حسین مهرابی بشرآبادی

The inflexibility in agricultural production structure is a problem that makes it impossible to return sustainability. Therefore, flexibility leads sustainability in the direction of moderation. This study aimed at investigating the wheat, barley and maize sustainability trend as well as their comparisons in North and South Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan provinces of Iran. So, the composite indices of environmental, economic, and service productivity sustainability of wheat, barley and maize in the concerned provinces during 2000-2021 were calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approaches. In AHP, the environmental, economic and service criteria were found to be important, respectively; the water, water resources, financial and transportation were also important, respectively; the pressurized irrigation, water pricing, income and profit sub-sub-criteria were more important and poison, deep well and chemical fertilizer the sub-sub-criteria were less important. To determine the trend, the sustainability criteria were divided into four time periods including 2000-2005, 2006-2009, 2010-2013 and 2014-2021 for environmental and 2000-2006, 2007-2013, 2014-2018 and 2019-2021 for economic and service sustainability. In most years, the trend of environmental sustainability for the concerned periods was decreased, increased and decreased, respectively; the trend of economic sustainability for the concerned periods was decreased, decreased and increased, respectively; and the trend of service sustainability for the four mentioned periods was decreased. In most years, the environmental sustainability in North Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan was more for wheat, maize and barley, respectively and the environmental sustainability in South Kerman was more for barley, wheat and corn, respectively; the economic sustainability in North Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan was more for maize, barley and wheat, respectively; and the economic sustainability in South Kerman was more for maize, wheat and barley, respectively; and the service sustainability in Southeast Iran was more for maize, wheat and barley, respectively. Also, the environmental sustainability of wheat was more in North Kerman, Sistan and Baluchistan and South Kerman, respectively and that of barley was more in South Kerman, North Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan, respectively while that of maize was more in Sistan and Baluchistan, North Kerman and South Kerman, respectively. In addition, the economic sustainability of wheat was more in South Kerman, North Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan, respectively and that of barley was more in North Kerman, Sistan and Baluchistan and South Kerman, respectively while that of maize was more in Sistan and Baluchistan, North Kerman and South Kerman, respectively. The service sustainability of wheat and barley was more in North Kerman, Sistan and Baluchistan and South Kerman, respectively and that of maize was more in North Kerman, South Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan, respectively. The modified De Martonne results showed that during the study period, the plains of North Kerman were located in dry climate with about 2-5.99 and cold and moderate subclimate; the plains of South Kerman were located in dry climate with about 0-1.99 and 2-5.99 and cold and moderate and warm subclimate; and the plains of Sistan and Baluchistan were located in dry climate with around 0-1.99 and warm and moderate subclimate. The extended De Martonne showed that the sustainability criteria decreased with the change in the average minimum daily temperature in the coldest month of the year. According to the study results, it can be suggested to provide the basis for increasing sustainability by teaching and promoting productivity-increasing solutions. Also, in order to achieve this goal, the sustainability of agriculture needs the support and proper planning of policymakers, so that it has an upward trend in compliance with global standards. To increase environmental sustainability, more practical solutions should be applied in the consumption of inputs; to increase economic sustainability, financial sustainability needs reforms; and to increase service sustainability, there should be made a revision in packaging and transportation procedures.

Lack of attention to environmental, economic, structural and service sustainability destroys agricultural production. Therefore, for stability in the agricultural sector, it is necessary to pay attention to sustainable production criteria.In this paper, the composite indices of environmental, economic, and service-structural productivity sustainability of barley and maize in the provinces of Iran during 2001-2019 were calculated using Integration AHP and TOPSIS approaches, and then the indices of each province were classified separately with ISDM method. In the AHP prioritization results have more preference environmental, economic, and service-structural criteria, respectively. In most provinces, during the time period Average sustainability barley and maize are more sustainable in economic, environmental and service-structural criteria respectively. The results periodic averages and ISDM classification of barley and grain corn criteria in during the time period, indicated that the downward trend in barley and maize sustainability criteria and rising trend for economic criteria in the some provinces due to the improvement of labor productivity. Also in most provinces the sustainability of environmental, economic and service-structural criteria was roughly divided into three periods: 2001-2008, 2009-2014, and 2015-2019. In most of the provinces, the results ISDM classification three sustainability criteria were mostly in the moderate class and in the moderate unsustainable subclass is more than the moderate sustainable subclass. The most effective factor in environmental sustainability is water resources, in economic sustainability is income and profit and in service-structural sustainability is packaging and transportation. It is suggested that environmental sustainability with management in the consumption of water resources and inputs and increasing water productivity; Economic stability by organizing product prices and production costs; And service-structural sustainability should be improved by organizing packaging and transportation, and agricultural subsidies should be applied considering sustainability.

