حجت عنبرا

Aspartame is a member of the artificial sweetener family, which is increasingly used in diet products, low-calorie foods, and various types of foods, medications, and hygiene products. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of aspartame on the small intestine of mice. In this experimental study, 36 adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups of nine each. Three groups received aspartame orally via gavage at doses of 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg.BW, respectively, for 90 days. Additionally, a control group was included. 24 hours after the last treatment, serum, and tissue samples were collected for biochemical, histomorphological, histomorphometrical, histochemical, and gene expression analyses. Significant changes in carbohydrate compositions were not observed in the histochemical studies between the groups, but the amount of fibrous tissue increased in the groups receiving aspartame. In histomorphometric evaluations of the small intestine, aspartame at doses of 80 and 160 mg/kg. BW caused a significant reduction in histomorphometrical parameters compared to the control group. Aspartame administration dose-dependently led to significant changes in oxidative parameters compared to the control group. Additionally, the expression of the Caspase-3 gene showed a significant increase in the group receiving aspartame at a dose of 160 mg/kg. BW compared to the control group. It seems that aspartame can cause negative effects on histomorphology, histomorphometry, histochemistry, and oxidative parameters in a dose-dependent manner and increases the expression of the Caspase-3 gene in the small intestine.

Sertraline is an antidepressant drug and many controversial reports have been presented on the complications of sertraline on the reproductive system. In this study we evaluated the protective effects of vitamin E against sertraline-induced damage to the reproductive system of male mice.

In this experimental study, 40 adult male mice were divided into 8 groups of 5. Four groups received 100 IU/kg.bw vitamin E by gavage for 42 days. One group was considered as control and three groups received just sertraline with doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg.bw orally. 24 hours after the last treatment, testes tissue and blood samples were collected and sent for histochemical and biochemical studies, spermatogenic indices as well as measurement of the expressions of Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Hsp70-2 genes.

The results showed a significant increase in the level of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and expression of Caspase-3 and Hsp70-2 genes. We also found a significant decrease in spermatogenesis indices, total antioxidant capacity, testosterone and Bcl-2 gene expression in the group receiving 20 mg/kg.bw sertraline (P<0.05). The above mentioned parameters were improved in the groups that received vitamin E along with sertraline.

Vitamin E can decrease the adverse effects of sertraline on biochemical and histochemical parameters, spermatogenic indices and can increase the expression of Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Hsp70-2 genes in the testicular tissue of mice.

Sertraline is one of the antidepressants that little information about the side effects of this medication on the adrenal glands is available. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin E against sertraline-induced injuries on serum and tissue structure of adrenal glands in mice. 40 adult male mice were randomly divided into eight groups, each five. Four groups of mice received vitamin E at the dose of 100 IU/kg body weight orally for 42 days. Three groups of these, following the vitamin E administration, received sertraline at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The remaining three groups, received sertraline at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight. And one group was considered as the control. 24 hours after the last treatment, blood samples were collected to measure MDA and TAC levels from the heart. The adrenal glands were removed from the abdominal cavity and histological and histomorphometric changes were examined by light microscope and digital camera. Specific staining methods including toluidine blue for identifying mast cells, periodic acid-Schif to determine carbohydrates and masson's trichrome for determining fibrosis in adrenal tissue were performed. Sertraline at 20 mg/kg, significantly decreased in TAC level and significantly increased the sponge cell diameter, MDA level and thickness of fasciculata and reticularis zones compared to the control group. Although, no significant changes in the thickness of capsule and glomerulosa zone were observed. Specific staining showed that sertraline induced an increase in the fibrosis tissue, but did not change significantly the amount of carbohydrates between the groups. The administration of vitamin E markedly improved the changes observed in these parameters. It could be deduced that Vitamin E reduces the toxicity of sertraline in mice adrenal glands by improving tissue and serum indices.

Sertraline is one of the most widely used antidepressants in the world. The present study was performed to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin E against sertraline-induced damage on testicular tissue in adult NMRI mice.

In this experimental study, 40 adult male NMRI mice were divided into eight groups of five. The first control group, received 0.3 ml of normal saline per day by gavage. The second, third and fourth groups received sertraline at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight per day by gavage,respectively. The fifth group received vitamin E at 100 international units per kg body weight per day by gavage. The sixth, seventh, and eighth groups received sertraline at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg body weight, along with vitamin E at 100 international units per kg body weight per day by gavage, respectively. After 42 days of treatment, testicular specimens were collected and used for histomorphological, histomorphometrical and histochemical studies. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS v. 19 using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test at the significance level of (p<0.05).

