حبیب هادیان فرد

The purpose of this research is to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy with integrated meta-diagnosis on three variables of sexual self-concept, sexual intimacy and sexual performance in women with premenstrual dysphoria.

The research method was based on the objective, applied, quantitative and semi-experimental, with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group with a 2-month follow-up.The statistical population of the research included all married women with an age range of 25 to 45 years suffering from premenstrual dysphoric disorder who referred to medical centers affiliated to Lar University of Medical Sciences and Welfare in 1400-1401, at least six months to one year from The period of their menstrual problems was passing and they did not have any specific physical disease, 60 people were selected from among them with the purposeful sampling method and were replaced by random assignment in three equal groups of 20 people.

The experimental and control groups completed the Multifaceted Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire (MSSCQ), the Female Sexual Performance Questionnaire (FSFI) and the Sexual Intimacy Questionnaire (SIQ) at different stages of assessment. Both meta-diagnostic and cognitive-behavioral treatments were implemented during 9 sessions for the subjects of the experimental groups (not the subjects of the control group). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, statistical assumptions test, mixed analysis of variance and Benferroni's post hoc test. The results showed that both treatments had a significant effect on improving the average score of sexual self-concept, sexual intimacy and sexual performance. The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on sexual self-concept and sexual performance has been higher than integrated transdiagnostic therapy, but the effect of integrated transdiagnostic therapy on sexual intimacy has been higher. The findings of the current research were empirical support for two treatment methods to improve sexual indicators in married women.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Benjamin`s Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) self-concept (Introject) questionnaire (1974) in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

The study participants were 324 students (185 girls and 139 boys) who were studying in the second semester of 2023 academic year, and completed Benjamin`s SASB-self-concept (Introject) questionnaire (1974) Beck Depression Inventory-II (1996), Beck Anxiety Inventory (1988) and Beck Suicide Scale Ideation (1988). The Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, Cronbach`s alpha coefficient, and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS-26 and AMOS-25 software.

The results show the reliability of this questionnaire through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Spearman's and Guttman's correlation coefficients in the spilit-half method, as well as its validity through the convergent coefficients of the dimensions of this questionnaire with other valid tests and finally the construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis confirmed.

Disscussion: 

In general, it can be concluded that Benjamin`s SASB-self-concept (Introject) questionnaire has very good reliability and validity in Iranian students.

This research was conducted to investigate the role of social anhedonia in predicting internet addiction with the moderating role of personality traits of extraversion and introversion in students. The present research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of the study was Shiraz University students in the academic year 2021-2022, from whom 340 people were selected by the available sampling method. The research questionnaires included Yang’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT, 1998), the Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale  (ACIPS, 2011), and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ, 1985). The relationships between variables were tested by linear regression analysis and the research model was tested by structural equation modeling technique. The results showed that social anhedonia could explain 19% of the variance of internet addiction in students. The results of structural equation modeling also showed that extraversion and introversion personality traits had a moderating role in the relationship between social anhedonia and internet addiction (p<0.01). Finally, these results showed that social anhedonia can predict internet addiction in students, and extraversion and introversion personality traits play a moderating role in the relationship between these two variables.

The aim of present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Metacognitive Therapy for Children on increasing attentional control and reducing attention bias towards threat in anxious children. The present study was a Single-subject study with Multiple Baseline. The statistical sample of this study included all children aged 9 to 13 referred to the health centers of Qom city and according to the research literature in the field of single subject designs, 3 subjects were considered for the implementation of the treatment protocol. Data was collected using the Kiddie schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia- Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), Attentional Control Scale for Children (ACS-C) and Dot Probe Task. The treatment protocol included 8 weekly individual sessions with children and 2 sessions with parents too. Data was analyzed using visual analysis, percentage of improvement and effect size (Cohen's d). The findings show that all three subjects had an increasing trend in attentional control and a decreasing trend in attention bias, so that the metacognitive therapy for children with the effect size (d=0/51) was an effective treatment in increasing children's attentional control. As well as, this treatment was effective in reducing attention bias towards threat with effect size (d= 3/37). Based on the results of this research, metacognitive therapy for children can be an effective Therapy in increasing attentional control and reducing attention bias towards threat in children with anxiety disorders.

Speech rate is one of the clarity and fluency aspects of speech. It can affect   depressed patients’ clarity, fluency, and public communication due to impaired executive and cognitive functions.  Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of inducing negative emotional experiences on speech rate in people with depressive disorder.

For this purpose, 150 Shiraz University students who were selected by convenience sampling method answered Beck Depression Inventory. Then, based on the cut of point and the clinical interview, 60 people were selected and placed in two depressed and non-depressed groups. Participants watched a text without emotional content in the first stage and a piece of film with negative emotional content in the second stage and then retold whatever came to their mind. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test.

