds for both physical and semantic components.

In 301 AD, as a result of the efforts of "Gregor Roshangar", the first "Archbishop" (Catholicos) of the Armenian Apostolic Church, Christianity was announced as the official religion of Armenia. But it should be noted that Christianity was preached long before this date, that is, in the beginning of the first century AD by "Apostle Thaddeus" and in the second century by "Apostle Bartholomew". Although these two apostles had many followers, Christianity was not yet accepted by the general public in Armenia. Saints such as "Hripsime", "Gayane" and their disciples who were trying to spread Christianity were also stoned by the king's orders, because they had turned away from the popular religion of the time. Christianity spread in the North Caucasus lands mostly by Armenian and Georgian missionaries, but from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, all these Christian lands gradually converted to Islam and the Christian works in this region disappeared. For example, the first reference to the spread of Christianity by the Armenian Apostolic Church in Dagestan dates back to the 4th century AD; In one of the versions of "Darband Name" it is mentioned that the residents of Darband accepted Christianity in 355 AD. The authors of this article have investigated some religious terms of the Armenian Church such as "cross", "maabd" and "altar" and have shown that all these terms are derived from Iranian languages and even traces of them can be seen in the languages of the North Caucasus.

The history of the creation of mosques is synonymous with the history of the emergence of Islam and its expansion, which has been subject to the development and influence of this sacred building in different societies. Undoubtedly, throughout history, the combination of mosques with techniques, cultures and rich attitudes of various societies makes its architecture a symbol of Islamic architecture in such a way that it can be claimed that the transformation in other Islamic buildings has started following the development of the architecture of mosques. Here, the main question is whether in the present study, considering the importance of the architecture of the mosques of the historical city of Qazvin, both in terms of physical characteristics and in terms of historical transformations, is possible to achieve rules and frameworks that result in the evolution of the spatial types of mosques in this city from the point of view of physical aspects, functional aspects, and perceptual aspects. Based on this, it includes factors such as the understanding of chastity and how to construct and pay attention to the concepts obtained in the samples studied in the early Islamic, Seljuk, Safavid and Qajar schools of the historical city of Qazvin. The research method in the prospective research is qualitative, which is written in a combined form with interpretive-historical and descriptive-analytical methods, and the data collection is based on field studies and documents. In fact, this research rereads the course of evolution in 11 established and valuable species in the mentioned periods in Qazvin city, and how spatial organization and the way prayer space is connected and the ways of defining open and closed space in the spatial pattern of these mosques from a physical, functional and perceptual point of view. The results of the data analysis show the evolution of the mosques under investigation in the above periods in the historical city of Qazvin, expressing different commonalities and differences in the way of spatial organization and the way of communicating the prayer space and the ways of defining open and closed space in the spatial pattern of this area which can be seen in every era.

This research evaluates the validity of the hypothesis by investigating the five-door rooms, three-door rooms, and courtyards of historic houses in Ahvaz. The study aims to answer the question of which adjustment systems of proportions are utilized in the geometry of these historic houses. To assess the normality of the obtained data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was employed. Given the normality of the data, parametric tests were utilized to address the research hypotheses.

Among the teachings of Iranian architecture, two theories—“Iranian Golden Rectangle” and “Guz and Module”—have been particularly influential. This research evaluates the validity of the hypothesis by examining the five-door rooms, three-door rooms, and courtyards of Ahvaz historic houses. The study seeks to determine which adjustment systems of proportions are applied in the geometry of these structures. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the data, and parametric tests were implemented based on this normality to test the research hypotheses.

Considering the actual conditions and plan patterns of Ahvaz houses, the variation coefficients derived from Guz and Module were found to be lower and closer to the real values compared to those obtained from the Iranian Golden Rectangle. This supports the acceptance of the Guz and Module hypothesis as the primary theory applied in the geometry of the investigated houses.

Previous research on the geometry and proportions of historical houses indicates that architects aimed to align the dimensions of spaces as closely as possible to specific geometric proportions. This study assessed the extent to which golden rectangle proportions have been utilized in Qajar-era houses in Ahvaz.

Problem statement:

 geometry, along with proportions, are the significant indicators of the prominent monuments designed by Iranian artists and architects over the history of architecture in Iran. Architectural proportions create a desirable connection between the generating components of a monument and provide the audience with a sense of order and arrangement between different parts of a visual composition. Besides order, proportions can create a sense of beauty. In other words, Iranian architects apply geometry and proportions as a common language to meet the aesthetic, structural, and functional needs of the architecture and artworks.