Sertraline caused destructive histomorphological and histochemical changes in testicular tissue and also significantly decreased the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, the height of the germinal epithelium, the number of spermatocytes, the number of Leydig and Sertoli cells and the Johnsen’s score compared to the control group (p<0.05). Vitamin E administration improved the histomorphological, histochemical condition and significantly increased the histomorphometric parameters in testicular tissue (p<0.05).

Vitamin E can improve the adverse effects on histomorphological, histomorphometrical and histochemical parameters in the testicular tissue of mice receiving sertraline.

Aspartame is a non-nutritive and artificial sweetener which is widely used in diet and low calorie products and also in a variety of foods, drugs and hygiene products. The present study has been conducted in order to evaluation of the effects of aspartame on ovaries in female mice.

In this experimental study, 36 adult female mice were randomly divided into four groups of nine each. For three groups aspartame was administered orally with the doses of 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg.BW respectively, and one group as the control group received normal saline for 91 days by gavage. Also a control group was considered. 24 hours after the last treatment, ovarian tissue and blood samples were collected and used for biochemical, histomorphological, histomorphometric, histochemical and gene expression studies. The obtained data were analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test at the significance level of P<0.05.

In ovarian histomorphometric studies, aspartame at a dose of 160 mg/kg significantly reduced growing follicles and significantly increased atresia follicles. Also in biochemical studies caused a significant decrease in TAC and a significant increase in MDA compared to control group. In connection with the studied genes, aspartame at a dose of 160 mg/kg caused a significant decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 gene and also a significant increase in the expression of P53 and Caspase-3 genes compared to the control group.

It seems that high dose aspartame can cause adverse effects on histomorphology, histomorphometry and expression of P53, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 genes in rat ovaries

Aspartame is a kind of artifical and non-sugar sweetener that is used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages. This study was done to determine effect of Aspartam on histomorphometric alterations, kidney function and expression of Bcl2, Bax, Caspase 3, P53 Genes in Mice.

In this experimental study, 36 adult male NMRI mice were allocated into four groups including control group and three experimental groups. The mice in the control group received 0.3 ml of distilled water by oral gavage for 90 days and the experimental groups received 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg aspartame, respectively orally and daily. One day after treatment, blood and kidney tissue samples were taken to evaluate biochemical, histomorphometric alterations and gene expression.

Renal capsule diameter, glomerulus diameter and height of the epithelial layer of distal and proximal tubules were significantly reduced in treated groups compared to control group with increasing dosage of aspartame (P<0.05). However, the size of the urinary space and the diameter of the lumen of distal and proximal tubules were significantly increased in treated groups in compared to control group (P<0.05). The level of blood nitrogen urea (BUN) and creatinine significantly increased treated groups in compared to the control group with increasing dosage of aspartame (P<0.05). Also, with increasing dosage of aspartame, Bcl2 gene expression significantly reduced in treated groups in compared to the control group (P<0.05) however expression of Bax, Caspase 3 and p53 genes were significantly increased in treated groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).

Aspartame can cause changes in biochemical, histomorphometric indices, expression of Bcl2, Bax, Caspase 3 and P53 genes in mice kidney.

Sertraline is one of the antidepressants whose effects on the reproductive system has faced controversial reports. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin E against sertraline-induced injuries on serum and sperm parameters.

In this experimental study, 40 adult male mice were divided into eight groups of 5. Four groups of mice received vitamin E at 100 international units per kg body weight via gavage for 42 days. In three of the above groups, sertraline was administered orally at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight four hours after receiving vitamin E. One group was considered as the control group. Twenty-four hours after the final treatment, blood samples were collected from the heart and sperm quality parameters including count, motility, viability, chromatin density, abnormal forms, and sperm DNA damage were measured.

Sertraline significantly increased abnormal sperm (25.8±2.04) and significantly decreased the count (30.2±2.77), motility (68.30±2.94), viability (75.4±3.20) and maturation (84.0±1.58) of sperm compared to control group (10.4±1.14, 39.6±2.07, 89.37±1.87, 92.6±3.71, and 97.4±1.14, respectively) (P<0.05). Vitamin E administration significantly improved abnormal sperm (17.8±2.28), count (37.2±1.92), motility (78.27±2.10), viability (83.2±2.38) and maturation (83.4±1.81) of sperm (p<0.05).

