حامد خلیل وندی بهروزیار

The particle size and physical form of fat supplements are effective factors in the digestibility of nutrients, fatty acids, and some blood parameters in dairy cows. This research aims to investigate the effect of a feeding fat supplement containing an additive (lecithin or bile powder) with the physical form of flake or granule on the apparent digestibility of nutrients and some blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows. 48 lactating cows were used during two experimental periods in a 2x3x2 completely randomized factorial design and randomly grouped into 6 experimental treatments: 1. Control diet + 2.5% granulated fat supplement, 2. Control diet + 2.5% granulated fat supplement containing 5% lecithin 3. Control diet + 2.5% granulated fat supplement containing 5% bile powder 4. Control diet + 2.5% Flaked fat supplement 5. Control diet + 2.5% Flaked fat supplement containing 5% lecithin and 6. Control diet + 2.5% Flaked fat supplement containing 5% bile powder. All the experimental diets were balanced according to the recommendations of the National Research Association. All data were analyzed by statistical software. The digestibility of the ether extract, total fatty acids, 16 and 18-carbon fatty acids, as well as the plasma concentration of NEFA, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, and VLDL were increased in the treatments containing the additives (P ≥ 0.05). The addition of emulsifying ingredients to the fat supplement of the high-production dairy cow diet may have positive effects on the digestibility of some nutrients and lipid metabolism.

The extremely high sensitivity of unsaturated fatty acids to oxidation and the problems related to their storage and consumption in liquid form are among the most important obstacles to the use of these resources in feeding farm animals, along with problems such as extensive biohydrogenation and adverse effects on the normal functioning of the rumen ruminants.. So the aim of this study was to determination of spray dry microencapsulation effects on fatty acid profile and nutrient content, physical and chemical characteristics and oxidative stability of fish and sunflower oil, compared with ca-salts in vitro.

In this research, a completely randomized design was used in the statistical analysis of the data related to the chemical composition, physical properties, and oxidation parameters after the production of the fatty acid sample in order to statistically analyze the data related to the oxidation resistance of various types of encapsulated supplements. In time, temperature and different levels of minerals, a factorial design based on a completely random design was used. Microcapsules produced with different oil sources (free fatty acids vs. triacylglycerol of fish and sunflower oil), different wall material systems (Physical blend of carbohydrate and protein sources vs. Maillard reaction products of them) and different ratio of core oil to wall materials. Fish and sunflower oil were added to the initial mixture with ratios of 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 (coating materials to oil). In addition to glycerol oils, oil-in-water emulsions were also prepared from fish and sunflower fatty acids. To dry the emulsions, a spray dryer was used with an inlet air temperature of 130°C and an outlet temperature of 60-70°C. Determining the amount of nutrients (fat, dry matter, organic matter, calcium, different parts of the cell wall, different carbohydrate and protein parts and fat extraction, making methyl ester and determining the pattern of fatty acids) in the composition of microcapsules produced using Standard procedures were performed. The particle size of the produced emulsions and powders was determined using the laser diffraction technique. Microcapsules and calcium salts of fish oil and sunflower were exposed to temperatures of 25 and 60 degrees for 15, 30 and 45 days, and every two weeks one sample of each supplement was analyzed in order to evaluate the amount of peroxide value. For each supplement, 3 replicates were evaluated at each time and temperature.

Emulsions made from triacylglycerol's have higher stability over time compared with FFA sources and were used for spray drying and further analysis. Different oil sources (fish oil vs sunflower oil) have no effects on microencapsulation efficiency, microencapsulation yield. However, wall material system has its effects. Maillard reaction products had higher encapsulation efficiency than physical blends and resulting microcapsules had higher microencapsulation efficiency, lower oxidative state parameters and more preserved fatty acid profile. Encapsulation with Maillard reaction products resulted in more oxidative stability in different storage conditions (different time and temperatures, with or without mineral stimulated oxidation), but the core oil type and ratio to wall materials affect the results. Sunflower oil gives the more oxidative stability than the fish oil, but higher the oil content of microcapsules, higher the oxidation. Oil content also significantly affects fatty acid profile of microcapsules. Results showed that fatty acid Ca- salts had highest oxidative protection between protection strategies.

Although microencapsulation protected oils from oxidation, incomplete data about nutrient availability, nutritional value and gastrointestinal tract digestibility of microencapsulated oils compared with a large data set about Ca-salt, warrants further in vivo studies.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most commn probiotics used in ruminant nutrition. Saccharomyces cerevisiae increase gas production through specific biochemical mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms, based on the yeast's ability to excrete excess oxygen from the rumen, create a better space for ruminal anaerobic bacteria. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can provide a place for metabolic exchange and a suitable environment for the growth and activity of beneficial microorganisms around the substrates. On the other hand, increased gas production by adding yeast may be due to increased propionate fatty acid production due to improved ruminal fermentation. Because carbon dioxide is produced by some rumen bacteria through the succinate-propionate pathway when propionate is produced. Because the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids produces gases in the rumen that are mainly hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane, the addition of yeast not only has the potential to improve gas production. , But can cause qualitative changes in the gases produced and reduce the negative impact on the environment. Addition of yeast in concentrated diets increased the population of fiber decomposing microorganisms compared to the control group without adding yeast. Yeast also directly stimulates ruminal fungi, which may improve fiber digestion. Gas production forms the basis of any substrate, mainly dependent on the availability of nutrients for ruminal microorganisms It is quite clear that the increase in gas production was due to the increase in crude protein content. It is well known that Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the ability to reduce the production of ammonia in the rumen. By reducing protein degradation and overall nitrogen excretion by the animal, which helps reduce ammonia emissions from cattle manure. The direct result of this action is an increase in protein bypass in the rumen, which is absorbed and metabolized as a real protein in the gastrointestinal tract and small intestine. Reducing the latency phase by increasing the protein content (for example, a diet with higher crude protein) indicates the rapid activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the fermentation process. In addition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains small peptides and other nutrients that are needed by the dominant ruminal cellulite bacteria to initiate growth. The activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae depends on many factors, including the availability of nutrients to rumen microorganisms, which stimulates the fermentation process. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yeast supplementation on fermentation parameters in total mixed rations in vitro.

Accordingly, the effect of 4 levels of yeast supplementation involved, zero, 4, 8 and 12 mg/g of yeast in two TMR diets containing 60 and 70% of concentrates, on the kinetics and parameters of gas production, rumen fermentation parameters including pH, ammonia nitrogen, concentration and profiles of volatile fatty acids, and true digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fibers were evaluated. In addition, the effect of yeast supplementation on the population of protozoa, anaerobic fungi and cellulolytic microorganisms were evaluated using molecular techniques. In this experiment, three adult Holstein steers equipped with ruminal fistulas were used to prepare ruminal fluid. For the polymerase chain reaction, after sequencing the primers, DNA extracted was amplified using PCR to check their specificity. DNA amplification was examined by system (R-T PCR) with three replications for each pair of primers.