The current research explored the geometrical proportions in the height components of the Qajar Era school mosques in Tehran, Iran. Thus, each school mosque was analyzed based on the proportional rules of the height components. As a result, a height pattern or a relational pattern between the height components of 9 school mosques was obtained. Hence, a height design hierarchy can be reread in each mosque. Therefore, the research question was what common patterns and proportions can be found in the height components (dome, minarets, porches, courtyard facade) of the school mosques.

The current paper used a quasi-experimental research method to examine the compatibility between the dimensions of the height components and the proportions and geometry. Then, the deductive method was utilized to investigate the case studies. That is to say, after analyzing the data of each building and comparing them with the proportion principles, the characteristics of the common height proportions were observed in the height of the components of the building courtyards based on which the research findings were assessed.

After analyzing the proportions and height patterns in 9 case studies, the Iranian golden ratio was obtained in all the height components, including the height of the courtyard facade, from the shortest height of the porch to the highest minaret or dome. The common patterns in the proportions were found in all case studies while comparing the height components. For instance, the shortest porch of the complex and the height of the courtyard facade had proportions close to the golden ratio. Furthermore, other similar proportional patterns were recognized in two or several school mosques.

Past architectures have undergone many tests in their physical structures and have reached stable combinations over the years. Among the climatic solutions of historical houses in interaction with nature, it has been harmonizing the form and the structure of architectural spaces. One of the main characteristics of native architecture in interaction with the natural environment is the components design , patterns and physical proportions based on environmental variables such as sunlight, seasons, etc.; In such a way that creating physical compatibility in historical houses with the natural environment, along with other considerations, guarantees less energy consumption and the benefit of environmental comfort. However, today to environmental problems, paying attention to climate-based characteristics has become more important; Therefore, it can provide specific standards in the process of modernizing and improving sustainability in future buildings. Meanwhile, the houses of the Safavid and Qajar era in Dezful city are valuable examples of architecture that have been well adapted to the special climatic conditions of Khuzestan. Based on this, in the current research, the identification of geometric patterns, proportionality and prevailing standards in the structures of the central courtyard, winter halls and seasonal rooms based on hot and humid climates is discussed. Also, the relationships of spaces are also studied based on physical characteristics; so that by comparing climatic criteria, a sustainable design pattern can be achieved based on structural patterns; Identified the most common spatial proportions in accordance with nature in this region; and used in accordance with today's needs.For this purpose, eleven residential buildings from the Safavid and Qajar eras were purposefully selected, which have gained significant prosperity in the city of Dezful. In the continuation of the investigation process of these houses, the data and information obtained from the study and field investigation were recorded in a table and with the help of calculation methods, logical reasoning of the data and their quantitative and qualitative analysis, a set of geometric proportions and spatial relationships were obtained. Finally, results were obtained that expressed the most common and practical dimensions, areas and geometric ratios and emphasized the relationship between spatial patterns and climatic and environmental data of hot and humid weather.

One of the prominent features of cities in developing countries is that the rate of urbanization is increasing rapidly and the desire of people to live in cities is increasing, which is the expansion of urbanization, the increase in the population density of cities and the resulting tensions. It has caused urban spaces and citizens to face many problems. According to Hamadi, choosing a house in the cities has caused many changes in social relations and people's daily life. These simple transformations in the urban territory have caused a change in the lifestyle and behavioral pattern of the residents of the urban areas and especially the network of social and neighborhood relations. Neighborhood relations can be defined as a subset of social relations that are created between two or more families together, and these relations are a part of the quality of life that met many needs in pre-modern conditions. Even now, there is often such a feeling in cities and neighborhoods that have deep and extensive neighborly relations. Who we live with is socially and culturally important because it affects our quality of life. Human beings are inherently social creatures, driven by the innate desire to engage with a diverse range of individuals and actively participate within their communities. Neighborhoods and neighborhood units are a reflection of this approach. These neighborhood units, established with the objective of fostering a sense of community and enhancing social connections, assume a paramount significance in cultivating and refining this indispensable attribute. The neighborhood and the interaction of neighbors in the neighborhood have been one of the most fundamental concepts in architecture and urban planning for a long time. The lack of neighborhood interactions and the change in lifestyle and behavioral patterns of residents in cities have established the basic structure of this research. This research aims to examine the relationship between the physical structure or framework of the neighborhood and the amount of face-to-face interactions in the neighborhood. The existing research is descriptive-analytical and quantitative-qualitative in terms of its applied purpose, nature, and data collection methods, and a correlational research method has been used. Data collection was done through library research and field methods (questionnaires). According to Morgan's table, questionnaires were distributed among 394 people in four neighborhoods of Ahvaz city (Shahrek Naft, Newsite, Zeitoun Karmanani, Kianpars), which were presented in closed form and Likert scale. The data collected for this study was analyzed using SPSS software. To measure the adequacy of the sample, KMO and Bartlett tests were employed. The findings were also examined using statistical methods such as Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficient, variance test, and Pearson test. The results of the variance test indicate a significance level of 0.001, suggesting a significant difference between the questionnaire findings in villa neighborhoods (New Site, Shahrak Naft) and apartment neighborhoods (Zeitoun Karmandi and Kianpars). A Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.586 indicates that there is a direct relationship between two variables. Specifically, the face-to-face relationships increase in villa neighborhoods, while they decrease in apartment areas.