The results of this study showed that vitamin E decreases the reproductive toxicity of sertraline in mice by improving serum and sperm parameters.

Sertraline, along with its beneficial antidepressant effects, may have adverse effects on the fertility and reproductive system. In recent years, the negative effects of sertraline on body tissues have been shown to some extent. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sertraline at different doses on the histological and histometrical structure of ventral and anterior lobes of prostate in adult mice.

In this experimental study, twenty adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups: control (no treatment) and three groups receiving sertraline at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg by gavage for 42 days. First, the mice were sacrificed, then, blood samples and prostate lobes tissue were collected for histomorphological and histochemical studies.

Results showed a significant decrease in cell count of secretory units in ventral and anterior lobes in the sertraline groups, compared to that in control group (p<0.05). Epithelial thickness showed a significant decrease in ventral and anterior lobes of prostate following the administration of sertraline (20 mg/kg), compared to the control group (p<0.05). A significant dose-dependent decrease was seen in serum testosterone in sertraline groups, compared to the control group (p<0.05).

Sertraline has a negative effect on the histopathological and histometrical structure of prostate. However, further clinical studies are required to assess the negative effects of sertraline in human beings.

Aspartame is the most famous and widely used artificial sweetener which is extensively used in food stuffs. Many controversial reports are presented on the toxisity of aspartame on different body tissues; nonetheles, little data is available about the the side effects of Aspartame on the reproductive system. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of aspartame on sperm quality and oxidant parameters in mice.
 

This study wsa carried out on 36 adult male NMRI which were randomly assigned into four groups of nine mice. The three experimental groups received Aspartam with the doses of 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg, by oral gavage for 90 days. The control group was considered as well. The blood samples were collected from the heart 24 hours after the last treatment and sperm quality parameters including, count, motility, viability, chromatin condensation, abnormality, and DNA damage were evaluated.
 

The results indicated a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and testosterone, as well as a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) in 80 and 160 mg/kg groups, compared to the control group (P<0.01). Aspartame reception decreased the number, motility, viability and maturation of the sperms (P<0.001) and increased abnormality and DNA damage to sperm in 80 and 160 mg/kg groups, compared to the control group (P<0.001).
 

The findings of the present study revealed that aspartame consumption could lead to decreased sperm quality and negative changes in oxidant parameters.

Aspartame is an artificial sweetener which is being consumed by over 200 million people in the world and also is widely used in foodstuffs and medicines in more than 90 countries. On the other hand, there are a great number of contradictory reports about its toxic effect on variety of tissues. However, there is a few of information about the adverse effects of aspartame on adrenal glands, so the present study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of aspartame on the adrenal glands in male mice. A total of 36 adult male NMRI mice weighing between 20 to 25 g were randomly divided into four groups of nine each. For three groups, aspartame was administered orally with the doses of 40 (low dose), 80 (medium dose) and 160 (high dose) mg/kg.BW respectively for 90 days by gavage. Also a control group was considered. 24 hours after the last treatment, histological and histomorphometrical alterations were evaluated by digital microscope. Also, specific stains of periodic acid schiff, trichrome masson and toluidine blue were used to determine carbohydrate compounds, amount of fibrosis and the number of mast cells in adrenocortical tissue. In the high dose group, aspartame led to disorganization of cellular orders in zona glomerulosa, and zona reticularis. Besides, aspartame could induce cellular disorganization and disintegration in cellular columns of zona fasciculata in medium and high dose groups, and also inflammatory and necrotizing centers of zona fasciculata were observable. There were some necrotizing centers in central region of adrenal gland, in medium and high dose groups. Histometric changes revealed a significant increase in the number of mast cells, the size of spongiocytes, and the thickness of zona fasciculate and zona reticularis. Also it caused a significant decrease in the larger diameter of medulla of the adrenal gland in medium and high dose groups. There were no significant changes in the thickness of zona glomerulosa and adrenal capsule. Histochemical study with masson's trichrome revealed that aspartame could induce increase in fibrose tissue in the high dose group. Also with periodic acid schiff staining, there were no sensible changes in relation with carbohydrate compounds in all groups. The findings of this study showed that aspartame as an oxidant, in medium and high dose groups, could induce negative effects on histomofometric parameters and caused tissue damage in the adrenal gland. It also increased the number of mast cells and fibrosis of the adrenocortical tissue.