Findings showed that the speech rate scores in depressed people were significantly lower than non-depressed people (P<0.001); moreover, the scores of this group in the context of negative emotion induction were significantly lower than normal conditions (P<0.001).

Based on the results, the speech rate of the depressed group is different from the non-depressed people in normal conditions; furthermore, it was found that the context in which the person is placed can affect the speech rate. It was identified in depressed people with emotional reactions when responding to environmental stimuli.

brain behavioral systems are related to avoidance and approach behavior. In the model of frontal asymmetry, Davidson introduced avoidance and approach systems. The aim of this study was to investigate The effect of affect induction on frontal and posterior asymmetry of alpha brain waves in individuals with high and low behavioral activation/inhibition systems.

In this regard, 300 non-disordered adults self-reported behavioral inhibition/activation systems questionnaire. After that, based on the Z scores in BAS/BIS scale, four groups (n=28, n=7 in each group) were selected. Quantitative electroencephalography was recorded for each individual in baseline, positive and negative affect induction. Absolute power of alpha waves in four regions and frontal and posterior asymmetries were calculated for each individual. Paired t-test and repeated Measures ANOVA were performed for statistical analysis.

In baseline condition, the high inhibition group showed frontal asymmetry (greater arousal in the F4 region) at the level of P =0.04. In terms of pleasant affect induction, the high and low activation groups showed frontal asymmetry at the level of P <0.01 (more arousal in F3 region). In terms of negative affect induction, the high inhibition group showed frontal asymmetry at the level of P =0.001 (more arousal in the F4 region), and the low activation group showed posterior asymmetry at the level of P = 0.002 (more arousal in the O2 region).

The findings confirm the Gray theory and Davidson model for the frontal asymmetry. Type of induced affect and personality differences Leads to different patterns of asymmetry.

It was argued that the major systems of the human brain influence behavior and cause personality differences among individuals. The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS) are related to avoidance and approach behaviors. In the previous decade, it was assumed that individual differences in these systems could lead to a broad spectrum of psychological disorders. For instance, it was asserted that reducing the experience, such as anxiety and failure to provide a proper response to threatening conditions, will result in low behavioral inhibition and a normal behavioral activation system. In contrast, high behavioral activation and normal behavioral inhibition system results in intensive impulsivity and anxiety. Such findings suggest that the study of high and low behavioral activation/inhibition may assist us in gaining a better grasp of the processes that underpin emotional responses. This study compared emotion regulation strategies in students with high and low behavioral inhibition/activation systems.

The present study was a causal –comparative study. The statistical population consisted of 20 –35 years old students of Tehran University, Tehran City, Iran, who were studying in the academic year 2020 –2021. In the first stage, 320 students from 5 faculties were selected by cluster random sampling, and two questionnaires on behavioral inhibition/activation systems (Carver and White, 1994) and Emotion Regulation Strategies (Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven, 2001) were distributed among them. The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire is composed of 9 conceptually distinct subscales. The BIS/BAS scale includes 24 items and 4 scales, in which 7 items were concerned with BIS and 13 with BAS. Four items of this scale were neutral. The incomplete questionnaires and the questionnaires of students with a history of referring to a psychiatrist or taking psychiatric medicines were excluded.
Ultimately, according to the inclusion criteria, 260 students were selected. Also, 32.3% (n=85) of the primary sample (n=260) were male, and 67.3% (n=175) were females. Students' raw scores were converted to Z scores. Based on the Z scores, 4 groups were selected by targeted sampling in the behavioral inhibition/activation systems questionnaire (n=72, each group was 18 people). Individuals with a standard Z score on the Behavioral Activation Scale above 1.5 and whose standard Z score on the Behavioral Inhibition Scale was less than 0.5 were chosen as the high behavioral activation group. Individuals were selected as the high behavioral inhibition group whose standard Z score on the behavioral inhibition scale was above 1.5, and their standard Z score on the behavioral activation scale was less than 0.5. Individuals were selected as the low behavioral activation group whose standard Z score on the behavioral activation scale was below –1.5 and their standard Z score on the behavioral inhibition scale was more than –0.5. Individuals were selected as the low behavioral inhibition group whose standard Z score on the behavioral inhibition scale was below –1.5 and their standard Z score on the behavioral activation scale was more than –0.5. Multivariate analysis of variance compared 4 groups in 9 emotion regulation strategies at a significance level 0.05 using SPSS software version 24.