Today, environmental degradation is one of the most important issues that different countries are facing. Identifying factors affecting the environmental quality can be guidance for policy makers and planners to protect it. Therefore, in this study, the effect of various variables on the environmental quality has been investigated, emphasizing the natural resource rent in selected MENA countries (Middle East and North Africa) during 1994-2018. For this purpose, panel data approach was used. The results showed that the natural resource rent, human capital, energy consumption, democracy index, urbanization and economic growth have a positive and significant effect on the ecological footprint as a measure of environmental degradation, and income inequality has a negative and significant effect on the ecological footprint. Therefore, planners and policymakers should establish a balance between the supply and demand of natural resources and allocate a part of their income to investment in suitable and environmentally friendly technologies. It is important to hold training courses in the field of environmental protection and reducing the consumption of scarce resources, and human capital should be trained for green exploration, green production and green consumption. So, policies should be aimed at saving energy, increasing its efficiency, and developing the use of renewable energy sources.

Food security, supply chains, and food safety have all been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The social, economic, and health problems caused by the Covid-19 pandemic posed a direct threat to global life and well-being. The present study aims to identify the factors that influence sustainable development in the agricultural sector, with a particular emphasis on health aspects and critical situations (Covid-19 pandemic). First, the factors influencing sustainable development in the agricultural sector have been identified using the Grounded Theory technique and a thematic literature review. In the second stage, 20 experts in the economy, promotion, and sustainability of agriculture were interviewed using 17 questions to identify the variables that impact sustainable development in the agricultural sector, focusing on health factors and critical circumstances (COVID-19 pandemic). In the third step, the research's final criteria and sub-criteria were determined using the fuzzy Delphi technique and expert opinion. Then, using the fuzzy DEMATEL approach, the internal relationships, influence, and impact of the health factor criteria, critical conditions, and environmental, economic, and social conditions were determined. The results of the study indicate that among the sub-criteria of health, social, economic, environmental factors, and crisis situations, the sub-criteria of providing sustainable financial resources in the health sector, the degree of farmer personal development, facilitating the export of agricultural products in critical conditions, and the status of managing medical waste for Covid-19 and natural disaster have the greatest influence.

Of major constraints for crop production in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran are the lack of water resources and drought, and due to uncontrolled groundwater abstraction, the quality of agricultural water is declining gradually. Water pricing is one of the tools for water resources planning and water demand management. In this regard, the present study aims to determine the economic value of water in agriculture with respect to its different qualities in conditions of uncertainty in Rafsanjan and Anar provinces. Using interval mathematical programming, the shadow price range for different qualities of water was obtained. The price elasticity of demand was estimated in order to evaluate the effectiveness of pricing, the standard water demand function and to use it more efficiently. The findings show that the shadow price of water varies within different groups, and fresh water, moderately saline water and highly saline water were of the highest economic value, respectively. Comparing the efficiency of the plan in the current and equilibrium modes reveals that although water consumption has decreased by 50%, but the efficiency of activity has decreased by only 13.44%, and this implies that the amount of water consumption can be reduced in the virtue of redistributing water in pistachio orchards with minimal reduction in activity efficiency. This is feasible via eliminating low yield and profit, yet preserving higher yield pistachio orchards, may lead to reducing water consumption and extraction, and it also ensures high economic benefits for farmers.