Addition of different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation caused a significant increase (P <0.05) in the amount of gas produced by increasing the incubation time of experimental diets. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between different levels of supplementation, so that from 24 hours after incubation onwards, the highest amount of gas produced in the experimental diets was at the level of 12 mg/g supplement was observed. Addition of different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation caused a significant increase (P <0.05) in the total amount of VFA produced in the rumen with increasing levels of supplementation in experimental diets. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) between different levels of supplementation, so that the highest amount of total VFA produced in both diets was observed at the level of 12 mg/g supplement. The effect of adding different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on ruminal parameters caused a significant increase (P <0.05) in ruminal pH and a decrease in ruminal ammonia production by increasing the level of supplementation in experimental diets. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between different levels of supplementation, so that the greatest increase in ruminal pH and decrease in ammonia production in experimental diets at the level of 12 mg/g. The effect of diet type was also significantly different (P <0.05). The highest increase in ruminal pH and decrease in ammonia production was observed in diets containing 60% concentrate. The results of this study showed that the yeast supplementation in high fermentative TMR diets, increased (P<0.05) the rumen environmental stability, increased (P<0.05) the fermentability of dietary insoluble fraction, reduced (P<0.05) the gas production rate and reduced (P<0.05) the lag phase. degradation of nutrients without affecting the digestibility of insoluble fibers in neutral detergents and the digestibility of insoluble fibers in acidic detergents with diets containing higher crude protein, even with the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, dry matter digestibility showed improved.

Yeast supplementation improved fiber digestibility and reduced lactate accumulation and LPS concentration by stabilizing the an-aerobic environment in the rumen and stimulating the growth and activity of fiber-degrading microorganisms.

In order to determine the effects of sodium acetate and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on dry matter consumed, feed digestibility, milk yield and milk fat profile, 33 Holstein cows several calving times during days 5-31 after calving in a completely randomized design with Three treatments and 11 replications were used. The experimental diets included 1- basic diet (control), 2- diet containing 300 gr of sodium acetate , 3- diet containing 100 gr of CLA. Daily dry matter intake and milk production, body weight and body condition score were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. milk samples were taken at regular intervals to determine the amount of milk compounds. Also, on the last day, a sample was taken to determine the profile of fatty acids. Dry matter intake was not significant among dietary treatment (P>0.05). Milk production was increased by supplementing diets with sodium acetate (3.16 kg/d) and CLA (2.46 kg/d) compared to control treatment. CLA supplementing decreased milk fat content significantly and sodium acetate increased it. The yield and content of milk protein and lactose were not significantly different between the treatments. With the consumption of sodium acetate, the amount of milk fat and milk production increased, as probably the hypothesis that sodium acetate is lipogenic for adipose tissue was ignored and Acetate partition nutriunt toward milk fat production. CLA consumtion, negative energy balance did not change between as spared energy partition toward more milk yield. The use of CLA could be beneficial for the health of consumers by increasing the trans-10-cis-12 CLA isomer transfer to milk and reducing thrombogenic and atherogenic indicators.

Recent studies have shown that consuming different sources of omega-3 fatty acids can play an important role in improving sperm quality in different species. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using different sources of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet of Qezel ram, on volume and concentration of semen, fatty acid profile and characteristics of fresh and frozen-thawed sperm.

In this study, which was carried out for three months, 16 adult rams of Qezel breed were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups, and each group received one of the diets, all of which were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The first group: diet without oil (control), the second group: diet with palm oil, the third group: diet with flax oil and the fourth group: diet with fish oil. After habituation of the rams, sperm collection was done weekly with an artificial vagina for 13 weeks. After evaluating the appearance and measuring the sperm volume, sperm concentration and motility in the fresh sperm samples, the sperm samples were frozen packing in straws. Physiological and biochemical characteristics of sperms after freezing-thawing, including sperm motility parameters (CASA), viability percentage, HOST and Hancock test and fatty acid profile were evaluated.

The results showed that the concentration, viability and integrity of sperm plasma membrane in the third and fourth groups were significantly increased compared to the control and second groups (P<0.01). Also, the abnormal morphology in the third and fourth groups was significantly reduced compared to the control and palm oil receiving groups (P<0.01). Motility parameters such as total motility, straight line velocity (VSL), curvilinear velocity (VCL) and average path velocity (VAP) in the third and fourth groups showed a significant increase compared to the control and the second group (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant increase in progressive motility in the fourth group compared to the first and second groups, and in the third group compared to the second group (P<0.05). Diet containing palm oil caused a significant increase in sperm palmitic acid in week 12 (P<0.05). Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids increased significantly in the groups receiving fish oil and flax compared to the group receiving palm oil and control (without oil) (P<0.01). The rest of the measured fatty acids did not show any significant changes.

The results showed that adding fish and flax oil to the diet of Qezel rams for 3 months improves the quality of physico-chemical characteristics and improves the freezing ability of sperm.

Agricultural by-products, which contain high fibre and have low nutritional value, are one of the feed sources for ruminant animals. A variety of cereal residues including wheat straw, corn stover and paddy straw are generally used to supplement the green forage as animal feed. Wheat is an important cereal crop, which generates a huge amount of lignocellulose in the form of straw. Some various strategies have attempted to improve forage quality. These methods include physical treatments (heat, steam and pressure) as well as treatment with chemical treatments such as acids, alkalis, NH3 and ozone. However, using them is associated with some problems as they require complex material and have detriments such as secondary pollution. Recently the researches have focused on biological alternatives, especially since they are environmentally benign and widely acceptable. One of the biological methods is to use micro-organisms including fungi and bacteria many of which had been found to degrade cellulose and other plant cell wall fibers. The cellulase activity of the fungus is premier, whereas bacteria have a faster growth rate than fungi, and there is increasing interest in cellulase production by bacteria and they can generate cellulase much better. Cellulolytic bacteria are present in a variety of sources such as composting heaps, decaying agricultural wastes, soil and gastrointestinal tract of herbivores. These bacteria are presumed to live in both the rumen and in the colon that digest plant cell walls. Annually, large amounts of agricultural residues are produced in countries around the world, including Iran. These agricultural residues are important foods in the diet of ruminants. However, the use of these products as a food source in the diet of ruminants is limited due to their limited biological structure and low protein. Different physical, chemical and biological methods have been used to process wheat straw, all of which aim to break down lignin and make more cellulose and hemicellulose available for fermentation in the rumen. The use of biological processing method by fungi has received more attention due to the lack of environmental pollution. White rot fungi are the only organisms that are able to aerobically break down lignin into CO2 and water. Schizophyllum commune is an edible fungus of the basidiomycete’s family. Spraying of lacase enzyme from Schizophyllum (liquid culture lacase, solid culture lacase and purified lacase) on wheat straw, corn straw and sorghum straw gradually reduces the amount of Neutral Detergent Fiber of straws and As a result, it increases the digestibility of straws. Lignin is an important constituent of these agro-residues which is resistant to most of the bacterial enzymatic systems, as well as non-digestible by ruminants and rumen microflora. Solid state bioprocessing of agro residues by ligninolytic fungi have got the potential to convert these materials into better feed. Beside lignin, these agro residues contain complex polysaccharides (hemicellulose and cellulose) and water-soluble fractions (soluble sugars, some pectin component, some soluble proteins and organic acids). Lignin binds with hemicellulose and cellulose to form a matrix and make these polysaccharides unavailable for the ruminants. Bio delignification of agro-residues has got the potential to convert this biomass into more nutritive and easily digestible feed. Most studied white rot fungi species are quite efficient lignin degrader but it also degrades an enormous amount of organic matter thus limiting its practical use for improvement of animal feed quality. while the pretreated straw may be useful for other purposes including biofuel production. It necessitates the need to look for organisms which can degrade the lignin without causing major loss of other important constituents like hemicellulose and cellulose. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the chemical composition, volume of gas produced, dry matter degradability, degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber and volatile fatty acids produced by wheat straw processed with Schizophyllum commune under liquid culture and solid culture using nylon bags and gas production method.