Buffalo has a special role in the economy of more than forty countries and theirs numbers and distributions is growing every year. Tympanic bulla content middle ear. There is no anatomical and histological research performed on this organ in buffalo. For this study 16 adult male and female buffalo's head were provided from slaughter house and their tympanic bulla were studied comparative anatomical and histologically, then tissue samples were obtained and paraffin sections were prepared for using of staining method Haematoxylin and eosin. Anatomical results showed tympanic bulla in male and female buffalo’s was similar large, extended and elliptical . Bone wall was thin and fragile. Muscular process in tympanic bulla was unique and non- sharp. Ossicles and tympanic membrane tympanic were observed in depth of tympanic bulla. Histological results showed bones of tympanic bulla in male and female buffalo’s was trabecular bone. Epithelium of tympanic bulla was simple squamous epithelium in most parts. In the terminal part of tympanic bulla ( near to middle ear) epithelium was pseudostratified ciliated columnar. The average measurement of parameters showed the size of tympanic bulla ossicles in female is larger than male, and right side also was larger than left side. Statistical analysis Tuckey showed these differences were not significant (p≤0/05).

Skin is the first line of defense against the external environment and and it is possible to maintain the natural physiological functions in the body. The mucus layer on the surface of the fish body contains anti-microbial combination that provides the first layer of defense against pathogens. The mucus is released by some of the epidermis cells which are called goblet cells and it mostly contains the mucin and other glycoproteins. Histomorphometrical, Histochemical and Electron Microscopic Studies of Goblet Mucous Cells in Different Regions of Argyrosomus Hololepidotus Epidermis. In this study, six Argyrosomus hololepidotus are used and the structure of the fish’s skin was studied. For doing this microscopic study, the sampling was done on dorsal Regions of fish with a thickness of 0.5µ then they were stained with H & E, PAS, AB (PH = 2.5) and AB (PH = 2.5)-PAS. For electron microscopic study, the samples after primary and post-fixation were dehydrated and were embedded in resin. Then, thin sections 50 μm were prepared and stained with uranyl acetate. Argyrosomus hololepidotus fish has maximum goblet cells in ventral and dorsal skin and minimum numbers of goblet cells were seen in tail skin in 100 µm length of epidermis. There were goblet mucous cells containing mucous in the Argyrosomus Hololepidotus epidermal that thier numbers were different in difference areas but mucus components were similar in different areas and they reacted positively to PAS and AB dyes with PH = 2.5.The electron microscopic results of this study were showed that goblet cells immigrate in thickness of epidermis and they include mucosal drops. There are goblet mucus cells in all parts of Argyrosomus Hololepidotus Epidermis and they have similar mucus nature.

Anabolic steroids, especially dianabol, are used by athletes as a performance-enhancing drugs that damage the liver and cause structural changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin E on liver and kidney toxicity caused by dianabol. In this experimental study, 72 adult male mice were randomly divided into 8 groups of 9. Four groups of mice received 100 IU / kg vitamin E orally for 42 days through gavage. Three groups of the above groups received 5, 10 and 20 mg / kg oral dianabol four hours after receiving vitamin E, respectively. The control group and the groups receiving only 5, 10 and 20 mg / kg oral dianabol were also considered. 24 hours after the final treatment, serum samples were collected for biochemical evaluations and tissue samples were collected for histological, histomorphometric and histochemical evaluations. FINDINGS: The results showed that dianabol significantly increased the level of AST (158.52±9.76), ALT (113.70±11.02), and ALP (141.30±5.94), and significantly decreased albumin (1.04±0.47) compared to the control group (72.61±7.54, 41.47±7.03, 112.80±4.30, 3.14±0.25, respectively) (p<0.05). Administration of vitamin E significantly increased the level of AST (110.56±9.86), ALT (80.19±4.02) and ALP (120.52±4.94) and improved albumin (2.1±0.28) (p<0.05). The results of the study showed that vitamin E can reduce the oxidative damage caused by dianabol in the liver and kidney of the mouse.