Lack of water and its growing demand has created competition for the use of this valuable substance; therefore, planning should be done on how to allocate it among different economic sectors. The goal of water allocation among different users is to maximize the social benefits of water consumption. The current study seeks to maximize the benefits of water use by providing a hydro-economic structure in the West Jazmourian Basin.
To this end, the objective function is to maximize the benefits of water consumption in agriculture, urban and environmental sectors subject to hydrological, agricultural and institutional restrictions.
The results showed that by changing the pattern of cultivation and irrigation technology, it is possible to increase the benefit in the agricultural sector up to 44; whereas water consumption in this sector is reduced by 11%. In addition, taking into account the environmental sector in the integrated water resources management program and allocating water to Jazmourian wetland, a profit of 56260 million Rials will be obtained.
Based on the results, if the cropping pattern and irrigation strategies suggested by the model are applied, there would be a possibility of increasing profit along with reducing water consumption in the agricultural sector, and the saved water can be used in other competing sectors and create benefits, or it reduces the consumption of ground water, which helps the sustainability of water resources.

Water is one of the main basic resources for development and is the most significant factor in Iranian agriculture production. The agricultural sector has an important role in production, employment, and gaining exchange and drastically affects other sectors of the economy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of water resources` reduction on agricultural sub-sector and other sectors` employment. The employment data were collected from SAM, 2011 and the employment generated by the economic activities of the economic sectors and the contribution of each of these sectors to employment was examined. The service sector ranked first with 24.99% employment creation and agriculture ranked second with 19%. Construction, industry, commerce, and transportation sectors ranked third to sixth, with 82.4% of the total employed working in these six sectors. The results showed that with water resources reduction by 10, 20 and 30%, the total employment decreased to 416334, 769472 and 1044114 people, respectively. In agricultural sub-sectors, the highest decrease was in farming and horticulture subsectors with an average of 14.17%.  According to the results, water saving technology was a solution to reach the major goals of agricultural development, especially for employment.

The agricultural sector is one of the most important sectors of the Iranian economy. Lack of some important inputs such as water and environmental pollution are the main problems of this sector in increasing production. Therefore, increasing production and sustainability is one of the important goals of the country in the agricultural sector. Increasing efficiency is one of the best ways to increase production, profitability and sustainability of production in enterprises. In this study, considering the role of dairy industrial units in milk production and food security, the efficiency and ranking of resilience and efficiency criteria of dairy industrial farms in Kerman have been calculated.

Efficiency was calculated using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method and collecting 30 questionnaires from dairy industrial farms in 2020. In order to rank the criteria of resilience and efficiency, a hierarchical analysis process (AHP) was used. For this purpose, 15 paired comparison questionnaires were completed using the opinion of experts.

The results of ranking the criteria showed that the economic criteria with a weight of 0.5 are the most important for experts. The criteria of resilience with a weight of 0.205, the environmental criteria with a weight of 0.148 and the social criteria with a weight of 0.147 have the second to fourth ranks, respectively. The maximum profit among the economic sub-criteria has the highest priority in the opinion of experts. Labor expenditure among the social sub-criteria is the most important in the opinion of experts. The amount of water consumption among the environmental sub-criteria has been ranked highest by experts. Productivity is the most important sub-criteria of resilience in the opinion of experts. According to the results, maximizing profit, minimizing the cost of livestock rations and productivity are among the 11 sub-criteria considered to be the highest priority for experts. The results of efficiency calculation showed that there are no units in the range of 0 to 20. Three units were in the range of 20 to 40, 9 units in the range of 40 to 60, five units in the range of 60 to 80 and 13 units in the range of 80 to 100.

Based on the obtained results, by increasing efficiency, milk production and profitability of industrial dairy farms in Kerman can be increased. For this purpose, efficient units can be used as a model for inefficient units and increase the efficiency of units by changing management and how to use resources.