Problem statement: 

Given the importance of the Iwan as a main element in the architecture of mosques, this research is an attempt to investigate the proportions used in the Iwans of these buildings as a tool to create a desirable and lasting architectural effect. This research compared the geometrical proportions of Iwans in seven mosques as targeted samples. The mosques of the Safavid period of Isfahan were chosen because the Iranian-Islamic architecture reached its peak in this period and Isfahan was the capital of these manifestations. The Safavid period in Isfahan is divided into three periods from the history and governance point of view. From each period, mosques were selected and analyzed based on the distribution of the time when they had the most geometric diversity in the Iwan.

Given the importance of mosques in the Safavid period, it seems that specific proportions were used in the design and construction of the Iwans of these mosques, and the present research was aimed at discovering the proportions of the Iwans of selected mosques.

The research method is inductive. The investigated samples were selected non-randomly, and the dimensions and sizes of mosque Iwans were analyzed and checked by examining the proportions in a quasi-experimental way. The data used in this research has been collected by reviewing library documents, map analysis and field survey.

Among the examples compared, as targeted samples of the Safavid era in Isfahan, the same proportions can be observed between the Iwans of each period, and in the view of all the examples, Iranian proportions are derived from regular hexagons. These ratios are closer to 1:1. 18 and 1:1. 3 in the first period, 1:1. 18 in the second period, and 1:1. 7 and 1:1. 14 in the third period.

The Iranian market as a socio-economic and cultural cradle has a high value in most societies and also has a prominent identity with its special characteristics. Today, due to changes in the structure of urban spaces, changes in people's ethical life patterns and lack of proper adaptation to traditional physical space, the market is at risk of becoming a secluded space regardless of its past with ethical approach physical and functional aspects. This study intends to study the traditional market, while explaining its position, to study and extract the effective ethical branch off Islamic doctrines components in creating meaning and body. The examples reviewed in this article are the Kerman market and Semnan market.

The results show that spatial and semantic values ​​in different parts of the market are fundamentally different according to the role of each part. Therefore, the need to pay attention to changes and consequences resulting from the physical and functional aspects, to increase the sociability of the market is obvious and necessary.the results show that we can separated these principles with ethical approach in privation and affirmation that we can call most important of them such as necessity abstinence of affectation of market, minimal definition about market leisure role, combination of economic- cultural in market with mosques, the ability of market to homage religious rituals and so on. These principles are clearly visible in traditional cities.

Neighborhood is one of the important factors of social interactions and the presence of people in the community, neighborhoods and public spaces are important factors in neighborhood architecture, nowadays due to extensive changes in urban construction, less attention is paid to the relationships between people in the community, but in the context of In traditional cities, the amount of neighborhood relations is higher and this is due to the type of neighborhood architectural patterns used in traditional contexts. The current research aims to introduce architectural body models. In this research, by identifying and analyzing the physical areas of the neighborhood, along with the typology of physical patterns, the architectural tools and principles in this architecture have been introduced, and its purpose is to introduce these patterns in the historical context of Dezful city. The research method, in terms of epistemology in the interpretive or constructivist paradigm (structuralism), in terms of the comparative approach (method of reasoning), in terms of the type of data, qualitative and quantitative (combined), in terms of the type of descriptive-analytical results and in terms of the approach It is a historical interpretation that has been done by the method of typological analysis and by the method of collecting library data (documents) and the tools of map reading, document reading and fiche extraction. The results of this research show that using architectural tools such as changing floor materials, long and short walls of passageways, changes in light and shadow, roofing alleys and passages, creating level differences, changing proportions and decorations, Three primary neighborhood patterns have been formed for semi-public areas in the historical context, which include the patterns of Sabat, entrance, and dead-end alleys. And things like security, privacy, solitude, climatic and functional comfort and people-friendliness have increased the amount of people's presence in these fields.