To process wheat straw, the straw was first soaked in water for 12 hours and then sterilized in an autoclave at 121 ° C for 20 minutes. For solid culture, a 7-day-old mushroom was transferred to each jar containing sterilized wheat straw and stored at 26 ° C for 25 days. Liquid culture medium containing the secreted enzymes was inoculated after filtration of the fungi on the liquid and into a glass chamber containing sterile and soaked wheat straw and kept at 26 ° C for 25 days. Wheat straw was removed from the jars after 25 days and dried for 4 days at 60 ° C. The gas production of the treatments in glass vials at 2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72,96,120,144 hours and their degradability were measured using nylon bags and three Holstein cows fistulated at 2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72,96 hours of ruminal incubation.

Processing of wheat straw by Schizophyllum commune reduced dry matter and Neutral Detergent Fiber. Solid culture and liquid culture increased the amount of protein from 2.94 to 6.12 and 5.7%, respectively. Cumulative gas production increased during 144 hours of incubation in wheat straw processed by solid culture. Organic matter digestibility percentage, dry matter digestibility percentage and Metabolisable energy in wheat straw processed by liquid culture method showed a significant increase. The amount of crude microbial protein in wheat straw processed by liquid culture method showed a significant increase. Dry matter degradability increased during 96 hours of ruminal incubation and the potentially fermentable portion of processed wheat straw by solid culture. There was no significant difference between different treatments in terms of nutritional value index. The degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber was reduced during 96 hours of incubation and the effective degradability in the treated groups was reduced. Liquid and solid culture processing increased the total amount of volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen in wheat straw.

In general, processing of wheat straw with Schizophyllum by solid culture method improved some nutritional components, but the addition of fungal liquid culture medium did not have a significant positive effect on increasing the nutritional value of wheat straw.

Methionine is the most important essential amino acid in mammals’ nutrition and is used for protein synthesis, growth, milk protein, maintenance, tissue regeneration and reproduction. Protected methionine alone or in combination with lysine increases animal performance. The addition of protected forms of lysine and methionine to the diet of dairy cows in early lactation has the greatest potential to improve milk yield for high-producing cows in early lactation. It seems that investigating the effect of using methionine individually when reducing dietary protein is useful to achieve maximum performance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of using protected methionine at different levels of metabolic protein in the diet of heavily pregnant ewes on the performance of ewes and lambs born during the transition period. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of using protected methionine at different levels of protein in the diet on the performance of ewes Ghezel ewes and lambs born during the transition period

This experiment was carried in a 2x2 factorial experiment using 40 ewes heterozygous for Fecb genes with twin pregnancy resulting from estrous synchronization in the reproductive season confirmed by ultrasound with an average age of 2±36 months, the average weight (56±3.2 kg) was done. The experimental design was carried out in a period of 74 days, from 44 days before the expected calving to 30 days after calving (14 days of getting used to the experimental rations and the test site, 30 days before calving and 30 days after calving). The experimental treatments include: 1- Diet with metabolisable protein to the required level without protected methionine, 2- Diet with metabolisable protein to the required level with 6 grams of protected methionine, 3- Diet with 10% more metabolisable protein than required, without protected methionine, 4-diet with 10% of metabolisable protein was more than required along with 6 grams of protected methionine. Weekly milk samples were collected on two consecutive days, in order to evaluate the milk composition, the milk samples of the ewes were analyzed using an infrared milkoScan device. Venous blood samples were collected using venipuncture from ewes and lambs via anti-coagulant containing vacuum tubes, 4 hours after the morning meal, every week through experimental period. In order to investigate the effects of dietary interventions on rumen fermentation parameters, rumen fluid sample was taken 4 hours after morning meal on the last day of the experiment using the esophageal tube method.

Crude protein digestibility increased in ewes consuming feed containing protein at required levels, but, the lowest digestibility coefficient was resulted in ewes receiving 10% protein more than requirement irrespective of methionine supplementation (P<0.05). The digestibility of NDF showed a significant increase with the addition of protected methionine to the diet compared to treatments without methionine supplementation (P<0.05). The birth weight of lambs significantly increased in ewes received extra protein supplemented with rumen protected methionine compared to other treatments. Milk production showed a significant increase in the treatment of consuming 10% more protein supplemented with 6 grams of protected methionine compared to other treatments (P<0.05). Total protein and albumin levels were affected both by dietary protein levels and methionine supplementation. Acetate was the highest in the rumen fluid of ewes fed with basal diet and was reduced in diets with higher protein level (P<0.05).

Results of this study revealed that protected methionine supplementation in late pregnant twin bearing ewes improved plasma parameters, lamb birth weights and increases milk production.

In Suckling calves, due to the low development of rumen, the digestibility of food may decrease, so the energy of the diet can be increased by adding fat sources. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on feed intake and growth parameters of Holstein calves.

A total of 40 newborn calves (average age 3 days), for 60 days, in the form of a repeated design to 4 treatments including: (1) no supplemented fat source (control; CON), (2) 3% calcium-salts of soybean oil (Ca-SBO), (3) 3% calcium-salts of flaxseed oil (Ca-CO), and (4) 3% mixture of Ca-SBO and Ca-CO (1.5% each, DM basis; MIX). The study continued 66 days and the calves were gradually weaned during 61-65 days of age.

The starter intake during the period of 31 to 60 days for the control treatment was higher than the other treatments (p=0.05), but no differences were observed among the treatments in the entire experimental period. The daily weight gain in the periods of 31 to 60 days and the whole period for the treatment containing soybean oil supplement was better than the control treatment (p<0.05). Regarding body weight, soybean oil treatment had the highest weight at the end of the experiment. In terms of feed efficiency, mixed oil treatment had better performance than the control and flaxseed oil treatment, and it was not significantly difference with soybean oil treatment (p<0.05). Regarding blood metabolites, a significant differences were observed between experimental treatments in terms of glucose, total protein, cholesterol and other metabolites. Also, the liver enzyme concentration of aspartate aminotransferase for the treatment containing soybean oil on the 60th day of the experiment was the lowest compared to other treatments (p<0.01).

In general, the results showed that the use of soybean oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids has more positive effects on the growth performance of Holstein suckling calves than flaxseed oil.

Lack of green fodder and high cost of concentrated feed are among the limiting factors in the feed and livestock production industry. Therefore, ruminants use crop residues for feeding. These agricultural residues contain high cell wall content and low amounts of protein and metabolizable energy. To improve the quality of these by-products, various processes are used, including biological processes. Processing of straws using fungi has been shown to improve the nutritional value and degradability of their cell wall compounds. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of Aspergillus oriza on chemical composition, volume of gas produced, degradability and the amount of volatile fatty acids produced by wheat straw.