The multivariate analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were employed to clarify differences between groups. Results showed significant differences between the groups in 5 strategies: acceptance (F3,65=2.78, p=0.048, ηр²=0.11), rumination (F3,65=3.98, p=0.011, ηр²=0.15), reappraisal (F3, 65=4.07, p=0.010, ηр²=0.15), catastrophizing (F3,65=7.67, p=0.000, ηр²=0.26), and blaming others (F3,65=5.70, p=0.002, ηр²=0.20). To understand which group shows significant differences, the Tukey post hoc test was done for 5 emotion regulation strategies: acceptance (HBIS>HBAS, p=0.037), rumination (HBIS>LBIS, p=0.007), reappraisal (LBIS>HBIS, p=0.012), catastrophizing (HBAS>LBIS, p=0.006), (HBIS>LBIS, p<0.001), and blaming others (HBAS>LBIS, p=0.014), (HBIS>LBIS, p=0.001). According to the results, the high behavioral inhibition group used the rumination strategy significantly more often than the low behavioral inhibition group. Regarding the acceptance strategy, the high behavioral inhibition group used this strategy significantly more often than the high behavioral activation system. We argued that findings about acceptance are contradictory. Acceptance might be adaptive in certain situations and might depend on the type of the studied mood. Also, the low behavioral inhibition group used the reappraisal strategy more often than the high behavioral inhibition group. Besides, the three groups had a significant difference in catastrophizing and blaming others strategies. Results indicated that high behavioral activation and high behavioral inhibition groups used the catastrophizing and blaming others strategy significantly more often than the low behavioral inhibition group.

The study findings suggest that high and low behavioral inhibition/activation systems play an important role in selecting emotion regulation strategies. The type of emotion regulation strategies is appropriate to the personality traits that dominate the individual and can be considered a factor in emotional dysregulation.

Major Depressive Disorder is a common disorder in prisoners that is usually associated with reduced olfactory sensitivity and defects in hedonic responses to olfactory stimuli. Due to the limited access to psychotherapy resources and drug alternatives, there is a fundamental need for the development of complementary treatments such as psycho-aromatherapy for these patients.

The present study tries to compare the effectiveness of aromatherapy-based mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy on improving symptoms in depressed patients.

This study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test, alongside two experimental and one control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all depressed patients in Shahrekord Prison. A total of 45 patients were selected using convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to three groups. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II, 1996) was used for data collection. Univariate covariance analysis and Scheffé post hoc test were employed for data analysis with SPSS-25 software.

The means of the post-tests for the aromatherapy-based mindfulness were (M= 30.89), cognitive behavioral Therapy (M= 32.08) and control (M= 45.75), which showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (F= 10.79, P< 0.000).

Aromatherapy-based mindfulness can be suggested as an effective clinical intervention along with cognitive behavioral therapy to improve the depression of prisoners.

Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a pattern of problems that usually occurs in childhood but may continue into adulthood. According to reports, 60 to 85% of people who receive this diagnosis in childhood have the criteria for the disorder in adolescence, and up to 60% of their symptoms continue into adulthood. Emotional instability, job and academic failure, and alcohol abuse are among the characteristics of ADHD, which are effective in forming and reinforcing maladaptive schemas. The schemas that are more prominent in adult patients with ADHD (such as failure and shame) fit well with their learning history and main symptoms. In fact, schemas are conceptualized as information processing structures and, as expected, are the basis of cognitive and metacognitive thoughts and beliefs that are also necessary for understanding emotional experiences in one's life. The term metacognition is defined as the knowledge of cognitive processes. Metacognition affects human cognitive processing through processes such as control, monitoring, planning, and correction, and interacts with a person's emotional processing or mental health. The concept of meta-emotion as first introduced by Gottman et al. (1996) and has since been extended to other fields. Meta-emotions are divided into two dimensions: positive meta-emotions (meta self-compassion and meta-interest and negative meta-emotions (including meta-anger, meta-shame / meta self-humiliation, meta-control of thought, and self-prevention of emotion). People with positive emotions are less likely to make inappropriate and hasty decisions which suppresses their thoughts and emotions. The present study aimed to compare the maladaptive schemas, metacognitive beliefs and positive meta-emotions in people with ADHD and normal adults.

The present study was a causal comparative study in term of design and the statistical population included all adults with ADHD in Isfahan in the fall of 2021. The research sample consisted of 60 adults, 30 of whom had ADHD and 30 normal adults who were selected by convenient methods and referring to two counseling centers in Isfahan. Inclusion criteria include 1) age range of 18 to 60 years, and 2) the presence or absence of symptoms of ADHD (according to the cut score 55) and the exclusion criteria include medication and treatment for ADHD / Attention deficit. Research questionnaires included: 1- Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (Young, 2005) contains 75 questions that evaluate 15 schemas and 5 domains. Young and Brown found the convergent validity of the questionnaire equal to 0.56 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole test was 0.96. 2- Metacognitive Beliefs and Positive Meta-emotion Questionnaire (Beer and Monte, 2010) has 18 questions, whose validity coefficient was equal to 0.54 and reliability through Cronbach's alpha was equal to 0.73 (19). At the inferential level, the Shapiro-Wilk and Levin tests were used to check the presuppositions, and the independent t-test was used to check the main objective of the researches. All statistical analyzes were performed using the SPSS software version 26.