Problem statement: 

Architecture has a wide range and is related to many sciences, which increases its importance. Therefore, it seems that one of the sciences that the architects of the past studied was medicine; And it is confirmed by the relics of the past, written works related to medical advice and its application in architecture. Bath is one of the most practical and specialized medical elements of architecture in cities and villages of Iran, which unfortunately, the information about it, has more cultural and social aspects, and its architecture has received less attention in terms of space, therapy and the relationship between the body and humans.

Aims of the research: 

The present study, referring to the reliable sources of traditional medicine, deals with the relationship between the elements of Iranian baths with the issue of prevention and treatment and also how the bath is formed according to traditional medicine. Considering that the explanation of the bath hierarchy system was based on health and medical functions, the aim of this study was to study the hypothesis that the architecture of Iranian baths from pre-Islamic and then Islamic periods, in order to maintain health or shape treatment. has taken.

The approach of the present article is based on the historical interpretation of documentary evidence that has dealt with related issues in bathroom architecture in the form of medical texts. The theoretical framework on which this research is based is the study of the relationship between the elements and components of bathroom architecture and human health from the perspective of traditional medicine. Therefore, this research is epistemological in terms of interpretive or constructive paradigm (structuralism), in terms of theoretical orientation, in terms of comparative approach (reasoning method), in terms of qualitative data type, in terms of descriptive-analytical results and in terms of historical approach. - It is an interpretation that has been done by typological analysis method and by library data collection method (documentary) and by means of map reading, document reading and fish taking.

By examining the sample of pre-Islamic and then Islamic baths, it can be said that Iranian baths have been formed with therapeutic function due to the moderation of the two-dimensional structure of the human body and soul. In these baths, the common concepts and principles of nature, man and the artificial environment and the principle of hierarchy have been used according to the temperament, elements and natural affairs that are accompanied by a gradual change in the bath. Therefore, it can be said that there is a two-way relationship between form, system, movement hierarchy and components of Iranian baths with human health, which has been formed in order to maintain health and treatment.

The concept of space is one of the most important topics in architecture, which has always been the focus of architects, theorists and researchers. The purpose of this article is to investigate the transparency of the architectural spatial structure of the shrine buildings. The purpose of this research is to explain the application of the concept of transparency in the spatial structure of the shrine buildings based on the Iranian Islamic development model, based on which Bekaa Ali bin Mahziar Ahwazi, Imamzadeh Abdullah Shushtar and Shah Ruknuddin Dezful were carried out. Tombs are one of the most prominent shrines in Khuzestan. , was selected by purposeful sampling.The method of gathering research information is based on the type of descriptive-analytical results and the historical-interpretive approach, which is the typology analysis method and the method of collecting library data (documents) and map reading, document reading and scanning tools to explain and categorize types of transparency. The spatial structure of the shrine buildings is based on the pattern of Iranian Islamic architecture development. This research shows the diversity of spatial transparency in the architecture of shrines based on the principles of Iranian Islamic architecture, which explained that this quality of transparency has four levels: physical, visual, perceptual, functional and meaningful in the architectural space. In the architecture of the shrine buildings, semantic and conceptual transparency is more visible, in visual and perceptual transparency, man always feels a defined but endless space.