In this study, two methods of liquid culture and solid culture of fungus were used to process wheat straw. The fungal contents were transferred to jars containing sterilized wheat straw and stored at 26 ° C for 25 days. The contents of the jars were dried and ground after 25 days and used for further experiments such as chemical composition, gas volume, dry matter degradability, Neutral Detergent Fiber and the amount of volatile fatty acids produced.

Processing with Aspergillus oryzae reduced dry matter, organic matter, Neutral Detergent Fiber and Indigestible neutral detergent fibers and was able to significantly increase the amount of protein so that solid culture increased protein by 2.94%. It was 5.86 percent. Processing of wheat straw by solid and liquid culture methods increased the volume of gas produced during 144 hours of incubation from 267.92 to 327.50 and 338.98 ml per gram of dry matter, respectively. Processing was able to increase the amount of Metabolisable energy and the amount of dry matter digestibility of straw and the highest amount of Metabolisable energy was observed in wheat straw processed by solid culture. The effective degradability of dry matter increased at the level of 2% passing through the rumen in wheat straw processed by solid culture method. Nutritional value index increased in both treatments compared to the control group. The degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber was not affected by processing in solid culture but liquid culture reduced the degradability. Processing by both methods increased the total amount of volatile fatty acids produced and ammonia nitrogen of wheat straw.

Processing wheat straw by liquid and solid culture of Aspergillus oryzae improved some of the nutritional components of this crop and affected the amount of Neutral Detergent Fiber as well as insoluble Neutral Detergent Fiber. It has the ability to digest some lignin-cellulosic compounds in the cell wall, and since solid culture had significant beneficial effects compared to liquid culture, In general, it can be said that extracting the enzymatic complex of Aspergillus oryzae cultivar grown in solid culture medium and injecting it into wheat straw improves the nutritional value of straw.

Goats are small domestic ruminants that have served humans before other ruminants and is one of the most important sources of protein of animal origin in human nutrition. Milk replacer are widely used in the breeding of young calves and goats. The benefits of using it are increasing productivity and as well as simplifying livestock management. This study was performed to investigate the effect of excess milk replacer on breast milk consumption on production performance, blood biochemical metabolites and fecal parameters including microbial properties of suckling goat kids.

To perform this experiment, 24 Mahabadi suckling goat kids were used in a complete randomized design with three groups of 8 heads for 60 days. The goats were kept with the mother for three days after birth, then were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8 heads. Experimental treatments including group 1- daily consumed only breast milk 2 and 3- daily in addition to breast milk, respectively, consumed 5 and 10% of body weight instead of milk. Growth parameters, including weight, body length, height at the withers, breast and hip circumference, as well as breast milk consumption, starter concentrate consumption, blood parameters, and faecal parameters, including salmonella, Escherichia coli, and lactobacillus, were measured. Data analysis was performed with SAS software.

The results showed that daily weight gain in goat kids that consumed 5% of body weight instead of milk in addition to breast milk was significantly higher than the control group. Live weight and mean daily weight gain of goats with 5% milk replacer consumption on the last day were significantly higher than goats of other treatments. In terms of other growth parameters, no significant difference was observed between goats consuming 5% of alternative and control milk. But they were higher than goats consuming 10% milk. There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of some biochemical blood metabolites. In terms of glucose, albumin and lactate dehydrogenase levels, the first group was significantly higher than the second and third groups. In terms of blood urea nitrogen, the control group was higher and 5% milk replacer consumption group was lower, and the difference between the 10% milk replacer consumption group and the control and 5% milk replacer consumption groups was not significant. The amount of cholesterol in the 10% milk replacer consumption group was lower than the other two groups, the amount of total protein was the highest in the control group and the lowest in the second group. Salmonella was not observed in fecal samples. The rate of Escherichia coli was higher in group kids who consumed 5 and 10% of body weight instead of milk than controls. Lactobacilli were observed only in small numbers in the control group.

The results of this experiment showed that the consumption of milk replacer in addition to breast milk at the rate of 5%  weight of goats can have positive effects on the production performance of suckling kids.

To overcome the problems caused by animal feed shortages, efforts are made to increase the availability of nutrients and their digestibility, such as improving the nutritional value of forage plants through biological processing. Schizophyllum commune is an edible fungus of the basidiomycete’s family that has been used for biological processing of forage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Schizophyllum commune liquid and solid state culture on chemical composition, volume of gas produced, degradability of dry matter, degradability of Neutral Detergent Fiber and volatile fatty acids produced by corn silage.

For processing, 1×1 cm2 of seven-day-old fungi grown in solid culture medium containing potatoes, dextrose and agar were inoculated into glass jars containing 200gr sterilized and soaked corn silage. 100 ml of Liquid culture medium containing secreted enzymes was inoculated into a glass chamber containing 200gr sterile and soaked corn silage after filtration of liquid surface fungi and kept at 26 ° C for 25 days. Gas production of the treatments in glass vials and degradability were measured using nylon bags and three fistulated Holstein cows.

Processing of corn silage by both methods reduced dry matter, organic matter and Neutral Detergent Fiber (p˂0.05). The amount of protein in the treated groups increased compared to the control group and solid culture processing had the greatest effect on changing the amount of silage protein. The amount insoluble Neutral Detergent Fiber increased in the treatment group. Solid culture corn silage showed higher gas volume, digestibility of organic matter and more Metabolisable energy than liquid culture and control group. Solid culture treatment had no effect on the degradability of dry matter. But liquid culture processing reduced the degradability. Liquid culture method could increase the total amount of volatile fatty acids produced in corn silage, but processing by both methods had no effect on the amount of ammonia nitrogen produced by corn silage.

In general, the results showed that processing of corn silage by solid and liquid culture can improve some of the nutritional components of silage, including increasing the amount of protein, gas volume and metabolisable energy, digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, but due to the nature of enzymatic activity of Schizophyllum commune the degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber of processed corn silage was reduced.

the experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of using different fat sources in the starter diet on the growth and health parameters of early weaned Ghezel lambs. 20 female lambs of Ghezel sheep breed after birth and 4 weeks of breastfeeding was randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 heads (4 treatments with 5 replicates) so that the average weight at the beginning of the period was the same for the groups. After two weeks of habituation period, they were fed using a combination of 90:10 concertrate: forage as starter diet for 2 months. The experimental diet in the experimental groups included 3% calcium salt of unsaturated fatty acids from flaxseed oil, soybean oil and fish oil as fat sources. The control group fed only breast milk during the exprimental period. The effect of treatments on dry matter consumption and weight gain is significant. The highest amount of feed and weight gain was observed in the treatment of 3% calcium salt of flaxseed oil. The effect of the treatments on the biometric characteristics of the periods was significant. The highest amount of insoluble fiber digestibility was observed in neutral and acidic detergents, crude protein, and organic matter in the treatment of 3% calcium was salt of flaxseed oil. The digestibility of raw fatty acid did not show a significant difference between the treatments. The volatile fatty acids and ruminal pH did not show a significant difference between the treatments. The highest number of prostheses was observed in the treatment of 3% flaxseed oil. Total blood protein levels showed a significant decrease in fish oil treatment compared to control. Cholesterol and blood glucose levels decreased significantly in all treatments compared to those fed with breast milk, but triglyceride and albumin levels did not differ significantly compare to control group. In general, the experimental results showed that early weaning improves the growth of lambs and because the best performance was observed in the treated feed with 3% flaxseed calcium oil, so using the level of 3% of this oil in starter diet of early weaned lambs might be recommended.