The results of the t-test in incompatible schemas showed that adults with ADHD in the areas of rejection (p<0.001), impaired self-management and performance (p<0.001), impaired limits and boundaries (p<0.001), misdirection (p0.001) <), alertness and inhibition (p<0.001), have obtained higher scores than normal adults. The results showed that normal adults in total score of metacognitions _ excitement (p<0.001) and the components of trust in extinguishing stable emotions (p<0.001), preventing immediate reaction/setting the mind to solve the problem (p<0.001), Trust in flexible goals and practical goals (p<0.001) and positive metacognition and positive meta excitement (p<0.001) have obtained higher scores than adults with ADHD.

By identifying maladaptive schemas and positive metacognitive and meta-motional beliefs, can be helped to improve ADHD in adults.

This study aims to investigate the mediating role of sensation seeking in relation to psychopathy traits and attitudes toward infidelity in married people. path analysis was used to examine the model. The statistical population of married people was 20 to 50 years old in Isfahan in 2021; the statistical sample was 554 married people (288 females and 266 males) who were selected through available sampling. The research instruments include Whately’s Attitudes toward Infidelity Scale (2008), Levenson Self Report Psychopathy Scale (1995), and Hoyle’s brief Sensation-Seeking Scale (2002). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and path analysis. The results showed that disinhibition as one of the dimensions of sensation seeking in the relationship between primary psychopathy traits with attitudes toward infidelity relationships (β= 0.08, p<0.05) plays mediating role, also in the relationship between secondary psychopathic traits and attitudes toward infidelity relationships (β= -0.08, p<0.05) plays a complete mediating role in women. In men, the sensation-seeking variable does not play a mediating role, and only its secondary psychopathy traits directly affect attitudes toward infidelity relationships (β= -0.13, p<0.05). In general, psychopathy traits due to sensation seeking predict 19% in women and 20.3% in men with attitudes toward Infidelity variance.

Metacognition as "thinking about my own thinking" has an important role in psychopathologies in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of MCQ-C questionnaire as a tool of measuring metacognitive beliefs in Iranian children.

The statistical sample of this study included 338 children aged 9 to 13 at the primary School level which were randomly selected from primary schools in Qom city. First the Metacognitions questionnaire for children(MCQ-C) was translated to Persian, then it was back translated into English. After confirming translation, the final questionnaire was administered to 350. psychometric properties of MCQ-C was examined through confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, internal consistency and test-retest methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software(version 21) and Amos software(version 24).

The results of confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) confirmed relative fitness of model. Also, correlation coefficients indicated favorable convergent validity of the questionnaire (P<0/01).
Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole scale was 0/77 and the three-week retest coefficient for the whole questionnaire was 0/70, that confirmed good reliability of the questionnaire.

Current study results showed appropriate psychometric features of Metacognitions questionnaire in children. Therefore, it can be used in research and psychotherapy in the field of children' psychopathologies, especially anxiety disorders.

Thermal comfort is one of the comfort aspects in current architectural design and can be changed by various components. Researchers emphasize that early thermal comfort studies relying on climate and environmental aspects can only justify a  part of the results. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the effect of other components. Effective components could be found in physical, physiological, psychological, social, environmental, and economic aspects. So, thermal comfort can be influenced by inner and outer factors. Regarding the research literature and the variety of effective components in thermal comfort, there is a lack of research on this subject. In addition, researchers believe many relations between these components should be considered in thermal comfort studies. Therefore, as a part of a larger study, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of personal, environmental, and social components on thermal comfort. This study aims to clarify the individual and social components affecting the perception of thermal comfort to provide solutions to improve the design of office spaces. So, there are two questions: First, what are the personal and social factors affecting the perception of thermal comfort? And second, which scale is better for predicting thermal comfort based on these components?

In this regard, a field study (including questionnaire, observation, and on-site measurement for recording climatic data using thermal sensors) was conducted in winter in a main administrative office building of Shiraz University. Questionnaires were designed to gather some of the personal components (such as age, gender, height, weight, and adaptive behaviors); social components (including education and degree level, the field of study, and position); and thermal scales (thermal sensation, thermal comfort, thermal satisfaction, thermal preference, thermal acceptability, and overall thermal comfort). Blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature as the personal components were measured using a related standard device. Clothing and activity types were recorded and then changed into a quantitative scale. The data loggers also record the indoor air temperature and relative humidity. The field study was conducted in January 2019 for four consecutive days from 8 am to 12 pm. In total, there were 110 measurement subjects. Finally, 108 were identified as useful in the analysis by eliminating incomplete questionnaires. The main administrative building is located on the northern side of Shiraz, Iran (52.52°N, 29.63°E). The 138920 m2 building is oriented in the northwest and southeast in two blocks (with seven and ten stores). The two building blocks have some differences in constructional details and interior design. There was no compulsion to participate, and oral and short-form written consent was considered with no restrictions on participants to have freedom of their usual work day.