Water is one of the most valuable resources available to mankind. Today, international communities are aware of the importance of water for sustainable economic growth in the present and future. In this study, the effect of reducing water resources on economic sectors and agricultural sub-sectors was investigated through a social accounting matrix model. The results are presented in the form of absolute and relative effects. The direct and indirect impacts of a 10 and 50 percent reduction in water resources have been a decrease in the production of 3.4 and 22 percent from the viewpoint of a demanding, 4.7 and 24 percent from the viewpoint of a supplier, for agricultural products. From the perspective of a demanding, a 10 percent reduction in water resources has led to 10.5 percent production reduction of other economic sectors. The relative effects of 10 percent water reduction from a supplier’s point of view indicate that the greatest reduction was in water and other resources sectors. The relative reduction in water resources from the viewpoint of demanding has the greatest impact on water and veterinary sectors. From the perspective of the absolute effects on the demanding and the supplier, the vulnerability of urban households as a result of water resource reduction has been greater than that of rural households. Considering the relative impacts on a supplier, the impact of reduced income is greatr on urban low-income households than low-income rural households. Relative reduction of water resources from the perspective of demanding has a greater impact on capital factor than on labor factor

The purpose of this study is to simulate and evaluate the water market's efficiency and compare it with the law of optimal allocation of water and allocations based on fixed and proportional quotas. The study area is located in the Jiroft sub basin in the Hali Rood watershed and data are for 2015 which were obtained from the Agricultural Jihad Organization of southern Kerman province. The method used is calculate the benefit from irrigation and minimize income losses in the entire region. For this purpose, the first 20% and 30% restrictions was imposed on use of groundwater resources, and then the effects of optimal allocation law, allocations based on proportional and fixed quotas on the benefits of irrigation were investigated. Subsequently, through the water market simulation, the market performance was analyzed after the implementation of these rules. To investigate the effect of transaction costs on water trade, transaction costs were considered, zero, 5, 10, 20 and 30 percent of water price. Based on the results, if the conditions of perfect competition are on the market and transaction costs are zero, the optimal allocation and formation of the water market will result in the same final allocation of water rights and irrigation benefits for the whole region. Also, by reducing the availability of water resources, the benefits of water trade will increase and with increasing transaction costs, reduces the volume of water exchanged and the gains from trade.

Iran is relatively large country with different climates capable of producing variety of agricultural products. Iran is in fact able to export different agricultural products throughout the year to all neighboring countries as well as outside the Middle East. Due to the relatively cheap storage and durability, nuts have been the most important goods in the agricultural sector to export. Planning in different dimensions of exports, type of goods and importing country destination are the most important concerns of this trade. In one hand, the sun shine, variety of nuts and the market taste and preferences for Iranian nuts is the advantages to export. On the other hand, the uuncertainty about the exchange rate is considered one of the main determinants of international trade and is of particular importance in agricultural markets. The main aim in this research is to estimate the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on exports of Iranian different kinds of nuts using a three-dimensional GARCH model concerning the period 1992-2018. The results show that the effect of the Iranian exchange rate uncertainty on importing countries is -0.15, and among the different nuts, after pistachios, dates with a coefficient of 15.0 affect the nuts export growth.

Given the scarcity of water resources in many parts of the country, the increasing need for water, and increased volume of urban wastewater, planning to use the effluent of urban wastewater treatment plants by considering the environmental aspects as an appropriate solution is regarded to compensate for some of these scarcities and to reduce the pollutions. The recycled urban wastewater effluent is associated with many benefits and risks for human and environmental health. This research is aimed to evaluate the risk of using effluent in demanding sectors with respect to the priority of risk reduction.

In 2016, this research was conducted with the aim of assessing the risk of using the output effluent of the Northern Isfahan wastewater treatment plant. The statistical information of effluent quality was collected monthly and averaged from the laboratories of the relevant organizations. Considering six major qualitative parameters (pH, COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, and TC) and using environmental standards related to these parameters, an index was evaluated to assess the quality of treated wastewater as the Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI). Then, using the library studies, regional studies, as well as specialized meetings with experts with knowledge about the status of output effluent of this treatment plant, risk and control checklists were prepared in the form of a questionnaire. The checklists were completed by 69 experts, and by generalizing the Frank and Morgan method, the Risk Index (RI) was calculated for potential effluent use in the study area and compared with the pollution index.