Today, the nutritional value of microalgae is not hidden from anyone, and extensive research is being done to increase their production capacity and nutritional value. Due to the high cost of the protein portion of livestock diets, microalgae can be economically viable natural alternatives to protein supplements such as soybean meal in competitively priced diets. In all of the dietary amino acids, lysine and methionine are the first and second limiting amino acids. Most microalgae species contain relatively high levels of lysine. But they are somewhat deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine. The present experiment aimed to investigate the protein content and chemical composition of two species of microalgae, Isochrysis galbana (I. galbana) and Nannochloropsis oculata (N. oculata), the degree of nitrogen degradability (IVDN), and their different parts of the protein in the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein )CNCPS( system.

For this purpose, after culturing and harvesting the two microalgae species in the laboratory and conducting experiments, the amount of dry matter (DM) composition, ash, crude protein (CP) and determination of amino acid pattern, evaluation of IVDN and determination of different parts of the protein of two species of microalgae I. galbana and N. oculata was made by CNCPS system. In this study, to estimate the IVDN, the ruminal fluid of three male Holeshtine castrated fistula calves with an average weight of 480 ± 40 kg and age 2 years was used.

The results showed that the two microalgae species were different in terms of CP%, fat %, and NSC % (P<0.05). The N. oculata 37% and I. galbana had 32% CP. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids was 18.79% in I. galbana and 28.8% in N. oculata (P <0.05). The percentage (IVDN) at 8, 12, and 24 h of incubation in I. galbana was 44%, 53%, and 48%, respectively, and in N. oculata was 35%, 40%, and 38% (P <0.05). The percentage of RUP at 8, 12, and 24 h of incubation was 56%, 47%, and 42% in I. galbana and 65%, 60%, and 62% in N. oculata, respectively. Sections A, B1, B2, and C in I. galbana 10.07, 8.85, 66.18, 7.56, and in N. oculata 15.16, 16.64, 54.98, and 8.8, respectively (P <0.05).

The results of the present study indicated that considering the amount of fat%, CP%, IVDN, and RUP in N. oculata and I. galbana, it seems that these microalgae are suitable for use in animal feed.

Organic acids are one of the alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. They have beneficial effects on poultry performance and gastrointestinal microbial balance. In general, the addition of organic acids to the diet lowers the pH of the diet and gastrointestinal tract, stimulates growth, helps to overcome the population of beneficial bacteria over pathogenic bacteria, and reduces toxic metabolites produced by harmful bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial effects of encapsulated versus non-encapsulated organic acids (OA) supplementation in drinking water on intestinal microbiota and broilers' growth performance.
A total of 360-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were divided into six treatments, four replicates, and 15 chicks per replicate in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments included: a negative control (without organic acids; OA, in drinking water), a positive control (200 mL of a commercial OA, acidifier 4+ in 1000 L drinking water), 500 and 1000 mL non-encapsulated blend of OA, and 500 and 1000 g encapsulated blend of OA in 1000 L drinking water. The blend of OA was composed of butyric, propionic, and acetic acids. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly on a pen basis. From these data, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily water intake (ADWI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated over the total rearing period. The European production efficiency factor (EPEF) was also calculated for the entire period of the trial. On day 42, gastrointestinal samples were collected from a total of 48 sacrificed birds (n = 12 birds from each experimental group) for pH and microflora analysis. Digesta from different sections of the gastrointestinal tract was collected and pH was measured using a digital pH meter. Total coliforms, lactobacilli, and Escherichia coli were counted in ileal digesta using a plate method with the use of a specific medium.
Broilers with an encapsulated blend of OA in drinking water had higher (P<0.05) body weight, ADG, and EPEF, and lower (P<0.05) FCR than the negative control. Broilers in the PC group and those with OA in their drinking water exhibited greater final BW, ADG, and FCR than those in the NC group (P<0.05) throughout the rearing period (0 to 21 d, 22 to 42 d, and 0 to 42 d). Organic acids can improve broilers' performance by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine. In the current study, administration of encapsulated OA in the drinking water of broilers resulted in lower (P<0.05) pH in jejunum when compared to the negative control. Dietary organic acids reduced the pH of different sections of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers compared to those fed the control diet. The administration of 500 g encapsulated or 1000 mL non-encapsulated blend of OA in the current study resulted in a lower count of E. coli compared with the negative control (P<0.05). The count of E. coli was linearly decreased (P<0.05) in the ileum of broilers with graded levels of the non-encapsulated blend of OA. It seems that the gizzard and stomach of birds drink acidified water were more acidic and might decrease the bacteria that were present in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Organic acids provide acidic pH in the gut, which increases beneficial bacteria, and decreases harmful bacteria of broilers.
Growth performance and the European production efficiency factor were generally greater with encapsulated OA compared with non-encapsulated one. Results of the current study showed that administration of 500 mg encapsulated blend of OA was sufficient for achieving the desired results.

Consumable fats in ruminant products are the main source of various conjugated linoleic acid isomers with a wide range of positive effects on human health. Various genetic factors such as race type are considered as one of the effective factors on the effect of different environmental factors on plasma levels, growth, energy distribution between different tissues of the body and the pattern of fatty acids and the chemical composition of the carcass. There are several studies on dairy cows on the role of various dietary factors including fatty acids in their effect on performance and energy metabolism. However, there is not much research on other ruminant species, including Iranian sheep, and comparisons between tail and tail tails in response to different dietary energy sources. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of high-energy diets rich in carbohydrates or protected fat sources on performance, expression of TNF-α gene and some blood metabolite in male lambs of Taleshi and Zel.

This study was performed in an experimental period of 116 days (14 days of habituation and 102 days of sampling). At the end of the habituation period before breakfast, the animals were weighed and kept individually (6 lambs of Taleshi breed and 6 lambs of Zel breed for each treatment). Control diet (fat-free diet), diet containing 4% saturated fat supplement rich in stearic acid and diet containing 4% unsaturated fat supplement Protected apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, fat Crude, crude protein and insoluble fibers in neutral detergent and insoluble fibers in acidic detergent were measured by the recommended method. The amount of dry matter consumed was measured by taking into account the amount of dry matter remaining in the manger (post-manger) and the amount of dry matter in the diet.

The highest amount of feed consumed at the end of the period belonged to Zell and Talshi periods consuming feed containing stearic saturated fatty acid. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF and ADF was affected by the effect of fat, but the effect of race and the interaction of race and type of fat did not affect their digestibility. The interaction effect of race and fat on the digestibility of crude protein and ether extract was significant (p <0.05). Crude protein digestibility was not affected by fat type. The highest crude protein digestibility was observed in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat of Taleshi breed and the lowest amount was observed in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat of Zell. The highest digestibility of ether extract was observed in the treatment of Taleshi protected unsaturated fat (p <0.05). The expression of TNF-α gene was higher in the subcutaneous fat of the protected lambs of the unsaturated treatment (p <0.05). Also, TNF-α gene expression was higher in tail fat and tail fat samples of talus lambs with protective unsaturated treatment and less stearic acid treatment in Zell lambs than other treatments (p <0.05).

