حسین ابوالحسن تنهایی

“Conflict" is seen as the essence of the employee -employer relationship in all conventional discourses as dialectic of polar and Hegelian type, where conflict is essentially transformed into contradiction. However, Simmel and Gurvitch attention and understanding of dialectic can bring about fundamental changes in the relationship between employee and employers. The discovery, recognition, and examination of the existing backgrounds and issues and their role in the worker-employer relationship are among the objectives of this research. The research was conducted using an inductive fieldwork strategy with a grounded theory approach. Non-formal observation tools were employed, and the researcher participated fully. Formal and informal interview techniques were also used, and discourse analysis and situational analysis were employed in data analysis. The results demonstrate that understanding roles in the relationship between employee and employers and overcoming the contradictory view of each party can lead to confusion between employee and employers. In other words, the emergence of a multidimensional dialectic instead of a unidimensional or polar dialectic recognizes contradictions and differences, and understanding it can distance oneself from the strategy of constant struggle and replace it with a strategy of negotiation. This strategy can facilitate the interests and demands of both groups.
 
Conflict of interest: According to the authors, the article did not have any conflict of interest.

The present research aimed at studying the effects of religiousness and political orientation on justice feeling among Iranian citizens regarding Iranian government´s welfare plans. This perspective is important because the political sovereignty of Iran with an inseparable tie with religion tries to have a different attitude towards social welfare and justice based on religious concepts. The present research framework was developed based on the theories of criticizing the government of welfare and Bourdieu´s theory. The present research was carried out by survey method and using questionnaire administered among Khoramabad citizens in 2021. The research sampling was designed through integrating cluster sampling and disproportionate stratified sampling with 400 as the sample volume. The results showed that Khorramabad citizens have not an equal attitude towards Iranian governments´ social welfare plans. Regarding the three previous governments, Khoramabad citizens assessed welfare plans of Khatami´s government as higher than that of Rohani´s government. Regarding their hope for the next government´s welfare plans, majority of the population predict the same or worse conditions. The research results showed that their commitment towards religious rituals and political orientations have effects on their assessment of a government´s welfare plans, i.e., the individuals with fundamentalist orientation and religious believes assess plans for distributive justice higher. The results also showed that priorities in the individuals´ orientation or attitude resulted in accepting or rejecting governmental institutions in their minds; moreover, the individuals assess securing the social needs and distributive justice in the governments´ welfare plans as biased for or against them.

The present research aimed to identify the organizational structure model in the Narcotics Anonymous in the city of Tehran.

This research was qualitative grounded theory. The statistical population consisted of all experts and veteran members of Narcotics Anonymous, of whom 18 people were selected as the research sample using the purposeful sampling method. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The data were analyzed in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding using MAX.QDA 2020 software.

The results showed that the central category in the organizational structure of Narcotics Anonymous was the acceptance of the purposefulness of the recovery process. The background conditions included the association’s basic principles, organizational characteristics, and causal conditions, including fundamental beliefs, the association’s dualities, and the faith-orientation dominance. The dialectic categories of individual and society within the association, intra-association opportunities, and intra-organizational threats also formed the intervention conditions of this organizational structure. The strategies of Narcotics Anonymous also included organizational strategies and rehabilitation mechanisms. Finally, the category of treatment methods and rehabilitation mechanisms was identified as a consequence of the organizational structure of Narcotics Anonymous.

The results indicate that while the organizational structure of Narcotics Anonymous has achieved remarkable successes in the way of implementation, in the power structure, which is hierarchical and based on vertical rings of power, and in some fundamental beliefs, it has faced substance-dependent individuals’ transformation of identity, which has led to the criticism of some founders of this association in Iran.