Results of the completed checklists showed that the agricultural sector had the highest risk score against the industrial sector and the industrial sector had the highest control score against the agricultural sector. In general, the mean score of 6-item risk checklist in the agricultural sector was higher than all sectors and the risks posed to humans in all four sectors had a higher score than other risks. Comparison of the qualitative standards of using effluent and quality of output effluent of the wastewater treatment plant also showed that the measured coliform parameter had the highest distance to its standard limit compared to other parameters. Therefore, the significance of this parameter in public health and community safety had a great impact on the calculation of pollution and risk indices. Hence, the risk index for the four sectors of agriculture, green space, natural resources, and industry was 54.71%, 23.97%, 15.1%, 6.22%, respectively, and the relative pollution index was 43%, 28%, 21%, and 8%, respectively. The results of these two indices were completely matched and the agricultural sector had the highest pollution and risk indices and accounted for the priority of risk reduction, and the effluent usage in the industrial, natural resources, and green space sectors will have lower risks to humans and the environment.

According to the results of this study, using the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant in the current conditions has lower risks for industrial use and natural resources (non-desertification) than agricultural use and green space irrigation. In general, the effluent use in water-based industries and growing unproductive plants will be followed by increased access of farmers to higher quality water resources and improved human and environmental health.

The importance of dates in developing of non-oil exports makes it necessary to explain the correct marketing system in the industry. The aim of this research is to identify and prioritize the export strategies of dates with an emphasis on marketing mix in Kerman province. So a simple random sample of 18 experts of dates was selected, and by the use of SOWT technique, the export strategies were determined and then prioritized using Analytical Hierarchy Process Model. The results showed that strategies for product and promotion were prioritized, and had less sensitivity to location and price. Therefore, attention to export strategies from the view of these two points will help development. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to product quality, type and design of packaging in accordance to the taste of the country.By providing the exporters with international exhibitions, they are aware of competitors' performance and identify events in target markets.

The importance of the technology gap ratio among the countries of the region can be examined not only from the perspective of the role of technology, but also from economic competitiveness point of view. This study examines the role of knowledge-based economy in the technology gap ratio using frontier and meta frontier production functions during 1995–2015 in 24 countries of Iran's vision plan. In this regard, the countries of the region were classified into three groups based on the components of knowledge economy and cluster analysis. The results showed that countries in the first group with an average gap of 95 percent are closer to meta frontier technology (1), and also the average technology gap ratio in the other groups  is 94% and 67%. Investigating the role of components of knowledge based economy in the technology gap ratio between countries, indicated the very important role of the institutional regime and economic incentives component in decreasing the technology gap ratio based on the computational elasticity of each component between these countries. Thus to decrease the technology gap ratio, there is an emphasis on upgrading such component indicators, which include removing tariff and non-tariff barriers, the rule of law, and the quality of laws and regulations.

Population growth, changing pattern life, increasing migration to cities, low level of technology and limitation of convenience agricultural land and incorrect use of basic resources would intensify resources damage. While mention to natural resources and environment for keeping their production ability is so important. Desirable keeping of these resources is related to understanding the situation, path and scale of resources changing by measurements like ecological footprint indicator. Because of importance of sustainable issues in different  economical sectors special in agricultural sector because of using more environmental resources in this article ecological footprint indicator in agricultural sector is estimated by using actual land demand approach in Iran during 1376-86 then the results is used to evaluate the sustainable of agricultural activity in and out of country. The results indicated that agricultural activity in Iran is compatible with internal economy and is adverse with global economy. Also never less internal production is secured sustainability, actual land demand was increased specially in these years that mean sustainable situation was depressed in internal economy. So it suggested that must be used actions for adoption of sustainable method in agricultural sector in internal and review the trade pattern in global level.

Accordingly in this study, the effect of investment development policy in agricultural sector on employment has been investigated using social accounting matrix 2011. Results in 4 scenarios (increase of five, ten, fifteen and twenty percent investing in agriculture) show that, the employment of the whole economy increased by 2,32 , 4,63 , 6,95 , 9,27 percent in each of the above scenarios. In addition total employment resulting from each of the above scenarios mainly concentrated on building, agriculture and services. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to the above mentioned sectors in the employment plans. It can also be said that, the effects of job creation on the economy as a whole (9.27% increase) and in each economic sector, due to the implementation of the last scenario, has been more in agriculture than in other sectors. The study of employment multipliers also shows that agricultural sector has the highest employment multiplier (0.008 people - jobs) among different sectors of the economy and as a result this sector requires the least amount of capital to create a unit of employment.