In general, it can be concluded that the addition of fat supplement in the diet of Taleshi and Zel lambs improves blood parameters and increases the immune system according to the expression of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene (TNF-α) and thus improves Due to the fact that the best results were obtained in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat supplement, the use of this fat supplement at the level of 4% in the feeding of fattening lambs of Taleshi and Zel breeds is recommended.

Soybean meal is widely used in animal feed production due to its high protein content and relatively good amino acid pattern balance. However, soybean meal contains several anti-nutritional agents that can affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients. To overcome these limitations, pre-processing of soybean meal through fermentation can be an optimal solution to eliminate anti-nutritional agents and improve the digestibility of nutrients. During fermentation, proteolytic enzymes produced by the microbial population hydrolyze proteins into free peptides and amino acids. This study aimed to produce bioactive peptides from soybean meal by fermentation by Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Aspergillus oryzea, and hydrolysis by autoclave. Also, isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources were evaluated under in vitro conditions.

Soybean meal was first ground and then its protein was extracted through alkaline extraction and acid precipitation. Microorganisms were cultured in a specific culture medium and after growing in the liquid culture medium, they were added to the isolated protein and the fermentation hydrolysis process was performed on the isolated protein. The autoclave was used to perform the hydrolysis process by autoclave. The isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources were evaluated according to the standard methods to determine the nutritional value such as the amount of crude protein, organic matter, ash, dry matter, and ether extract. In vitro gas production test was performed to assessed effects of hydrolysis methods and hydrolysis extent on biological functionality of protein sources. To use ruminal fluid to perform the gas production test under in vitro conditions, three adult Holstein bulls with ruminal fistula were used. Finally, the data that were obtained from laboratory evaluation were statistically analyzed using a completely randomized design statistical model and the data were analyzed by SAS 9.4 software and GLM PROC command, and the means were compared by Tukey test method at the statistical level of 0.05.

The results of production and evaluation of isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources showed that during hydrolysis, minor changes were made in the chemical composition, but all four hydrolysis treatments increased the production of low molecular weight peptides. Also, it was found that the production of bioactive peptides from soybean meal by different methods has different efficiencies. The highest amount of low molecular weight peptides was produced by Bacillus licheniformis (0.483 μg / ml). Also, autoclave treatment led to the breaking of weak chemical bonds and increased production of small peptides. Also, the results of in vitro gas production method showed that hydrolysis of soybean meal by using A. oryzea increased the amount of gas production and the fermentable part (159.09 and 210.52, respectively).

The general results of the study showed that hydrolysis of soybean meal through bio-fermentation and hydrolysis by autoclave increased the production of bioactive peptides and Bacillus licheniformis produced the highest amount of peptides. Also, Aspergillus oryzea treatment compared to other treatments showed the greatest improvement in the amount of gas production and fermentable part.

Chicken meat waste and whey powder as by-products are often rich in high quality proteins and can be hydrolyzed by protease enzymes produced by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to produce bioactive peptides from chicken meat waste and whey powder by bio-fermentation by Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Aspergillus oryzae, and hydrolysis by autoclave. Also, isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources were evaluated under in vitro condition.

Chicken meat wastes were first degreased and then their protein was isolated through alkaline extraction and acid precipitation. The microorganisms were cultured in a specific culture medium and then added to the protein isolated in the previous step, and the fermentation hydrolysis process was performed. An autoclave was also used for hydrolysis. Isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources were evaluated in vitro to determine the amounts of crude protein, organic matter, ash, dry matter, ether extract, and the amount of gas produced in vitro. Finally, the data obtained from the laboratory evaluation were statistically analyzed using a completely randomized statistical model using SAS 9.4 software

The results of production and evaluation of isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources showed that during hydrolysis, minor changes were made in the chemical composition, but the production of low molecular weight peptides increased. Also, it was found that the production of bioactive peptides from different sources by different methods has different efficiencies. Among the products of chicken meat waste and whey powder, the highest amount of low molecular weight peptides was produced by Bacillus subtilis (1.227 and 0.786 μg / ml, respectively). Autoclave treatment also led to the breaking of weak chemical bonds and increased production of small peptides. Also, the results of in vitro gas production method showed that hydrolysis of chicken meat waste and whey powder using Oryzae, increased the amount of gas produced (139.77 and 189.21, respectively) and all hydrolysis treatments improved the digestibility of dry mater.

The general results of the study showed that hydrolysis of chicken meat waste and whey powder through bio-fermentation and hydrolysis by autoclave increased the production of bioactive peptides and Bacillus subtilis produced the highest amount of peptides. Also, Aspergillus oryzea treatment compared to other treatments made the largest increase in the amount of gas production and fermentable part, which shows the positive effect of hydrolyzed protein production by this method in increasing the biological activity of chicken meat waste and whey protein.

In order to evaluate the effects of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids on the growth performance of milk-fed Holstein calves in the cold season, forty newborn calves (41.8 kg of body weight, average age=4 days) in 65 days period were allocated to one of four diets and ten calves per group, in balanced randomized complete design as the repeated measurements over time. The experimental treatments as follows: (1) starter feed supplemented with no fat source (CON), (2) starter feed supplemented with 3% Ca-salts of soybean oil rich in n-6 FA, (3) starter feed supplemented with 3% Ca-salts of fish oil rich in n-3 FA, and (4) starter feed supplemented with an equal mixture of Ca-salts of soybean and fish oil (1.5% each, DM basis). Calf starter intake in OMEGA-3 was higher than others (p<0.01), whereas the control group significantly reduced starter intake. Average Daily Gain was higher in OMEGA-3 in the entire period (3-60 d) (p=0.0309). Feeding supplemental 3% fish oil improved feed efficiency compared to control and Ca-salts of soybean oil treatments (p<0.01). Calves in the OMEGA-3 group had higher body weight at weaning (p=0.0100). The Omega-3 group had better fecal scores and fewer days with diarrhea and control group had higher. Based on the results of this experiment, simultaneous consumption of Omega-3 fatty acids under cold stress can play an important role in improving calf health and guarantee optimal growth.

The use of bio-waste in animal feed, in addition to reducing the cost of feed, reduces environmental pollution resulting from the disposal of this waste. Feathers make up about 10% of a bird's weight. 90% of full weight contains creatine, which is rich in the serine amino acids cysteine, glycine, alanine and threonine. The strength of fibrous protein is due to its high hydrogen, disulfide bonds and low hydrophilicity, which makes creatine insoluble and stable against degradation by enzymes such as trypsin and pepsin. Although the poultry industry in the country is expanding day to day, there are no plans to process and return this valuable product to the production cycle. Therefore, the purpose of this project is Processing of Feather meal using ozone (o3) gas and evaluation of its nutritional value using in vitro and in situ nylon bags techniques.

To process the Feather meal with ozone gas, for this purpose a reactor with a capacity to withstand twice the pressure was designed and built. The processing reactor was a double-walled steel tank with a steel surface with a capacity of 1 kg. An ozone generator with a capacity of ten grams of ozone per hour was connected to it and an oxygen capsule was used to supply the oxygen needed by the device and also to increase the pressure inside the reactor. Experimental treatments include: control (without processing), ozone-processed Feather meal in 30 minutes, ozone-processed Feather meal in 60 minutes, ozone-processed Feather meal in 90 minutes and ozone-processed Feather meal in The time was 180 minutes. In order to determine the degradability coefficients of dry matter, three fistulated Holstein male steers were used to prepare and incubation of the samples in situ within the rumen. In order to determine the effect of processing on the amount of gas produced in the laboratory, the pressure of the produced gas was determined in three separate cycles and three repetitions per sample in each run.