The culture of demanding and enforcing worker's rights and the way of communication between the employer and the worker in the framework of the social construction of modern economic and production organizations in terms of the characteristic of modernity i.e., individuality and the principle of separation in the sense of mutual understanding of the members of the society have not been properly explained in Iran. "Conflict" as the essence of demandingness in all its forms is seen in conventional paradigms and discourses as dialectical of its polar and Hegelian type, which essentially turns conflict into contradiction. While the attention and understanding of the forms of dialectic considered by Simmel and Gurvitch can bring about fundamental changes in the view of the elements in demands, whether social movements or union demands, and we can witness a reproduction of relationships in all demands. Discovering, recognizing and investigating the role of environmental and historical contexts and elements in the direction of demand is one of the goals of this research. Field research with inductive strategy and abduction with grounded theory approach and informal observation tools were used in the form of full participation of the researcher as well as formal and informal interviews and situation analysis and discourse analysis were used in data analysis. This research showed that the new generation has adapted its way of demands according to the existing conditions and situations, and with pragmatic calculations, it is less likely to engage in union demands of collective and continuous action.

The present study explores the narrative put forth by the Iranian cinema about social harms during the 70s in Iran through analyzing two films in particular "Two Women" and "Under the Skin of the City." The research method of this study is of descriptive-exploratory type, seeking to offer a thick description of the phenomenon under investigation. The study draws on discourse analysis method to analyze the data. To this aim, the films under discussion were categorized into genres or linguistic functions utilizing Ruth Wodak's discourse analysis method. Within each linguistic function, we addressed and answered seven key questions based on Paul Gee's discourse analysis method. The conclusion furnishes an account of social harms depicted in the movies "Two Women" and "Under the Skin of the City" based on the context and conditions of Iranian society throughout the 1990s.The findings of this research indicate that the films from the 70s address various social issues. These issues include the confrontation of two discourses of traditional and modern, resistance of the patriarchal discourse against the discourse of enlightened women advocating for social freedoms, the existence of a class divide between the affluent and the poor in society and more.

By adopting a sociological approach, the present research tries to study distributive justice feeling among Khorramabad citizens regarding welfare programs of the Iranian Government; meanwhile, it reviews different approaches to relationship between development, distributive justice, and social welfare. The present research was carried out by survey method and using questionnaire in March, 2022. By considering social welfare levels in different urban regions in Khorramabad, the research sampling was designed through integrating cluster sampling and disproportionate stratified sampling with 400 as the sample volume. The results showed that the distributive justice feeling of Khorramabad citizens regarding social welfare was low, and only 2.4 % of the people considered this feeling high. And, regarding its different dimensions, i.e., distribution of job opportunities, employment, and governance, they felt more discrimination, and the feeling came to the lowest point regarding the dimensions of individual freedoms and their use of media and communications.Examining the hypotheses, the results showed that the variables social welfare needs, trust level for welfare programs of the government, and the amount of economic capital are more interdependent with the variable distributive justice feeling regarding governmental welfare programs. The regression analysis findings showed that independent variables predict 50.8 % of the variable variance of distributive justice feeling level regarding social welfare programs of the government. Among them, the net effect of the variable welfare needs ...

The aim of the current research is to investigate the interaction between demands and Iranian national identity of social science students with a qualitative approach and contextual theory technique.

The tool used to collect data is a semi-structured interview. Purposive sampling was used to select interviewees and theoretical sampling (theoretical saturation) was used to determine the number of people. The research community are doctoral students of social sciences who have been studying in the past decade. 

The causal categories of this research are as follow: optimal education of society members, personal choice in special conditions, acceptance of social realities and dissatisfaction with existing conditions. Background categories are as follow: maintaining the territorial integrity of the country at any cost and the official language as the most important communication factor. Facilitating categories are: the valuable position of Iranian civilization, the choice of democracy for the administration of the country, and trust in the country's officials. Interactive categories: official religion along with other religions, the diversity of convergent Iranian ethnic groups and humanity is preferred over ethnicity, and intervening categories: the influence of world domination on societies, the influence of Iran's strategic position on society and the choice of immigration, and the phenomenon category: social demands and their consequences, the value of identity. Iranian nationality is the influential presence of people in the society and choosing homeland for living.