This study aimed at exploring the spatial effects of agricultural sustainability on food security of urban households in Iran over the period of 2005-15. For this purpose, first, the overall level of agricultural sustainability was calculated using a combination of agricultural sustainability and weighting indicators based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Then, the household food security index (AHFSI) was used to determine the food security of households in urban areas. Finally, the effectiveness of agricultural sustainability on food security of urban households while other effective factors in place was examined using the mixed Spatial Autoregressive (SAR) model. The results of the model indicated a positive and significant effect of agricultural sustainability on food security in urban households, and the significance of the dependent spatial interruption coefficient confirmed the existence of spatial effects. So, the results of calculating the direct and indirect effects of agricultural sustainability index on the food security of each province and neighboring provinces were positive and significant. These results indicated the intra- and inter-provincial overflows. Therefore, it is imperative for policymakers of the agricultural sector to invest in production infrastructure such as seeds, fertilizers and agricultural practices with a focus on enhancing sustainable production as a prerequisite for the establishment of sustainable food security.

Since the agricultural sector of Kerman province, especially in the field of native activities and legacy jobs, is of great importance in the province's economy, the capacity of Beekeeping production and employment has been studied. Using IO schedule and linear programming as a research method showed that there is a possibility to increase production and employment. Thus, production of 104,402 million rials of this activity in honey, in a five-year horizon, up to 15.9 percent, the employment rate of marginal demand components in urban and rural consumption to 15.6 percent, private consumption 15.2 percent, investment16 percent, government consumption 13.1 percent, and end exports 16 percent could grow. Also, due to the limitations of marginal expenditures of economic sectors, the province's value added as a function of the target reached an optimal 2 percent growth, the higher capacity of production and employment in the program was justified by shadow prices. Therefore, policy-making, attention and investment in honey production will bring significant economic and social benefits.

The purpose of this article is to examine the both position and comparing provinces of the country in terms of knowledge-based economic indicators that can help in recognizing, evaluating and improving the situation of these provinces. 20 indicators of the knowledge-based economy have been used in the form of 5 components, for this purpose, to study the current situation. First, indicators were weighted by Shannon's entropy method, and then the provinces were divided into five components: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure, education and human resources, institutional and economical regimes, research and development, and performance, as well as a set of all these components, were ranked by using the TOPSIS model. The results show that Tehran province is in the first rank with a big difference. After that, Isfahan, Qom and Alborz provinces are in the second to fourth ranks, respectively. Also, the three provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, North Khorasan and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad are in the last ranks. Considering the results obtained in calculating the factors and indicators of the knowledge-based economy, it is necessary to pay special attention to provincial planners and decision-makers and private sector managers in promoting knowledge-based economy and reducing inequalities and spatial imbalances.

One of the alternative crops in Kerman province is saffron. This study aimed to investigate theeffective factors on Saffron cultivation in Dashtkhat during 1395. This is a practical and descriptive-inferential study. A questionnaire waS randomly distributed among 164 people and the reliability and validity of the gathered data was evaluated using Cronbach's α (0.76). Amonglogit and probit models, probit model was chosen based on the statistical results of Akaike and Bayesian criteria. Results of the study show that factors such as education, agronomic income, the drought level-based crop replacement and the replacement of crop based on the recommendation of other farmers had positive effects on farmers’ acceptance while dependency ratio factor had a negative effect on accepting any kind of alternation in crop cultivation. Since water scarcity is one of the most important factors influencing the acceptance level of crop replacement, all of the strategies designed for dealingwith water crisis should aim for the optimal management of groundwater aquifers. it is hoped that in the future, the Dashtkhas Village will become a prototype model for transforming crops, for other parts of the province of Kerman, which are facing the problem of dehydration in the development of their agricultural industry.