Feather meal dry matter under the influence of ozone gas showed a significant decrease in treatments of 60, 90 and 180 minutes (P <0.05) The amount of crude fat under the influence of ozone gas processing showed significantly increased in treatments 60, 90 and 180 Minute (p < 0.05). The amount of crude protein in 180 minutes treatment showed a significant increase compared to the control (P <0.05) but no significant difference was observed in other treatments. The amount of ash was not affected by ozone treatment. Ozone gas processing increased the amount of gas production (P <0.05). The gas production of insoluble part showed a significant increase in all processing times compared to the control (P <0.05). The decomposition rate constant showed a significant decrease in the 180-minute treatment (P <0.05). There was a significant increase in methane production volume and dry matter digestibility of all treatments (P <0.05). The pH value was not significant. The protozoan population in 90 and 180 min treatments showed a significant increase compared to the control (P <0.05). Dry matter degradability showed a significant increase in all treatments (P <0.05). The insoluble part showed a significant increase with increasing frequency (P <0.05). Effective degradability in all passage rate constants showed a significant increase with increasing processing time (P <0.05).

According to the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that processing of Feather meal using ozone gas releases peptides and amino acids and consequently increases its degradability and nutritional value. However, further studies are needed to increase the processing time, use of oxygen in the air,

Pregnancy duration is divided into 3 phases in goats including: day 0 to 50, 50 to 100, and > 100). Transition period is accompanied by metabolic disorders which are minimized by dietary grain and digestible energy concentration. Nutrition can have beneficial effects on the incidence of milk fever in early lactation in the transition period. Animals often face with hypoglycemia and hyperlipidemia in during transition period. Excessive consumption of starch carbohydrates such as barley and maize by the ruminant causes acute or chronic acidosis, so replacing starch with other energy sources such as fibers or fats while supplying the energy needed to handle starch problems For the livestock. In the recent years, new technologies and techniques initiate innovation. Food ingredients are being developed that possess superior functional properties in livestock, because of their role in maintain of health, growth, safety and reproduction. Nutrition is known as one of most important factors influencing and can have beneficial effects on fertility. One of promising strategies is feeding of fatty acids and sources of triacylglycerols (TAG). It is well-known that the n-3 fatty acids are necessary in mammals, especially for the fetus. It is well-known that the n-3 fatty acids are necessary in all mammals, especially for the fetus and the neonate. It is known that lipid supplementing improves energy balance and enhances the overall dietary energy content and finally promotes milk production. Omega-3 fatty acids are known to have antioxidant effects that play a critical role in the development and functioning of the central nervous system. There is no any data in literatures on the effect of non-fiber carbohydrate sources and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on productive and metabolic parameters in Mahabadi lactating goats. It was hypothesized that non-fiber carbohydrate sources and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids may alleviate adverse effects of productive and metabolic parameters in Mahabadi lactating. Thus, for first time, this study evaluated the effects of feeding non-fiber carbohydrate sources and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on productive and metabolic parameters in Mahabadi lactating goats during transition period.

In this study, twenty multiparous Mahabadi goats with body weight ranged from 47 to 50 kg and age range of 3-4 years were used. Goats were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 5 animals in per treatment in a completely randomized design. Animals were randomly allocated into 4 treatments based on age, body weight, and parity. Experimental treatments were including 1) Starch diets with 3 % DM palmitic acid, 2) Starch diet with 3% DM omega 3, 3) diet containing beet pulp with 3% DM palmitic acid, 4) diet containing beet pulp with 3% DM omega 3. The isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated based on NRC (2007) by SRNS software. Feed samples were fined by a Wiley mill by using a 1-mm screen and analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and ether extract. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were assessed by Van Soest et al. (1991). All analyses were conducted twice. Milk composition including fat, protein, and lactose was measured by Milko & Scan apparatus. Serum total protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined using commercial kits (Pars Azmoon-Iran). Serum proteins were isolated in order to evaluate the protein fractions into albumins, α1, α2, β1, β2 and γ-globulins (γG). At same days, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) was measured using the kit from Binding Site Ltd. (Birmingham, UK). This experiment was conducted by Factorial design based on complete randomized design in 9.4 version of SAS software. Duncan procedure was used to evaluate the data. The data were analyzed by SAS software and Duncan test. Statistical model used were as follows; Yijk=U+Ai+Bj+ABij+Eijk Where Yij is observations, μ is mean, Aj is effect of carbohydrate sources, Bj is effect of fatty acid sources, ABij is interaction effect of fatty acids and carbohydrate and eij is error effect.

Results indicated that omega 3 diets (diets 2 & 4) could increase milk production, milk fat, milk protein and total solids in comparison to palmitic acid diets (diets 1 & 3) (p < 0.05). However, it was no observed significant difference between diets 2 and 4 for milk production, milk fat, milk protein and total solids (P>0.05). More ever experimental diets did not affect production of fatty acids C4:0 up to C10:0, C14:0, C14:1, C16:1 and C18:1 (P>0.05) but providing diets 2 & 4 decreased production of fatty acids C12:0, C16:0 and C18:0 and also increased production of fatty acids C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:2 and C22:0. It was no observed significant difference between diets 2 & 4 for mentioned fatty acids. Providing diets to goats did not have significant effects on total protein, albumin, , β and γ protein (P>0.05). The serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, AST and ALT were decreased in goats fed with diets 2 & 4. However, goats receiving the diet 3 also showed lower levels for liver enzymes (p < 0.05). Goats fed with diets 2 & 4 showed higher titer for IgG in comparison to other treatments (p < 0.05).

Dietary inclusion of omega 3 with and without non-fiber carbohydrate could improve milk production and composition. It also improved lipid profile in milk and serum, liver enzymes and immunity. It can be recommended to use omega 3 in order to improve the milk composition, milk production and immunity in goat in transition period. In general, it can be concluded that omega 3 oils can have beneficial on productive and blood parameters.

Effects of the Monensin (Monensin sodium 10%, 350 mg/cow daily) on dry matter intake, milk production and healthy during the transition period and early lactation were determined in 360 Holstein cows. Cows were divided into groups of 2 depending on calving date. A total of 100 Holstein cows and heifers were assigned to a control group (n = 50) and administered 350 mg/cow daily of Monensin (n= 50). Cows had unlimited access to fresh water. However, no differences in dry matter intake between treatment groups were noted. Monensin significantly affected daily milk yield (p< 0.05). Significant effects of Monensin supplementation were observed on disease incidence. The open days of Monensin group had a significant difference with the control group (p= 0.0211). The Monensin group, on average, was 16 days in open days less than the control group. The conception rate in the control and Monensin groups was 43.2% and 81.5% respectively (p= 0.0113). The pregnancy rate of Monensin group (34.6%) was significantly higher than the control group (28.4%) (p= 0.0100). Also on the calving to first insemination distance was higher in the control group compared with Monensin (p= 0.0317). Monensin supplementation decreased postpartum BHBA concentration. Results suggest that prepartum and postpartum administration of Monensin increase milk production and healthy and can have beneficial effects on reproductive performance during early lactation.