This research aimed to study the effect of social indictors on psychiatric disorders through inductive approach. Data was collected by open interviews. Nineteen sample were selected among bipolar disorder patients who were under treatment of psychiatrists. The patients who have not been given accurate information in the interview procedure for that was solved from receiving help by referring to patients’ families and after reaching to the theoretical saturation data collection was stopped. In the data analysis part the open and axial and selective (theoretical) encoding was done and concepts, primary and secondary categories was extracted. Paradigm model also was drawn thus included of extracted categories. The category of cognition social floors was choose as axial category in catching bipolar disease trend. The results showed that social cohesion in family and affective relations was from the most important effective factors in shaping cognition floors that showed tensions and interfamily conflicts and instability of affective relations have been affected dialectical relation of reality and subjectivity. Social cognition among patients in the conflictive relation led to domination of emotions and social affections on family’s relations and finally pushed the activists to outbreak of disease signs. The effect of popular orientations and trust to consultations of inexpert individuals in social cognition caused to disorganization of socioeconomic status, fear of future and frequent outbreak of disease signs.

This research focuses on the narration of social harms within the Iranian contemporary cinema (in 40s to 80s).The research methodology used here is of qualitative nature and an exploratory research that uses a Thick depiction of the phenomenon being studied. Data gathering and sampling is based on a targeted qualitative approach. Therefore, movies produced since 40s to 80s which showcase social problems and harms are targeted and in each decade 10 films with using targeted sampling are chosen as examples.In order to break down and analyze the data’s using discourse analysis method of “Ruth Wodak” and “Paul Gee” each film is divided to different language genres and 7 questions that Paul Gee has brought up for discourse analysis are answered. And also for each film an analyze is presented and social harms which are mentioned in each film are separately written in a different chart.The most important finding of this research is that Iranian cinema (since 40s to 80s) has depicted varying narrations of social harms based on the economical, social, political and cultural setting of the society.

Lifestyle is one of the concepts that has been seriously considered by sociologists since the second half of the twentieth century. Every society can show the fruit of its worldview and ideology to others when its lifestyle is formed in accordance with its beliefs and values. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between lifestyle networks and the impact of social participation and cultural capital in Iran. Run revenue. The statistical population was all women in Tehran. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and the research method was survey. Sample selection was simple by combining disproportionate and random classification sampling. The sample size was determined based on the Cochran's formula of 360 women from districts 1 and 19 of Tehran. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Finally, the results of the study confirmed the significance of the effect of network relations on cultural capital, the effect of network relations on social participation, the effect of cultural capital on social participation and the effect of network relations on lifestyle.

The aim of the present study is to identify the reasons and motivations of women in the conceptual model of extramarital relationship and the causes of the collapse of the family structure.

To this end, with the present research has applied a qualitative approach and grand theory. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 17 married women in Qazvin City who had the experience of an extramarital relationship. The interviewees were selected through targeted snowball sampling method.

Based on the findings, the causal conditions of this study were identified as sexual diversity, lack of sexual skills and knowledge, justification of extramarital relationship and absence of spouse. The central phenomenon was the metamorphosis of intimacy or mutual love emerging in the context of alternatives for the growth of social relations and change of social values, increase of leisure time and facilitation of new technologies.

Individualism, gender bias, spouse indifference, female inferiority in earning as intervening conditions, and finally the fact that that women, in these actions and reactions, engage in an extramarital affair with a desire for consumerism, body management, and hesitation in the continuation of married life and justifying this kind of relationship, caused consequences such as increased hedonism and the normalization of extramarital affairs.

Isfahan, with a history of several thousand years, is a unique treasure of folklore and culture, and oral stories among its people are one of the oldest examples of thinking and imagination of the people of this province, which shows their quality and mental issues and sorrow. It is a valid and useful document of the social history of these people. This study aims to investigate the role of ethics in the cognition and sociological analysis of traditional oral stories (folk tales) of popular culture in Isfahan province.
 

Traditional oral stories in the popular culture of Isfahan province, reflecting the nature of life, worldview of storytellers and their perceptions and interpretations of the concept of family-centered life and representing social ethics and the color and character of the small world of women, The role of native animals and plants in people's lives and its reflection in stories, God's ways of acting in people's lives and ways of approaching and appealing to God and ways of communicating with him, the role of supernatural forces in people's lives. Also, oral stories in the popular culture of Isfahan province show the type of worldview and social ethics in the daily beliefs of the people of Isfahan and represent the social and kinship organization, the role and status of culture, economy, society and belief system, public customs and literature. They are in Isfahan province.