Since the share of agricultural sector's employment in rural areas is more than those of services and industry sectors, identifying and explaining the relationship between production gap of agricultural sector and inflation in rural areas can contribute to the economic decisions in these areas. Therefore, this study aimed at estimating the production gap of agricultural sector and its impact on inflation rate in rural areas of Iran during 1986-2013 in neoclassical Phillips curve perspective. For this purpose, Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) method was used. The results showed that the neutral money and rational expectations theories of Lucas were unacceptable for the rural areas of Iran. In other words, the impact of monetary policies on inflation, employment and production gap in these areas was positive in both short and long terms; in addition, the Phillips curve in these areas was significantly descending in either short or long terms, indicating a negative relationship between inflation and unemployment in the rural areas of Iran but a positive relationship between inflation and production gap in these areas. The study results indicated that the inflation in rural areas was not simply a monetary phenomenon and it was also affected by the real variable of production gap of agricultural sector. So, in addition to the monetary policies, the actual sectors should be considered in inflation control of rural areas.

This study aimed at investigating the raw milk distribution channels and the factors affecting the channel choice to improve the effectiveness of the marketing system in Dairy Supply Chain in Kerman County of Iran. For this purpose, a simple random sample of 200 dairy farmers was collected, and respective questionnaires were completed. Then, the effective factors were determined by the use of multinomial logit model. The study results showed that in the first and third marketing channels, the product was led to milk factory while in the second and fourth marketing channels; it was delivered to the final consumer. In addition, the findings showed that change in payments caused the farmers trust local raw milk purchasers in the county more than the intermediaries while with milk prices rising, livestock breeders preferred them to sell their products; also, by increasing milk production, they preferred mediator elimination and by increasing the distance to the sales center, the likelihood of milk transfer to the plant increased. In this regard, it was recommended that dairy plant managers would monitor the purchase price from the breeders as well as gain their satisfaction and trust, especially by cash payments.

Investment in the agricultural sector is important because this sector greatly affects the realms of providing food independence and security, employment, sustainable development, and environmental preservation. So, this study investigated the socio-economic impacts (direct and indirect effects) of the investment development policy on the agricultural sector and its sub-sectors in Iran in 2011 using a social accounting matrix (SAM). The results included three scenarios including a 15% increase in investment in the agricultural sector, a 10% increase in the investment in the farming and gardening sub-sector, a 15% increase in the investment in the farming and gardening sub-sector, and a 10% increase in the investment in the other sub-sectors. They indicated that the total income of the economy was increased when these scenarios were implemented; however, the first scenario had a greater impact on the total income of the economy (13.12%) compared to the other scenarios. Furthermore, it can be said that the sectors of agriculture (2.98%) and industry (0.36%) were most influenced by the first scenario and the sub-sector of farming and gardening and the industrial sector were most influenced by the second and third scenarios. According to the results of this study, it is suggested to take some actions to develop crop insurance and secure investment against potential losses by the available risks in the agricultural sector. Moreover, the government can play an influential role in controlling inflation and preventing price fluctuations so as to assure and motivate investors to increase investment in the agricultural sector.

Today, may countries have prioritized the tourism industry for sustainable and sustainable growth. Among the different forms of tourism, agricultural tourism can be one of the ways to reduce farmers' risk as a complementary agricultural activity, Because agriculture is affected by many uncontrollable factors. But to prevent the negative effects of agricultural tourism development, a strong interaction between different aspects of agricultural tourism needs to be established. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sustainability of agricultural tourism through sustainability indices in three economic, social and environmental dimensions. To achieve this goal, the required data and information were collected in six top tourism-agricultural cities of Kerman province in 2017 using documentary method and questionnaire and survey of Delphi tourism and agricultural experts. Then, using mathematical programming model with the help of Spss, Excel and Gams software, the level of sustainability of agricultural tourism is practically determined in the selected cities. The results show that due to the available facilities and lack of proper infrastructure, the environmental dimension of agricultural tourism is not acceptable and has an inappropriate status compared to other aspects of agricultural tourism. The stability of this dimension was obtained in Kerman, Bam, Jiroft, Rafsanjan, Sirjan and Zarand respectively, 0.191, 0.226, 0.182, 0.122, 0.132 and 0.109, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary for the development of agricultural tourism to pay more attention to the principles of sustainability and protection of the environment, while achieving the benefits of agricultural tourism and preventing its environmental damage to sustainable development.