Agriculture is a risky activity and a wide range of risks are affecting the income earned from agricultural products. Market risk is the main source of revenue fluctuations in agriculture in all over the world. One of the subsectors of agricultural sector is animal farming industry that its changes during recent years have greatly influenced the revenue of investors in this industry. Considering the importance of livestock subsector in the agriculture sector, identifying and estimating the risk of livestock units are important.

The first step in activity risk management is to choose a model to identify and measure the risk of that activity. Risk assessment models are selected based on different factors such as the type of projects and their risks. In this regard, a concept discussed in the field of risk assessment in agricultural units is the value at risk (VaR) criteria. Value at risk is a statistical analysis that is mainly used in determining the quantitative risk of market and measures the most expected losses under normal conditions of the market and also during a certain period of time at a specific level of confidence (Radpour & Abeduh Tabrizi, 2009). This criterion summarizes the risk of portfolio in just one number under the value at risk measure. In the present study, the profit of each calf was calculated and the risk of weekly profit of a head of calf was determined by the value at risk method using Monte Carlo simulation for two time periods of 2004 to 2018 and 2013 to 2018 by @Risk add-in. Also, a multivariate regression was estimated by @Risk to analyze the sensitivity of the expected profit for each variable in the model. Parameters that have the most impact on the profit of each head of calf are identified as the most sensitive and important inputs related to the profit variable. Finally, the value at risk of the last cattle feeding period in the confidence level of 95% using weekly VaR at a level of 95% is predicted.

In this study, after calculating the profit of each Holstein calf, a linear regression was estimated to evaluate the standard deviation of the calculated profit on the time trend. This regression coefficients indicate that the standard deviation of the profit is increasing at the rate of 1622.9 Rials/week during the studied period. In other words, the risk of fattening activity has increased over time. To assess the risk of cattle fattening industry profits, price and performance variables were considered as expected variables in calculating the risk of profit. As the concept of value at risk is tied to the probability distribution of inputs and outputs, and its calculation process is equivalent to the probability distribution estimation process in the future period and also, considering that the Monte Carlo simulation is done on the repeated unstable and random inputs prices based on their probability distribution, finding the best distribution of inputs to produce random numbers is very important. Therefore, at first, the most important inputs in calculating profit were determined and then, their probability distributions were obtained according to the defined range of distribution using @Risk add-in. Because of the continuous nature of data, the Anderson-Darling test was used for verification of the obtained distributions. After Monte Carlo simulation and production of semi-random numbers for the desired inputs, 100000 simulated profits were obtained which the corresponding percentile of 90, 95, and 99% confidence intervals of the profit distribution were extracted as a weekly value at risk of per head Holstein calf. The results of estimating profit risk by VaR criteria showed that the weekly profit value at risk during 2004 to 2018 was 302108 Rials/week which is not a small figure for each calf profit during a week and presents the high profit risk of this industry. Also, the value at risk at the last 6 years of studied period was 600000 Rials. In conclusion, the results showed that weekly profit VaR increases 65292.07 Rials in each period. According to the predictions, the VaR of next period with a confidence coefficient of 95% will be 7197729 Rials. Also, the results of sensitivity analysis revealed that the most effective inputs on weekly profits were the prices changes of the calf, maize, and alfalfa inputs. Therefore, these inputs changes can also affect the risk of profit in cattle feeding units. In conclusion, controlling the living calf market as the most important input and veal market as the product of the fattening industry and corn, alfalfa, and soy markets has the most impact on the stability of the producers' profitability and ensures the profit of each head of livestock.

In this study, VaR criterion was used to assess the profit risk of cattle feeding units in Iran. According to the results, it is suggested to introduce the VaR criterion as an applied criterion in determining the risk to producers and investors of the agricultural sector. Therefore, it is necessary to provide continuous report of the value at risk amount of the industry by relevant organizations to help the investors and producers to clarify the status of the cattle feeding industry. Also, considering the changes in market conditions during different periods, finding the most important effective inputs on profit and controlling these inputs markets in order to control the producer’s profit fluctuations should be taken into account.

Study field:

 The amount of residues of some pesticides in some animal and poultry feeds in Iran is considered higher than the international standard.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of reducing the amount of patulin and diazinon in ensiled apple pomace on some rumen parameters (pH, protozoa, ammonia nitrogen) and the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the mahabadi lactation goats that consuming diets containing high apple pomace (28.88% in dry matter).

In this study, 30 mature newborn Mahabadi lactation goats with mean live weight of 55 ± 5 kg, with 5 experimental treatments and 6 replications were used in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments consisted of unprocessed apple pomace (control group), microwave apple pomace (treatment 2), processed apple pomace with two commercially active adsorbent and inactive pesticides (50 g / d respectively For every goat head and and one kg / t of apple pomace (3 and 4) and apple pomace processed with an acidifiers commercial compound (treatment 5).

The results showed that the highest amount of patulin and diazinon in different treatments were in the control group (178 Kg / μg and 936.0 mg / kg) and the lowest levels were related to treatments treated with Bio-Tox toxin binder and Mycofix Plus (58 Kg / μg and 279/0 mg /kg). Therefore, only the pH of treatment 5 decreased significantly in comparison with control group and decreased to 6.36 in comparison with 6.42 control group. Also, the results showed that ruminal protozoa population was not affected by apple pomace processing in different treatments, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration of rumen fluid in test goats showed a significant difference between treatment 2, 5 and 3, in relation to, control and other treatments respectively. The lowest amount for control group (without processing) was 21.42 mg /dl and the highest amount for 3 was 12.22 mg /dl by adding Mycofix-Plus to the diet (0.05 mg /dl). P). The results also showed a significant increase in the concentration of total volatile fatty acids, except treatment 4 compared to control (P ˂ 0.05).

Generally reducing the patholin and diazinon toxicity by processing with adsorbent and inactive compounds of toxins in high-level diets of apple pomace can improve some of the animal's rumen parameters, and, in addition to ensuring health, will increase the efficiency and performance of the animal. Key words: Patulin, Diazinon, Apple pomace, Toxic Adsorbent, Mahabadi Lactation Goats Study field: The amount of residues of some pesticides in some animal and poultry feeds in Iran is considered higher than the international standard.

The present study aimed to characterize the effect of dietary Ca-salts of palm oil (PO) and fish oil (FO) on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of growing lambs. The lambs (n=20; IBW=32.7±2.8 kg, 4-5 month-old) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments (10 lambs/treatment) based on IBW and kept individual pens. Lambs were offered one of two diets, 1) control (2.5% PO) and 2) 2.5% FO for 90 days. At the end of the experiment, lambs were slaughtered and carcass characteristics and meat quality were measured. All data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design using the general linear model procedure of SAS. Results showed that Ca-salts of PO and FO did not affect animal performance, carcass traits, and chemical composition of Longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM). Also, shear force, cooking loose, and drip loose percentage of LDM did not affect by treatments. Feeding FO increased odor score (6.13 vs. 5.06) and decreased overall acceptability of meat (4.21 vs. 5.41) compared to PO (P<0.05), while the other sensory characteristics of meat (tenderness, flavor, and juiciness) were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, the feeding of 2.5% Ca-salts of FO increased the fishy odor in the lamb meat according to the sensory panel without changing the performance and carcass characteristics.