In this study, the histology effect of caffeine administration was evaluated on retina and PAX6 expression in rat neonates. Material and Methods: A total of 24 pregnant rats were divided into three groups. Intraperitoneal injection of saline in the control group and also 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg caffeine injection from the ninth day of gestation was done. At 20 or 21 embryonic day, neonates on the first and fifth days were euthanized anesthetized and the eyes were isolated and fixed. The neonates were examined for abnormalities. The Retina Histological and morphometric evaluations, eye tissue fluorescence changes, and PAX6 gene expression were investigated by Real time PCR. The results showed that the effects of maternal caffeine treatment on the retina in neonates are associated with atrophic changes and cell counts of ganglion cell layer, retinal thickness and thickness of the inner plexiform layer, in the animals were treated with caffeine, were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Also caffeine induced behavioral changes in mothers and tissue fluorescence and significantly increased (P <0.05) the PAX6 gene expression in the groups receiving caffeine. Administration of caffeine during pregnancy can induce histopathological changes in organogenesis and developing in rat neonate’s retina.

Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) as a well-known hemolytic compound causes toxicity in different tissues. The present study aimed to evaluate the probable protective effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) and vitamin E (vit E) against the damage caused by PHZ in mice kidney.
The adult male mice were divided into eight groups, with 8 mice in each group. The control group received normal saline (0.1ml/day, IP). The second group received PHZ (60mg/kg/48h, IP). The third group received PHZ along with vitamin E (100mg/kg/day, IP). The fourth group received ethyl pyruvate (40mg/kg/day, orally) along with PHZ, and the fifth group received vitamin E and ethyl pyruvate at the same dose as the previous groups, along with PHZ. The sixth group received vitamin E, the seventh group received ethyl pyruvate and the eighth group received vitamin E and ethyl pyruvate, with the same doses as previous groups, without the PHZ. After 35 days of treatment, serum and kidney tissue were sampled for serological, histological and histomorphometrical study.
PHZ treatment caused a significant elevation (P It seems that EP and vit E, as free radical inhibitors, decreased the kidney toxicity induced by PHZ in mice.

Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) as a strong oxidant agent causes variety of toxic effects including alterations in the biochemical and cardiac tissue. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of royal jelly (RJ) and vitamin C (vit C) against PHZ-induced cardiotoxicity in mice.
Adult male mice were randomly assigned to eight groups of eight mice each. PHZ was administered to four groups of mice at a dose of 60 mg/kg per 48 hours intraperitoneally for 35 days. Three of these groups received vit C (250 mg/kg per day) intraperitoneally, RJ (100 mg/kg per day) orally and vit C with same doses four hours before PHZ administration, respectively. A vehicle-treated control group and vit C, RJ and vit C control groups were also included.
RJ and vit C significantly decreased (p It seems that Vit C and RJ can minimize PHZ-induced cardiotoxicity in mouse through oxidative reactions inhibition.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of royal jelly (RJ) and vitamin C (vit C) against PHZ-induced nephropathy in mice.
Material and Adult male mice were randomly divided into eight eight-membered groups. The PHZ was administered to four groups of mice at a dose of 60 mg/kg per 48 hours intraperitoneally for 35 days. Three of these groups received vit C (250 mg/kg per day) intraperitoneally, RJ (100 mg/kg per day) orally and vit C with same doses, four hours before PHZ administration, respectively. A vehicle-treated control group and vit C, RJ and vit C control groups were also included. Serum and renal tissue samples were collected 24 hours after the last treatment and subjected to biochemical and histological examinations, respectively. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for post hoc comparisons.
The PHZ treatment caused a significant (P The Vit C and RJ can minimize PHZ-induced nephropathy in mouse through oxidative reactions inhibition.

Hemolytic anemia induced by phenylhydrazine (PHZ) as a hemolytic composition can change the function and structure of liver. Therefore, the present study attempts to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin C and royal jelly co-administration against the oxidative damages and liver apoptosis induced by hemolytic anemia in adult mice.
32 adult male mice were divided equally and randomly into four groups. The first group received normal saline with a dose of 0.1 ml, IP. The second group received a dose of vitamin C (250 kg/mg, IP) along with 100 kg/mg dose of royal jelly administered orally. The third group was administered with 6 mg/100 gr, IP phenylhydrazine in 48 hour intervals. Finally, the fourth group received vitamin C and royal jelly in the doses similar to the first three groups along with phenylhydrazine with the same doses of previous groups. After 35 days, the serum and testis samples were taken and were used for serum analysis and histochemical and histomorphometric studies.
Phenylhydrazine increased the level of serum concentration of aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase and decreased the superoxide dismutase along with the total antioxidant capacity and serum albumin. Moreover, phenylhydrazine increased the apoptosis, the number of kupffer cells and the diameter of hepatocytes. Prescribing the royal jelly with vitamin C improved the changes of abovementioned parameters significantly.
Royal jelly with vitamin C is an antioxidant with the potential properties in preventing the oxidative damages and apoptosis induced by phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in mouse liver.

Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) as a well-known hemolytic agent can induce a variety of adverse effects including hepatotoxicity. The main goal of the present study was to examine the possible efficacy of vitamin C against PHZ-induced oxidative damages and apoptosis in mouse liver. In this randomized controlled experimental study, adult male mice were assigned to four groups of eight mice each. Two groups of mice received PHZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg per 48 hours intraperitoneally for 35 days. Vitamin C was administered to one of these groups at a dose of 250 mg/kg per day intraperitoneally four hours before PHZ injection. A vehicle-treated control group and a vitamin C-only treated group were also included. Serum and hepatic samples were collected 24 hours after the last treatment and subjected to biochemical and histomorphometric and histochemical examinations, respectively. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for post hoc comparisons. PHZ treatment caused a significant elevation (P < 0.05) in serum concentrations of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and malondealdehyde and decreased serum level of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and albumin. Moreover, PHZ significantly increased apoptosis and diameters of hepatocytes and their nuclei as well as number of Kupffer cells. Remarkably, vitamin C pretreatment improved all changes in the above-mentioned parameters. Vitamin C can modulate PHZ-induced oxidative injuries and apoptosis in mouse liver due to its antioxidant activities.

Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) is a well-known hemolytic compound inducing intoxication in erythrocytes. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of royal jelly and vitamin C against phenylhydrazine-induced damages in mouse testicles.
In this study, 64 adult male mice were randomly and equally assigned to eight groups. The first group received normal saline (0.1ml) intraperitoneally. The second group received PHZ (6 mg/100 gr) intraperitoneally in 48-hour intervals. The third group received vitamin C (250 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally perday a long with PHZ. The fourth group received royal jelly (100 mg/kg/day) through gavage. The fifth group received PHZ along with vitamin C and royal jelly in similar doses to the previous groups. The sixth group received only vitamin C, the seventh group recieved only royal jelly, and finally the eighth group received similar doses of vitamin C and royal jelly. After 35 days, serum and tissue samples were taken and used for histochemical (Mallory-Azan, Alkaline phosphatase, Oil red-O and PAS), and serum analyses (Testosterone, LH, FSH).
The study results revealed the histochemical changes in testicular tissue of the phenylhydrazine group, in which vitamin C and royal jelly partly improved the changes. Furthermore, serum analyses demonstrated a significant decrease in testosterone, FSH and LH levels, which this decrease was diminished by royal jelly and vitamin C.
Royal jelly and vitamin C seem to have the potential to decrease serum and tissue damages induced by phenylhydrazine via restraining free radicals.

Hemolytic anemia induced by phenylhydrazine (PHZ), as a hemolytic compound, can cause disorders in spermatogenesis and fertility. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin C (Vit C) and royal jelly (RJ) as effective antioxidant compounds against phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia. Adult male mice were randomly diveded into four groups of eight. The first group received 0.1 ml of normal saline intraperitonealy (IP). The second group received 60 mg/kg of phenylhydrazine in 48-hour intervals intraperitonealy. The third group received 60 mg/kg of phenylhydrazine along with 250 mg/kg of vitamin C intraperitonealy and100 mg/kg of royal jelly orally. The fourth group received the same doses of vitamin C and royal jelly as the third group. After 35 days, serum samples were taken, the sperms were collected from epididymis and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) was evaluated. Phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia significantly decreased serum testosterone concentration and increased damaged DNA and immature nuclear sperm. Moreover, phenylhydrazine decreased the number of fertilized oocytes, two-cell and four-cell embryos, morula and blastocyst and increased arrested embryos. However, administrating of royal jelly and vitamin C improved these parameters significantly. It seems that royal jelly and vitamin C, as free radicals scavengers, have the potential to decrease oxidative damages on reproductive organ in phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia.

Phenylhydrazine (PHZ), as a known hemolytic agent, causes toxicity in different tissues at various levels. The aim of the current study was to examine the possible protective effects of royal jelly (RJ) against PHZ-induced histological injuries of small intestine in mice.