The collected data were imported into SPSS software. A total of 22 statistical analyses were performed, including descriptive and inferential statistics (linear and multiple linear regression, Univariate ANOVA). This study selected the correlation coefficients based on the variables scale. So, Spearman, Pearson, and Eta correlation have been used to show the strength of the relations. In this study, 108 subjects participated, including 41 women and 66 men (one person did not mention gender). The age group varies from 24 to 60 years. Most of the age group is in the 31-45 range. These individuals weigh between 50 and 120 kg and have a height of 1.55 to 1.86 meters. The average body temperature was 36°C, the mean blood pressure was 126 with a minimum of 87 and a maximum of 183, and the heart rate was also in the range of 49 to 98. The average indoor air temperature during the four days of study was 23.67°C, and the average relative humidity was 24.86%. The indoor globe temperature was very close to the air temperature (23.50°C). The average outdoor temperature was 15.2°C, and the average relative humidity was 34.9%. The thermal response was considered with nine different thermal scales on the 3,5, and 7-point Likert scale. The average of each response was as follows: Thermal sensation vote (TSV)= -0.4; Thermal comfort=6; Thermal pleasure= 4.78; Temperature preferences= 0.3’ Humidity preferences= -0.18; Velocity preferences= -0.35; Radiation preferences=-0.32; Thermal acceptance= 0.85; & overall thermal comfort= 4.94.

The results show that the impact of social components is negligible. However, participants in double and multiple office rooms had better thermal comfort status than in single office rooms. So, if these criteria are considered during the design process, it can help to improve the indoor environmental quality. Regarding the personal components, body mass index and clothing value are the two most influential factors. It is very important to make different thermal adaptation strategies for the occupants to have a right to choose any of them. Therefore, appropriate strategies should be considered for the components needed to provide comfortable conditions in both human resource management and architectural design. In this study, the thermal preference is an appropriate scale for predicting occupants’ thermal needs based on environmental and personal components. The thermal comfort range was calculated based on Griffith’s methods and was 21-26°C. It is very important to know that people feel neutral based on the thermal sensation vote in most office buildings. Still, they usually need temperature, humidity, air velocity, and radiation changes. So in architecture or mechanical engineering, we should not merely rely on thermal sensation vote to decide on heating or cooling setpoints. So, if the setpoint of the studied office building changes from 25°C to 23.6°C, we can anticipate at least a 10 percent reduction in energy consumption. People can adapt to different situations, making them flexible and resilient. But designers should be aware that this adaptation process needs more effort and, of course, more mental, psychological, and physical energy that can reduce occupant’s productivity.

Despite interventions designed to reduce symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), no effective treatments have been identified that effectively decrease impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors. In this regard, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention that has recently been introduced to improve impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors in adolescents with ADHD.

The present research was a single-subject experimental study with multiple baselines and follow-up. The study sample consisted of four adolescents with ADHD in the age range of 15 to 18 years who had been randomly selected from a clinical center in Rasht in 2020-2021. To measure the research variables, the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (Patton et al., 1995) and the Iranian Adolescents Risk-taking Scale (Zadeh Mohammadi et al., 2011) were used. The mindfulness and modification treatment (MMT) was implemented in 12 weekly 45-minute sessions, each of which included a 3 to 16-minute mindfulness exercise and a review of previous homework and presentation of new homework. The effect size, reliable change, and percentage of non-overlapping data were used to assess statistical significance; improvement percentage was used to assess clinical significance.

The findings showed that according to three indices of reliable change, effect size, and percentage of non-overlapping data, the effectiveness of this intervention in reducing impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors was statistically significant, but the improvement percentage index could not show its clinical significance.

According to the findings, it can be concluded that MMT by affecting awareness of present experience and strengthening emotion regulation can reduce impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors.

The present study aimed to determine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental health through the mediating role of experiential avoidance in girl students. The research method was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all-girl undergraduate students of Razi University of Kermanshah in the academic year 2019-2020, from which 366 students were selected as a sample group by multi-stage cluster sampling and were surveyed by Child Abuse Self-Report Scale (SASRS), Depression, Anxiety & Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and path analysis using version 26 of SPSS and AMOS software. The results indicate a significant mediating role of experiential avoidance for the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression (β: 0.22), anxiety (β: 0.12), and stress (0.17). According to the results of the present study, childhood maltreatment is the basis for using an experiential avoidance strategy, which leads to an increase in depression, anxiety, and stress in victims of childhood maltreatment.