This study introduces the characteristics of oral legends and how they are enjoying the lifestyle of Islam.

This study used inductive research strategy and the required information was collected using participatory observation and semi-focused interviews.

Oral stories in the popular culture of Isfahan show the characteristics of worldview, beliefs and everyday beliefs of people, ways of approaching and appealing to God and ways of communication with God and represent the axis of social organization and kinship, cultural role and status, Economic, social and religious system of women is the public etiquette and literature of Isfahan province.

The results indicated that oral legends regarding oral circulation is an important component of the cultural heritage of the people. Because the survival and continuity of every era and in every society and culture with its social system common beliefs people have adapted their lifestyle. The oral legends are rooted in people's beliefs and their transfer functions of thought, belief, religious beliefs and culture from one generation to another

Narratology considers the element of character to be the drive behind roles and actions in a narrative. The sociological theory of “symbolic interactionism” is also concerned with how actions occur. Employing this sociological approach, we can expand the critical method of narratology and introduce new aspects in sociological studies of narrative texts. Using the “self” theory in the sociological approach of “symbolic interactionism”, this article discusses the types of action and the types of character in Bozorg Alavi’s Cheshmhayash (Her Eyes) and Esmael Fasih’s Del-e Koor (The Blind Heart). Therefore, the narrative style of the two authors in the production of character is analyzed and compared. The article considers the narrative character as “self” in the symbolic interactionist theory. The novel Cheshmhayash has two types of active and passive “collective self”. The active “collective self”, in a concerted effort, narrates the story in opposition to the political structure. Thus, the novel’s “self” is marginalized in political relations. It narrates the first and second halves of the Pahlavi period. Characterization in Del-e-koor is determined by a “social me” and form a violent and self-serving “collective self” at the core of the society depicted in the novel. The active characters’ individualistic opposition to this “collective self” leads to their marginalization in the novel’s social life.

The analysis of "symbolic interactionism" based on Blumer's methodology arises from human consciousness of oneself in the experimental world of society. The construction of the 'self' is constructed based on the controversial relationship between (I) and (Me) in a social process. Therefore, in a dynamic and unpredictable way, it explores the characters and shows their individual and collective action. How does 'self' find itself in the novel world? What is the mode of action of the novel is 'self' in the face of social and political construction? His novel depicts a picture of Pahlavi history in which the "collective self" is a mixture of the traditionalist and the modern. The novel "Cheshmhayash" depicts a picture of Pahlavi history in which the "collective self" is a mixture of traditionalist and modernist self. Collective interests are more than individual interests are. Activists are struggling against the authoritarian political system for freedom of thought and freedom of thought. The intellectual is a modern and demanding individual. "Del-e-koor" novel narrates the first and second Pahlavi periods. The self in this novel is the passive, conservative and violent self. In the novel world, individual interests are preferred over collective interests, and in the structure of society, the intellectual acts because of kindness, friendship, and peacemaking.

The most important issue in this article is to obtain a social analysis of the historical narratives of ancient Iran to the narration of Shahnameh. It is a science, in the study of group life and human behavior is a realistic approach or "landing" that the experimental world of this approach is the natural world of such life and group behavior, according to the subject of this study, research is inductive strategy and The method is qualitative. Achieving the meaning and mental interpretation and social imagination desired by Ferdowsi in Shahnameh is possible by using a qualitative approach. Is active and the methodology of studying phenomena and narratives in Shahnameh is a kind of dialectical analysis that is done in the space of symbolic interaction. The society depicted in Shahnameh is in dire need of charismatic leaders who, due to sin and mistake, Have not lost, in such c With the emergence of problem and problem, people's interaction in the field of wisdom, religion and ideology, which forms the general meaning of people in interaction and understanding with each other, a confrontation with the problem is formed, which can result in social dynamism, social demand. Or revolt and social transformation or even revolution.