The development of religious tourism extends the opportunities of religious exchange between the tourist and the host community, and these religious exchanges are the elements of the development of religious tourism and contribute to its growth. Arbaeen is one of the ritual-religious traditions, and with its long history, its passionate presence is seen in Mehran. Mehran is important with tourist attractions in tourism development, and although Mehran city is welcomed and passionately attended by people as well as religious tourists every year, the infrastructure and facilities necessary for the growth and development of this industry in Mehran city are not enough. In this research, considering the strengths and weaknesses, all facilities including infrastructures of Mehran city have been tried to pay attention and suggest solutions. Descriptive survey method (questionnaire) is a questionnaire. The research questionnaire was made that its validity and reliability were confirmed and distributed among 300 religious tourists entering Mehran city. Data analysis was performed using factor analysis in SPSS software.The results indicated the identification of 6 factors affecting tourism in the religious city of Mehran, the first priority of which was security with a specific value of 21.79 and the sixth priority was social and cultural factor with a specific value of 12.89. Therefore, in the development of tourism in the religious city of Mehran, security, economy, advertising, infrastructure, natural-environmental factors and socio-cultural factors play an important role.The growth of international tourism on the one hand and interest in specific tourist destinations on the other hand has led to the continuous development of more types of tourism such as religious tourism, urban tourism, rural tourism, sports tourism and health tourism, religious tourism is a type of tourism whose participants travel partially or exclusively on religious motivation. In fact, 60% of the world's population follows religions, of which 300-330 million people visit the world's most important religious sites. Saudi Arabia and Italy are among the most visited destinations in the world. Religious tourism destinations include shrines, important religious sites of historical or artistic significance, religious festivals or religious associations Religious trips and pilgrimages are complex and variable phenomena that are composed of a set of interactions between religious, folk and natural factors that occur in the geographical space of pilgrimage, several factors affect the development of religious tourism, including promoting shrines, searching for places to meet "self" and God, renewing tours on pilgrimage routes, appearing new pilgrimage routes, developing the automobile industry and Development of tourism infrastructure in pilgrimage centers Religious tourism as one of the first and oldest forms of tourism still has an important part of the tourism market in this industry. Religious tourism has foreign exchange income through rapid investment in new infrastructures, creating competition between local companies and companies in other tourist countries, stimulating other economic industries through direct, indirect and induced effects, creating employmentIncreases income and causes positive exploitation of institutions on a national scale. Many developed countries earn considerable income from this industry. Lewis Turner considers tourism as the most promising industry facing the Third World and believes that tourism has the most possibility of replacing other revenue-generating industries. But only having religious attractions is not able to attract tourism or develop the tourism industry, with the aim of profitability. Rather, what can be used in the development of tourism with the help of attractions for the development of this industry, the existence of infrastructure, facilities and welfare services, social and cultural factors, natural and environmental factors, can be effective with the help of destination attractions to attract tourism. However, the effect of these factors does not work the same in all regions. Therefore, in this study, identifying the factors affecting tourism development and prioritizing the impact of each of these factors has been investigated.The preference of "path" over destination is a prominent feature of some spiritual religious journeys that bring a kind of conduct to the minds of the monks. Trips in which the travel process itself is at the center of attention or at least the journey route is a major part of religious ceremonies as if the route of the journey takes on a sacred color and smell and the presence of walking and traversing the desired route of Sibghah Manaski takes its place. Pilgrimage trips on the Arbaeen trail can be considered as examples of these trips which can be discussed in the form of Islamic tourism literature. Although the formality of muharram ceremonies and mourning ceremonies for Husayn b. 'Ali is the third Imam of Muslim Shiites Collectively and publicly, it is rooted in the dominance of the Shi'a rulers of the Buyid dynasty over Baghdad (320 AH), but it was the emergence of the Safavid dynasty in Iran (907 AH) that recognized as the country's religion and In this way, the bowing of religious rituals, including the rituals of the hands on and chest-beating and requiem recitation in the days of Muharram al-Haram in order to commemorate the anniversary of the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a) and his family and companions as Completely popular, public and national rituals have spread throughout the country, and since then, every year among different Shia ethnicities, the Religion of Iranian Society has been implemented in a broad and wide range.Every year, tens of millions of people of our country travel to the sacred religious places of Iraq from the Border of Mehran, which will provide a great capacity for the country to organize these trips at a macro level in order to develop cultural, social and economic. The city of Mehran, which is bordered by Iraq from the south and west, and as a border city that plays a very important role in the traffic of Arbaeen pilgrims, welcomes a large number of pilgrims from the holy shrines during muharram and Arba'in. In this way, the increase in the population due to urbanization development and the increase in the population of pilgrims in the border city of Mehran requires identifying the factors affecting the development of religious tourism in this city,