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare sensory processing, academic help seeking and problem-solving strategies in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, (ADHD) children with special learning disabilities, and normal students.

In the present comparative scientific type study, among all 10-12 years old students of Shiraz, 150 people (50 people with (ADHD), 50 people with special learning disabilites and 50 normal people) were selected by purposive sampling and considering the entry and exit criteria. SNAP (Parent Form) Sensory Processing Scale, Academic Help Seeking Scale, and Problem-Solving Strategies were used to assess the participants. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The results showed that all three groups of students had significant differences in the components of sensory processing, academic help seeking and problem-solving strategies.

The findings of this study provide evidence of sensory processing problems, academic help seeking, and problem-solving strategies in students with ADHD and, special learning disabilities. Therefore, it is necessary to consider psychological interventions and training in order to improve and correct the problems of these students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation on Fundamental motor skills of children with DCD. The method of the present study was quasi-experimental, a pre- posttest design with experimental, and control groups. The statistical population of the study was 6 to 10 year old children in khonj city. For this purpose, 40 children with developmental coordination disorders were selected by cluster sampling method based on entry and exit criteria as members of the sample group and were randomly divided into experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups. Electrical stimulation was performed in 24 sessions and each session for 20 minutes with an intensity of one mA on the F3 and F4 regions on the study groups. The instruments used in this study included the DCD Questionnaire (DCDQ7), Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition (MABC-2), the Ulrich Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) and the Raven Intelligence Test. Data analysis was performed by Levin, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and analysis of covariance at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) have a significant effect on increasing locomotor movement skills (F = 461.84, P = 0.001, Eta = 0.92), object control (F = 351.15, P = 0.001, Eta = 0.90,) and total motor skills (F = 597.21, P = 0.001, Eta = 0.94). This method can be useful and effective in improving Fundamental motor Skills, which is one of the major problems of these children.

Improving the psychotherapies for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is dependent on a deeper understanding of the relations between symptoms and associated factors. According to the novelty of the emotion focused therapy (EFT) concept, background of literatures indicative the importance role of emotions and the efficacy of therapy in psychological disorders. But does EFT help effective reducing worry and self-criticism in individuals with GAD?

The aim of this study was performed to the efficacy of EFT on worry and self-criticism in individuals with GAD.

The present study was single case experimental design of non-concurrent multiple baseline. The statistical population of the study included individuals referred to one of the psychology clinics in tehran in 2020. 4 participant were selected by convenience sampling and during 16-20 sessions of EFT (Timulak & McElvany, 2018), were answered to worry pennsylvania questionnaire (Meyer, Miller, Metzger & Borkovec, 1990) and self-criticism (Gilbert, Clarke, Hempel, Miles & Irons, 2004). Data analysis was performed by visual inspection, percentage of non-overlapping data, reliable change index and clinically meaningful.

EFT reduced the variable of worry (%61/08 improvement percentage) and its effect was maintained until the end of the two-month follow-up period (%57/91 improvement percentage). As well as, therapy caused reduce the variable of self-criticism (%83/19 improvement percentage) and the effect of which was maintained until the end of the follow-up period (%79/72 improvement percentage). Their change in reliable index these variables also indicated that these changes were significant (P<0/05).

According to results in present study about the efficacy of EFT on reduce worry and self-criticism, this issue arises that the therapy with change emotion and rebuilding unwanted emotional experiences, caused reduce symptoms and possible psychological problems in individuals with GAD.

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a common clinical disorder in children and adolescents. Children and adolescents with ODD have some deficiencies in emotion and cognition. The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive emotion regulation and cold and hot executive functions in female children with and without ODD.

This research was a causal-comparative study. The population consisted of all female middle school students with and without ODD in Shiraz during the 1st semester of 2019- 2020 academic year. The study sample included 60 female students (30 students with ODD and 30 normal students). The participants were selected by random cluster sampling, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale) ODDRS); Hommersen, Murray, Ohan & Johnston, 2006), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John, 2003), Wisconsin card Sorting Task (WCST; Shahgholian, Azadfallah, Fathi-Ashtiani & khodadadi, 2012) and Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART; Lejuez, 2002) were used to collect the data. The collected data were analyzed by independent t-test and Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) by using SPSS Software.

Results demonstrated that there was a significant difference between students with and without ODD in terms of reappraisal (F=13.76, P<0.01), but not about suppression (P>0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of some executive functions. Also, Results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of cold executive function but there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of hot executive function (t= 2.37, P<0.05).

Based on the findings of this study, students with oppositional defiant disorder have problems with emotion regulation. They have also deficits in hot executive function and they are more risk-taking.

 This study aimed to investigate the effect of Time Perspective Therapy (TPT) on dark tetrad personality traits of mothers and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) of their preschool children. 