In this experimental study, adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups of 8 mice each. PHZ was administered intraperitoneally to two groups of mice (at a dose of 60mg/kg) every 48 hours for 35 days. One of the groups received RJ (100mg/kg) orally 4 hours before PHZ administration. The third group only received RJ, and the forth group was considered as control. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, different segments of small intestine were dissected out, then histological sections were prepared and quantitative morphometric assessments were performed. To compare the groups, one-way ANOVA and multiple comparative Tukey tests were used. The significance level was considered to be p<0.05.

In this study, PHZ caused significant decreases in depth of duodenal crypts, distribution rate of the goblet cells in ileal villi, width of duodenal and jejunal villi, and height of villi in all three segments of small intestine. Co-administration of RJ partially improved the changes in the above parameters.

From results of this study, it seems that RJ as a free radical scavenger could reduce PHZ-induced intestinal toxicity in mouse.

Reduction in blood circulation results in pathological alterations in testicular physiologic function and spermatogenesis. Moreover, free iron ions from RBC lyses and consequently enhancement of iron ions in testicles leads to oxidative stress and affects the functions of reproductive system. In this experimental study, Thirty two mature mice weighting 20-25gr were assigned into 4 groups including control received saline normal (0.2mL, IP), control-sham received phenylhydrazine (PHZ) (6 mg/100g, IP), PHZ+vitamin(Vit) C (250mg/kg, IP)+royal jelly(RJ) (100mg/kg, orally) and group that received RJ+VitC. Following 35 days, the blood samples were obtained from hearth and the serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated. The sperm parameters including; count, motility, viability, chromatin condensation and DNA damage were assessed as well. Observations demonstrated a significant reduction in TAC level in PHZ gruop, which was remarkably up-regulated by administrating antioxidants. Moreover, the PHZ increased the serum level of MDA. Meanwhile, it was diminished in antioxidants-administrated animals. Finally, co-administrating the Vitamin C and royal jelly resulted in remarkable (P<0.05) enhancement in sperm parameters. In conclusion, our data showed that PHZ by inducing oxidative stress impacted the sperm parameters and co-administrating of Vitamin C and royal jelly significantly up-regulated the serum TAC level and promoted the sperm parameters.

Hemolytic anemia-induced hypoxia can lead to multi-organ dysfunctions. The aim of the present study was to explore the efficacy of vitamin C as an antioxidant agent against hemolytic anemia-induced changes in small intestine histoarchitecture of phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-treated mice. In this experimental study, adult male mice were randomly assigned to four groups of eight mice each. PHZ was administered to two groups of mice at a dose of 60 mg/kg per 48 hours intraperitoneally for 35 days. One of these groups received vitamin C (250 mg/kg per day) intraperitoneally four hours before PHZ administration. A vehicle-treated control group and a vitamin C control group were also included. 24 hours after the last treatment, desired segments of small intestines were dissected out and subjected to histological processing and morphometric parameters were evaluated. PHZ caused significant decreases in villi width of duodenum and jejunum, crypts depth of duodenum, distribution rate of the goblet cells in ileal villi and height of villi in all segments of small intestine. Vitamin C markedly improved all changes in the aforementioned parameters. Vitamin C could ameliorate hemolytic anemia-induced histological injuries in mouse small intestine.

Phenylhydrazine (PHZ), a recognized oxidant agent, can cause a variety of side effects including hepatic disorders. The present study aimed to explore the possible hepatoprotective effects of royal jelly (RJ) with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities on PHZ-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. In this randomized controlled experimental study, adult male mice were categorized into four groups of eight mice each. Two groups of mice received PHZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg per 48 hours intraperitoneally for 35 days. RJ was administered to one of these groups at a dose of 100 mg/kg per day orally four hours before PHZ injection. A vehicle-treated control group and a RJ-only treated group were also included. Serum and hepatic samples were collected 24 hours after the last treatment and subjected to biochemical and histomorphometric examinations, respectively. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan test for post hoc comparisons. PHZ treatment caused a significant elevation (P < 0.05) in serum concentrations of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and malondealdehyde and decreased serum level of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and albumin. Moreover, PHZ significantly increased diameters of hepatocytes and their nuclei as well as number of Kupffer cells. Notably, RJ pretreatment improved all changes in the above-mentioned parameters. RJ by virtue of its antioxidant properties can reduce PHZ-induced hepatic damages in mice. However, the exact mechanism by which RJ cause these effects merits further studies.