Norms are in the position of power and seek victory, and make human to obey by creating domination over thought. The intellectual knows how to stand against bad norms and strive to achieve the desired intellectual conditions. In Herbert Blumer's "symbolic interactionism" methodology, human arises in the empirical world of society. In this sociological approach, the intellectual is a proactive whose action is based on interpretation in socio-political situations and whose role is defined in defending or rejecting norms. The "Her Eyes" novel shows a picture of the first Pahlavi’s history in ​​which the "social self" is a combination of traditionalist and modern self. Group interests take precedence over individual’s. An intellectual is a modernist who is proactive in the struggle against the authoritarian political system. The "Blind Heart" novel narrates the first and second Pahlavi’s era. The "social self" in the mentioned novel is the passive and violent "self." In the world of novels, individual interests take precedence over social’s. The intellectual acts based on of kindness and peace confronting “social self”.

The purpose of this study is to build the construction of national identity of PhD students with a qualitative approach and grounded theory technique.

The tools used for data collection were semi-structured interviews and purposeful sampling method was used to select the interviewees and theoretical sampling (theoretical saturation) was used to identify the number of people. The statistical community of the research is PhD students in the humanities who have been studying for the past decade.

According to the findings, the causal conditions of this study are language, religion, the value of civilization and ethnic groups in Iran. Humanity takes precedence over nationality. Appropriate education, demands and the position of the people and conscious personal decision-making were introduced as strategic categories, and the result of this coordination is the choice of homeland for life, territorial integrity and national identity.

The aim of the present study is to provide a deep understanding and motivate women to establish an extramarital relationship. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach and grand theory method and data collection technique was semi-structured interview and was conducted with 17 married women in Qazvin who had experience or an extramarital relationship. In order to select the interviewees, we used the targeted sampling method, this sampling requires the use of a sequential sampling type called snowball. The results showed that women's interpretation and belief in the establishment of transnational relations emerge in areas such as: growth of social relations and change of social values, increase of leisure time and facilitation of new technologies.Factors influencing these relationships were sexual diversity, lack of sexual skills and knowledge, revenge, and the justification of extramarital affairs and the absence of a spouse.Individualism, gender bias, spousal indifference, divorce laws, a woman's inferiority in income and lack of awareness in choosing a spouse as interfering conditions, and acting on an extramarital affair lead to cravings, body management, and hesitation in later life.The consequences of such actions and reactions are an increase in hedonism and the normalization of the extramarital affair

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of social compliance and social commitment in Blumer's interpretiveness in high school teachers. The method of the present study is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all high school teachers in Ardabil in the academic year 2019-2020. A sample of 120 people was selected from this population by cluster random sampling method and they answered the researcher-made questionnaire of interpretiveness and social conformity and the questionnaire of social commitment. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression tests using SPSS 25 software. The results of correlation coefficient showed that interpretiveness has a positive and significant relationship with the total score of social compliance and social commitment (p <0.05). The results of regression analysis also showed that 11% of the total variance of interpretiveness is explained by social compliance and social commitment. Practically, due to the importance of social cohesion and social commitment, it is suggested to school principals, psychologists and counselors to hold training workshops to improve the adaptation and social commitment of teachers.

as the most fundamental social institution, the family is important in shaping the social capital of youth, , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of social capital on Familyism among youth in Tehran. The theoretical framework of the research was designed using the theories of Bourdieu, Durkheim, Parsons, Toffler, Coleman, René Quique and Fukuyama. The research method is survey and explanatory, applied, clustering, micro and cross-sectional study. The population of 18- 29year-old in Tehran who a sample of 382 people using Stratified sampling and simple possible information was collected.Data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face validity and reliability were calculated by Cronbach's alpha 0.73.The Foundings of The Research Showed That The Relation Between Variable Dimensions of Social Wealth and Familism, In 99% Confidence Level, is Considerable. The Amount of Correlation Coefficient Between The Variables of Social Contribution and Family Support, Family Honor and Gentility, Being Obedient of Family is Respectively 0.58, 0.592, 0.723. The Amount of Correlation Coefficient Between The Variables of Social Trust and Family Support, Family Honor and Gentility, Being Obedient of Family is Respectively 0.651, 0.623, 0.76. The Amount of Correlation Coefficient Between The Variables of Social Support and Family Support, Family Honor and Gentility, Being Obedient of Family is Respectively 0.598, 0.503, 0.631. It Can Be Concluded That Social Support HasThe Most Effect on Familism and Social Solidarity Has the Least Effect.