 This is quasi-experimental clinical trial with pre-test, post-test, follow-up design. Participants were the mothers of 32 preschool children with SAD in Kazerun County, Iran in winter 2019 who were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into intervention (n=16) and control (n=16) groups. Mothers in the intervention group received TPT at six 90-min sessions, once per week. The data were collected using the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen inventory, Short Sadistic Impulse Scale, and Children Symptom Inventory. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS v. 22 software.

 The TPT led to a significant decrease in SAD symptoms and narcissism (P≤0.05) at the post-test and follow-up phases, but had no any significant effect on other dark tetrad personality traits of mothers (P≥0.05).

 The TPT of mothers decreases their narcissism and the SAD symptoms of their children.

This study aimed to analyze the meaning of life experience in the elderly. The method of the present study was qualitative and using a grounded theory approach. For this purpose, ten older adults (6 females and four males) of Shiraz city, who were over 65 years old with the ability to speak Persian and didn’t have any severe affective disorders, were selected by theoretical sampling method. Then, semi-structured interviews were conducted with them to reach the finding. A systematic and analytical approach of Strauss and Corbin was used. Based on the analyses, in open and axial coding, the total strategies used to achieve meaning in life in the elderly were four final categories: Spiritual Excellence, Attention and Self Care, Exchange of Love, and Social Dynamics. In selective coding, the components were included under the strategic section. The present study showed that the view and perception of the elderly about the meaning of life is multidimensional, and these factors play a role in giving meaning to the life of the elderly.

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a lifelong disorder that affects many people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neurofeedback training on treatment of adult ADD. A pre-test-post-test control grouped, quasi-experimental study was carried out. The research population was individuals with ADD (18-40 years old) who were referred to the Psychotherapy and counseling Centers of Isfahan City.  20 patients were selected applying convenient sampling and randomly assigned to control or experiment groups. Conners Questionnaire, Slow Movement Test and Diagnostic Interview were applied prior to the intervention. Data were analyzed by MANCOVA in SPSS-23. The results showed that neurofeedback training up to 95.7% can ameliorate ADD symptoms and it was effective about 93%  in improvement of inhibition skills, in adults. In general speaking, it can be argued that, having attention deficit disorder causes brain wave disturbance and neurofeedback can modify and adjust it. The effects are clinically stable. Hence, neurofeedback training can be used as an alternative therapy for ADD treatment.

This disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder related to childhood that can be extended to adolescence and adulthood; but most of the studies were conducted with the concentration of different therapies in childhood and the importance of this disorder in adulthood is ignored.

the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tDCS on improving the emotional and cognitive symptoms of adults ADHD.

This study was an experimental study with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population included all people with ADHD in Isfahan who referred to one of the major centers equipped with neurotherapy (120 people). The sample also included 40 of these individuals (2 groups, 20 people) who met the research criteria. The intervention sessions consisted of 15 sessions with the treatment protocol of F3 and F4. Participants completed the Adult ADHD self-report scale (2003), STROOP test (1935), Wisconsin sorting cart test (1984), tower of London test (1982), continues performance test (1956), difficulty in emotion regulation scale (2004) and Eysenck Impulsivity Questionnaire (1977). After conducting the research process, covariance method was used for data analysis by SPSS21 software.

The results showed that tDCS experimental group significantly improved the scores of emotion regulation, impulsivity, Stroop scores, tower of London, Wisconsin, attention and concentration, and the component of inattention in ADHD scale due to the independent variable(p< 0/005). No significant difference was observed in the hyperactivity component.

it can be concluded that tDCS can be use as a single treatment or also a complementary therapy along other treatment for ADHD patients

Human beings need sufficient satisfaction in order to carry out their daily affairs. Satisfaction levels vary and can include personal, social, psychological, and physical factors. In recent years the role of thermal comfort has been highlighted due to the issue of climate change, global warming and the effects of heat island. So thermal comfort has been the basis of a lot of research in different countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of past experience (consist of short-term and long-term background) on thermal comfort perception and choosing appropriate adaptation behavior. Field studies conducted in office building in January 2019, for 4 days for gathering 108 questioners to help the authors to find the relationship between physiological factors and thermal respondence. The results show that short-term and long-term experiences can affect one's thermal responses, in particular, thermal preference. The authors try to show the weight of each factor based on statistical analysis such as correlation and logistic regression.Human beings need sufficient satisfaction in order to carry out their daily affairs. Satisfaction levels vary and can include personal, social, psychological, and physical factors. In recent years the role of thermal comfort has been highlighted due to the issue of climate change, global warming and the effects of heat island. So thermal comfort has been the basis of a lot of researches in different countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of past experience (consist of short-term and long-term background) on thermal comfort perception and choosing appropriate adaptation behavior. Field studies conducting in office building in January 2019, for 4 days, and gathering 108 questioners help the authors to find the relationship between physiological factors and thermal respondence. The results show that short-term and long-term experiences can affect one's thermal responses, in particular, thermal preference. The authors try to show the weight of each factor based on statistical analysis such as correlation and logistic regression