Looking at the historical context, it is obvious that their formation and life are based on special principles related to the city's climate and Iranian culture, and its body has become harmonious and coherent in historical, cultural, social and environmental continuity. Ro has a special personality and identity. Cultural identity as a guiding factor has led to the emergence of unique methods in the traditional architecture of cities such as Shushtar and Dezful. Among these, we can mention the architecture of markets as the center of social and cultural activities in Iranian cities. The present study aims to investigate the indicators of spatial identity in the traditional markets of Dezful and Shushtar in order to identify these indicators and use them in traditional Iranian markets in order to maintain identity in today's urban space. The research method is descriptive-historical with a qualitative approach that has studied the nature of identity in the traditional markets of Dezful and Shushtar by analyzing the information obtained from field observations, interviews, using documentary sources and maps.According to the research findings, the continuity and combination of three main components, including formal, semantic and social dimensions, which are set and presented in the form of 19 indicators, is the identifying factor to the texture space of traditional historical markets of Dezful and Shushtar. In such a way that these characteristics have led to the creation of spaces with identity that can instill a sense of belonging to the human being in the environment and ultimately cause the unity of human beings with their surroundings. In fact, one of the ways to preserve and revive identity in the city and urban elements is to maintain cultural continuity between today, yesterday and tomorrow, and this cultural continuity by recognizing the concepts and principles of identifying urban spaces in Iran's historic cities and using it. It is possible to design new urban spaces.

Education has been a huge part of Iranian history and it has changed due to cultural and artistic, social, and political conditions during every historical period. Every change of historical periods and every development of architectural techniques and methods followed up with physical changes in historical schools. This proves that any educational approach in each era is related to the educational system. How the policies of the educational system affect the architectural elements of Timurid and Safavid schools is the issue of this research and the main question is: what kind of effect did the Timurid and Safavid educational policies had on the architectural physical elements of schools in these two eras? The method of data collection is research in terms of the type of descriptive-analytical results and in terms of historical-interpretive approach, which is done by typological analysis method and by library data collection method (documentary) and by mapping, document reading, and receipt-taking tools done. In order to determine the evolution of Safavid schools after the Timurid period, an architectural physical examination was done on the case studies.Evidence shows that the amount of financial support of the school founders has had a great impact on the school dimensions, quality, and many other factors such as the architectural building method. The concept of education was influenced by Iran’s politics at different eras. This is one of the main reasons why educational policy and school’s concept were changed in different periods. These physical changes were impacting different aspects and elements of schools. Such as dimensions, Madrasa and dorms qualities, paying more attention to students housing, changing the school’s entrance, and more. The Safavid era was known as an era during which fundamental changes had been made in the political and social structures, and as mentioned in the research background, this period was one of the most influential periods in the field of education. in this period, the schools had been changed in order to emphasize the importance of education based on factors such as public education policy, public attention, and the Safavid educational system. So, the construction of schools was increased in this period and such an increase was observed both in number and area. In addition, a greater number of educational and residential spaces with higher quality were formed in the Safavid schools. Comparing to the Timurid era which the super religious policy was ruling the country and almost every school has had a prayer area, dome chamber, or a nave, some of the Safavid schools even did not have had a prayer area at all and only had an educational approach. To sum up, the most common reason for school changes in both periods was to provide a more desirable residential, educational, and prayer space for students.

With the arrival of Islam in Iran, the knowledge that had a strong connection with religion flourished in this land. Although in later periods schools were established independently from mosques, because of the religious studies in schools, the connection between mosques and schools was recreated again and they were called mosque-school in Islamic architecture. The integration of the two functions of mosque and school led to spatial innovations and creativity in the architecture of these buildings. Therefore, the architecture of these buildings had quite a special importance in the history of Islamic architecture. This article is based on the assumption that the body of Iranian schools from the Seljuk period to the Qajar period has evolved; It seeks to find the structural characteristics of Iranian schools in each historical period and also the evolution of their spatial arrangement by examining the models. For a better understanding and more specific analysis, the evolution of the spatial arrangement, typology of the structural system, and the relationship of traditional schools were conducted for the mentioned schools. This typology includes topics like structural system, spatial layout, structural communications, how to connect educational and worshiping (prayer) areas, methods of defining space (closed, open, and covered). The data were initially presented using a descriptive method and then they were evaluated through an analytical and adaptive method, and in terms of historical-interpretive approach, it was accomplished with typological analysis method and using library sources, collecting data from historical books, mapping, documents and receipts reading. Study results show that schools in each historical period in order to meet the needs of students, have found specific structural characteristics and this has led to spatial changes, including residential, educational, and worshipping areas. For example, the porches of traditional schools initially had an educational function, and students gathered on the porches to discuss. In some cases, they also had been used for praying purpose. As a result, according to the present study and the case studies, the body of traditional schools in terms of the characteristics of the main components (porch, dorm, madrasa, etc.) and spatial arrangement, have passed evolutionary developments during the Seljuk period, Timurids, Safavids, Qajar.