With the rise in land value and its commodification in the contemporary era, the area of houses has been gradually reduced, and the houses with courtyards have been turned into small apartments. Hence, the residents' relationship with nature in the yard and the outdoor space, as a public space, has faced substantial changes. The contemporary residential architecture of Iran has redefined its relationship with the outdoor space more than anything in the transition from tradition to modernity and has explored a new way of dialectic discontinuity and interconnection. Therefore, the research question is the relationship between the parameters of the discontinuity and interconnection and the prominent patterns of the contemporary housing of Tehran based on the role of the closed and opened spaces. The current research aimed to study the relationship between the parameters of the discontinuity and interconnection in the prominent patterns of the contemporary residential architecture of Tehran, including three patterns- traditional (courtyard at the early Qajar era), traditional-contemporary (villa houses with a courtyard in the first and second Pahlavi era), and contemporary (apartments after the Islamic revolution)- based on which the dialectic of discontinuity and interconnection in the open and closed spaces can be explained. Various parameters of the discontinuity and interconnection of the houses in Tehran and the space syntax features were identified using valid library studies and the qualitative descriptive research method. Then, the relationship between the various parameters of the discontinuity and interconnection and the indicators of the space syntax were studied using logical reasoning. The case studies in the experimental theorem of logical reasoning were analyzed using pairwise comparison in the analytical hierarchy process by Expert Choice. Also, the parameters of the discontinuity and interconnection on the three main patterns were evaluated using the space syntax method by DepthMap software in the analytical theorem. The results of analyzing the Iranian human's interaction with nature in the modernization processes show that the open and semi-open spaces in the residential units have lost their nature than in the past.

Problem statement: 

One of the main tasks of architecture is to regulate indoor and outdoor communication. Lack of attention to this communication and coexistence between them is one of the problems that architecture faces today and the result is the lack of quality in living spaces and dissatisfaction of humans in residential spaces. The walls, as the first mediator between outside and inside, regulate this dialectic between man and environment, which have taken different forms in different periods. How walls affect the user’s perception of space from the dialectic of rupture and connection is a question that the present study seeks to understand.

This study aims to investigate the role of walls in the dialectic of rupture and connection, to develop a model based on the perception of users and explain how different factors interact in this process.

The present study is qualitative with an interpretive paradigm Grounded theory method. Key informants has been selected with snowball method and sampling method is purposive theoretical with semi structured inteviews.. Data collection proceeded until reaching to theoretical saturation and was analyzed and three step coded in Max QDA software with the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin and presented in the form of Creswell paradigm model.

The obtained model showed that the dialectical change of rupture and connection, is dependent on the time-space context and is the result of the interaction of various factors. In this regard, the central phenomenon of the obtained model, called the wall monologue, reflectsthe fuzzy perception of the users from the role of walls in the dialectic of rupture and connection. This means that in the range of rupture and connection of today’s houses, the perception of users, is in the range of “more rupture than connection”, while the individual parameters, were recognized as the most effective parameter in the perception process.

Human action against any kind of social reality can be considered a product of choice and its will or external pressure. Interpreters interpret social behavior in terms of circumstances, but they are interpersonal. The close ontological relationship between consciousness and meaning of man with historical social situations and situations and the involvement of the person with the dominant structures in society for interpretation is an issue that has been studied in this article by studying the novels of the jazireh sargardani and Sarban sargardan. In this research, the author attempts to study the behavior of the personality of the novel and its relationship with social reality from the point of view of "interpretationism" and "naturalistic approach" or "down to earth" and using "grounded theory". Accordingly, being as the main character of the novel, is considered as the axis of analysis. The result of this research shows that the most central and most important category in the studied novels in the relationship between the individual and the society is from the point of view of interpretiveism, social and political inquiry, and internal unrest and attempts to overcome the present situation.