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is an obsessive–compulsive condition. BDD is a chronic, disabling, and afflictive psychiatric condition that can lead to severe personal, social, occupational, educational, and familial problems or dysfunction and psychological distress. Patients with body dysmorphic experience numerous negative emotions, such as shame, self–disgust, disappointment, anger, frustration, guilt, doubt, hesitancy, and uncertainty. Therefore, basic and specific interventions about emotions are necessary for this population. A novel therapeutic approach that has received special attention on emotions and the common components of disorders is transdiagnostic treatment. The present study investigated the effects of transdiagnostic treatment on body image avoidance and alexithymia in BDD.

This was a quasi–experimental research with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of this study included all college students referring to Shiraz University’s Counseling and Psychotherapy Center as well as those undergoing plastic surgery in Motahari and Imam Reza Medical Clinics in Shiraz City, Iran, from January 2019 to May 2019. Clinical interviews were conducted for all patients with BDD who were willing to participate in the study. Finally, 30 patients with body dysmorphic disorder were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to either transdiagnostic treatment or control groups (n=15/group). The inclusion criteria of the study included an age range of 45–18 years, being diagnosed with BDD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM–5) criteria, and presenting no comorbid disorders (anxiety, depression, stress, & obsessive–compulsive disorder). Furthermore, the study participants were selected among those who received no other psychotherapy, counseling, and medication programs during the study. The exclusion criteria were substance abuse or dependence over the past 6 months, having any other psychological disorders, concerns about or preoccupation with appearance, better explained by other psychological disorders, like eating disorders. The Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (Rosen et al., 1991) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Bagby et al., 1994) were administrated at the pretest and posttest phases to collect the necessary data. Then, the experimental group received 12 sessions of transdiagnostic treatment according to Barlow et al.’s protocol (2015); however, the controls received no intervention. Descriptive statistics (e.g., frequency, percentage, mean, & standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were employed in SPSS to analyze the obtained data. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

To determine the difference of all components, univariate ANCOVA was performed; the relevant results indicated that after removing the pretest effects, there was a significant difference in all components in posttest scores concerning body image avoidance and alexithymia between the study groups (p<0.001). The MANCOVA data indicated that the mean scores of all components of body image avoidance, including clothing (p<0.001), social activity (p<0.001), eating restraint (p=0.003), as well as grooming and weighting (p=0.003), and all component of alexithymia, including difficulty identifying feelings (p<0.001), difficulty describing feelings (p<0.001), and externally oriented thinking style (p<0.001) significantly decreased in the experimental group.

Based on the present study results, transdiagnostic treatment is effective in improving the avoidance of body image and mood dysphoria in patients with BDD. Therefore, implementing comprehensive intervention programs with a transdiagnostic approach is required for these patients.

Studies of thermal comfort can be discussed from different perspectives with a variety of objectives. Thermal adaptation is a gradual process of adapting to conditions and responding to thermal stimuli, which are classified into three categories including physical, physiological and psychological adaptations. Therefore, thermal comfort is not simply influenced by climate components; certain other variables affect it too. In this regard, several studies have been carried out to determine the effects of different components. The purpose of this study is to identify the simultaneous effect of physical and environmental components in the administration building of Shiraz University. The environmental components included air temperature, globe temperature, Wet Bulb Globe temperature and relative humidity recorded indoors and outdoors. The physical components included the surrounding view, location of users, windows and doors status, spatial layout level of noise pollution and light conditions. The field study consisted of three parts: distribution of questionnaires, observation and recording of weather data using a data logger. The questionnaires helped to collect thermal responses of the participants based on different scales such as thermal sensation, thermal comfort, thermal pleasure, thermal preferences, thermal acceptance and overall comfort. During observation, the researchers recorded the status of each environmental component. It was a Mixed-Mode case study of the main administration building of Shiraz University located on the northern side of the city of Shiraz, Iran, at 52.52°N latitude and 29.63°E longitude and the altitude of 1590 meters above sea level. The building has a northwest-southeast orientation in two blocks of seven and ten stories. The field part of the study was conducted in January, 2019 for four consecutive days from 8 am to 12 pm.  The results on 110 employees in winter show that, among the physical components, relative humidity has the most influence on the individuals' thermal perception. The simultaneous impact of the physical-environmental components also indicates that, in addition to the indoor air temperature and relative humidity, the condition of the openings has a significant effect on the individuals' thermal sensation. In this study, the temperature preferences scale was predicted by environmental components, and thermal sensation could be predicted by the physical-environmental components.