Sense of place is one of the most important factors in improving the quality of urbanenvironments. The presence of this sense is a factor in shaping the communication basesof users and the environment, and creates the necessary motivation for a person to stayin the environment and will also lead to the creation of high quality environments. Thearchitectural quality of mosques as a factor to create a sense of place is one of the issuesof interest to architects. Due to its rich architecture, the historical mosques of Dezful havea special sense of place in different historical periods. Numerous components such asperceptual, physical, social and functional affect the senses in mosques, so in this studywe will examine them. This study aims to explain the role of sense of place components inthe architecture of historic mosques. By recognizing these factors, the quality of creating asense of place in the architecture of mosques could be increased. In this study, 5 historicalmosques of Dezful city were studiedas successful mosques. To measure the relationshipbetween the variables, Pearson correlation method and simple and multivariate linearregression tests were used to determine the relationship and intensity and direction ofthe relationship between independent and dependent variables. SPSS software version23 has been used for statistical analysis. According to the obtained results, the physicalcomponents and perceptual have the greatest effect on inducing the sense of place. Socialand functional components have a lesser effect on inducing sensitivities in mosques. Thevariables of form and visual geometry, form and perceptual geometry, services, securityand social participation are directly affect on inducing a sense of place in mosques.

Religion is one of the oldest and at the same time the most dynamic institutions of society. The study of the semantic function of religion in individual life and its social effects is one of the important topics in the sociology of religion. The importance of meaning in life stems from the fact that, with the advent of the modern world, traditional value systems have been challenged, and the fluidity of the modern world of life, the multiplicity of meanings and its many narratives, has left people confused and anxious. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between ethics and religiosity and the meaning of life among students. The statistical population of the study of architecture students in 2018 is 130 people. Cochran's formula has been used for sampling, which shows the number of samples as 98 people. SPSS22 software was used to analyze the data. In this study, in order to measure the dimensions of religiosity, the dimensions of belief, emotion, ritual and adherence have been used, and in order to measure the meaning of life, valuable components, hope and purposefulness have been used. Experts and professors (content validity method) have been used to assess the validity. Also, the results of measuring the reliability of the measuring instrument by Cronbach's alpha method show that the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire in the field of religiosity is 0.860 and in the field of hope, which indicates the reliability of the questionnaire at a good level. The research method is descriptive and survey. The results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between all dimensions in the field of religiosity except the doctrinal dimension and the meaning of life.

During the period of Islamic history of Iran, magnificent buildings have been built for Imams, righteous and mystics. The architecture of mausoleums has been very important after the architecture of mosques. The study of different historical periods of Shushtar city shows that the people of this land always guarded the tombs of the pious, scholars and the righteous and built their tombs together with the architecture of that period. The importance and multiplicity of shrines and shrines in the city of Shushtar is such that this city has taken the title of the city of forty elders. The present study is based on the objectives of sorting and comparative comparison of historical monuments under study.

This study intends to classify them by examining the architectural body and structural elements of eight historical tombs, which often have Islamic architectural features and cultural heritage records, and the main research questions that examine the patterns and architectural changes of tombs in different historical periods. Answer.

Using historical sources, library studies and field studies, and using the analytical-historical method while examining the architecture of the tombs, the authors have typologically explained their commonalities and differences.

Identifying the characteristics of the physical elements of the holy shrines under study and their classification based on two physical and functional-social indicators can be considered as important achievements of this research. Also, from the findings of this research, we can mention the pattern similar to the plan, tiling in Shaljami domes, walls, ceilings, lack of interior decorations and the shape of the burial, and distinction in the form of domes, external decorations and functions.

The mosque schools were the social, political, and religious centers considered as a refuge for the turbulent urban life in the Islamic countries. To teach religious affairs in a religious environment, the theocratic regimes in Iran began to construct a new building called the mosque-school while benefitting from the background provided by the mosque-shrines and the mosque- monastaries. Despite the available studies conducted on the formation of these buildings and their physical features; it seems that the appearance of these mosque-schools still has many lessons for the contemporary architecture of Iran. It is not clearly known how the two educational (school) and worshipping areas (mosque) have been linked with each other in the two eras of Timurid and Safavid and what features distinguish mosque-schools from other combined forms of buildings. This research identifies the relationship between the educational and worshipping centers, which are in fact the so-called mosque-schools. The purpose of this article is to find out the relationship between the two educational and worshipping areas in the Timurid and Safavid Eras and the distinctive features of mosque-schools, as compared to the other combined forms.

The present study used interpretive-historical and case study research methodology; and the analyses of the buildings are done by the method of logical reasoning. In this case, first, the two educational and worshipping areas in each era were considered separetly. Then the influence of these areas on the general form of the aforementioned mosque-schools and also the way their different parts are related to each other were analyzed.

To make a comparative study on the relationship between the mosque-schools of the Safavid and Timurid Eras, seven cases of mosque-schools from these two eras were selected, using a purposeful sampling method. Regarding the relationship between the educational and worshipping areas, two general categories were introduced for typology. In these typologies, the mosque-schools were divided in terms of hierarchy, location, and the combination of the educational and worshipping areas. Moreover, the criteria for the simultaneous development of education and training, focusing on education, promoting the social interactions of the students in the mosqus and so on were introduced and, finally, these criteria were compiled and explained in terms of design principles of educational-religious centers. Principles, such as comprehensive development in various aspects, the importance of discussion, the improvement of social interactions, mentioning spiritual issues and other policies show the importance of these matters in the mosque-schools.

The major changes in the Safavid schools provided more suitable residential, educational and worshipping areas for students. Sometimes schools had two separate entrances to access educational and worshipping areas. During the Timurid Era, these two sections were completely close to each other. Ghiasieh and Do-dar schools from the Timurid Era and Chaharbagh and Hakim schools from the Safavid Era are the proofs of this fact. With respect to the principles ruling over the in mosque-schools, for instance, respecting the privacy of the students which, in turn, leads to creating spatial hierarchies and observing order in the mosque-schools can be pointed out. Moreover, the importance of discussion and paying attention to the central courtyard could also lead considering open and semi-open spaces like porticos and also paying attention to natural elements in order to focus the mind on thinking and educational development. These principles lead to the organization and helped to focus on education along with worshipping in the school mosques.

One of the basic components in social development is security feeling, and women as a part of the society have an effective role in the development of societies. An important approach considered in advanced societies is to enhance security of our surrounding in order to improve status of parks as one of the most important components of urban space. The present study aims at investigating women's security feeling, stressing social productivity and our surrounding security in "Koodak Park", which is known as the busiest and oldest parks in Ilam.

Descriptive-analytical research method with the aim of ranking variables and indicators of security in Ilam "Koodak Park" using SPSS, which was analyzed by Friedman test, Kruskal-Wallis H test. Information was collected using a questionnaire with seven indicators and 38 items based on the responses of women visiting to the park. The number of questionnaires (382 questionnaires) was determined based on Cochran's formula, and in order to compensate for probable errors, the number was increased to 400.

The results of Kruskal-Wallis H test indicated that surrounding, social, surrounding, monitoring, management, access and furniture security indices, respectively have the highest to lowest impact on the safety of the under study park . From the users' point of view, surrounding security and social and surrounding behaviors are among the most influential indicators on women's sense of security in the park. The significance level stands at 0.000, so it is significant at the level of more than %95, and the relationship is confirmed and the hypothesis is accepted.

Because of urban destruction and lack of sufficient knowledge about cemeteries, the aim of the present study is to emphasize on the importance of historical cemetery and evaluate the historical cemeteries of Ahwāz and effective factors of the formation. The data collection method is based on library information and field studies. That describes the existing conditions of the study samples and the effective factors in the formation of cemeteries is analyzed by adapting the objective observations and library documents. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the results of this study, several factors affect the formation and development of cemeteries, which can be divided into two categories of internal and external factors and in more detail in six categories of body, context, perspective, history, social, and economic structures and context.