حمید ذوالفقاری

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social interactions and communication along with repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. It is a chronic and debilitating psychiatric condition of children with cognitive impairment. One of the damaged areas in these children is executive functions, a topic of great interest for investigation in autism. The psychological components of executive functions include attention, memory, and response inhibition problems. Technological interventions show remarkable results in improving social communication skills in children with ASD. Therefore, developing and implementing new interventions focusing on cognitive functions can be helpful. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of human–robot interaction on executive functions (working memory, sustained attention, and response inhibition) in people with ASD.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The study's statistical population comprised all children aged 6 to 10 years referred to counseling and psychology clinics in Mashhad City, Iran, diagnosed with ASD in 2017. The study sample included 32 children selected through available sampling and were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having a diagnosis of ASD, not participating in other treatment programs at the same time, not receiving individual counseling or using psychiatric drugs, living with their parents, providing written consent form of parents, and willingness of children to cooperate and participate in the intervention. The exclusion criteria were as follows: not attending more than two training sessions and suffering from a physical or mental illness that occurred during the sessions. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–5 Disorders: Clinician Version (First, 2015) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Schopler et al., 1980) were used to select the sample group. The study data were gathered via a Computerized N–Back Task (Jaeggi et al., 2010) and the Integrated Visual and Auditory (IVA) test (Arble et al., 2014). In the intervention group, human–robotic interaction group training was conducted in twelve 60–minute sessions, three times a week. However, the control group did not receive any intervention. Descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance and the independent t test) were used at a significance level of 0.05 in SPSS version 21 software to describe and analyze the data.

Findings showed that after removing the effect of the pretest, there was a significant difference between the average posttest scores of the experimental group and the control group in the variables of execution speed (p<0.001), sustained visual attention (p<0.001), and visual response inhibition (p<0.001). Also, based on the effect size, 68%, 50%, and 31% of the variable score changes were respectively due to human–robotic interaction intervention.

Based on the findings of this study, human–robotic interaction intervention effectively improves the executive functions of children with ASD. Therefore, this method and other existing interventions can be useful and effective.

Obsessive compulsive disorder has a wide prevalence in human society. Based on this, it is of great importance to know the cognitive, behavioral and neurological backgrounds of these patients and the effective methods of therapeutic interventions to improve their conditions. The aim of the current research was to compare the cognitive, emotional and neurological profile of people with obsessive compulsive symptoms with normal people.

The present study was a correlational descriptive study. The statistical population consisted of all people with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the second half of 1400 in Mashhad, who entered the research through an invitation. After conducting the screening interview and checking the criteria for entering the research, 80 people were selected as the research sample. The research tools included the Stroop color word test, Wisconsin cards, anxiety sensitivity, ambiguous scenarios, Googlen behavioral disorders questionnaire, Yale Brown obsessive compulsive disorder questionnaire and uncertainty intolerance scale. In order to analyze the data, partial least squares (PLS) approach was used due to the exploratory nature of the model, the small sample size, and the non-normal distribution of the variables. Analyzes were performed with SPSS.25 and SmartPLS.3.3.2 software. The findings showed that the trajectory of predicting obsessive-compulsive symptoms by five indicators was significant in all dimensions. Based on this, it was found that from the cognitive indicators, congruent reactions (P < 0.01), incongruent reactions (P < 0.01) and ambiguous scenarios (P < 0.01), among the neurological indicators (01 P < 0.01) and completion of classes (P < 0.01), among the emotional indices of anxiety sensitivity (P < 0.01) and intolerance of uncertainty (P < 0.01) and among the behavioral indices of behavioral tendencies Consistency (P<0.01) and impulsive behavior tendencies (P<0.01) were significant predictors for OCD symptoms. These results indicate that in explaining the psychological profile of obsessive-compulsive sufferers, the need to pay attention to cognitive, behavioral, emotional and neurological indicators has an important place. Also, based on these findings, it was found that emotional indicators have the highest level of predictability and behavioral indicators have the lowest level of predictability among the investigated indicators.

The aim of this study was to compare the learning styles and the motivational beliefs and self-regulatory of learning in Talented and ordinary students in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

This research is a causal-comparative study. The statistical population of this study included all Talented and ordinary master students who studied in the academic year of 2017-2018. A total of 50 people were selected through Purposive sampling. The learning style inventory (LSI) and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) were used to measure the variables.

The results of data analysis showed that there is no significant difference between the group of talented students and the group of normal students in learning styles and motivational and self-regulatory beliefs of learning (p> 0.05).

These findings can indicate the importance of paying attention to motivational structures and requirements related to learning styles for all students, regardless of their areas of talent and intelligence.

This study aimed to compare the executive functions of patients with hoarding disorder and normal people in city of Mashhad.

This research is descriptive and causal-comparative. The study population included all patients referred to the mental health center in Mashhad in 118 patients in first six months of year 1396. From these people, 30 patients with hoarding disorder were chosen by convenience sampling method. To select sampling group 30 normal adults were chosen which they were matched in age, gender, education, socio - economic situations and they were chosen by convenience sampling method. The SCID-structured interviews, revision saving inventory of Frost & estekety (SI-R) was used to select sampling group.To review executive functions N-back and interested visiual and audio continuous test (IVA +) was used.

The data analysis was conducted in two parts. The first part was devoted to descriptive findings at this stage of statistical indicators such as frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used. In the second part of the study focused on testing the hypothesis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and homogeneity of variances by the Levene test was runed.

Between two groups of people with hoarding disorder and normal people there was a significant difference in terms of EF scores (p<0/05). Between two groups of people with hoarding disorder and normal people there was a significant difference in terms of working memory (F1=154/465; p=0/001) and sustained attention scores (F1=0/785; p=0/534), but in terms of response inhibition scores there was no significant difference between this two groups (F1=12/485; p=0/001).

Addiction as a disease is a disadvantage that affects the quality of life of families and couples and may cause depression among other members of the family. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Group in decreasing depression and increasing the quality of life in women with addicted husbands.

The semi-experimental design was pre-test-posttest with control group. The statistical population included all women with addicted husbands referring to the comprehensive health center of Fasa into the experimental and control groups (15 women in each group). The experimental group received 8 sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive-group therapy, and no intervention was provided to the control group members. The research instrument questionnaire was Beck and Quality of Life.

The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive-group therapy was effective in depression and quality of life of women with addicted husbands (P<0.001) and treatment reduced depression and increased the quality of life of women in post-test of the experimental group.

The results show that Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Group is effective in decreasing depression and, consequently, increasing the quality of life of addicted spouse.

Couples have a concept of life in their minds, conflicts will grow increasingly leading to more psychological and physical problems. Thus present study aims to evaluate a model for wisdom as a mediator in relationship between search for meaning and physical health in couples applying for a mutual agreed divorce.

methodology used in present paper is descriptive correlation (standard Multiple regression). Research statistical population includes all requesting for uncontested divorce in Mashhad. Through available sampling method from two consultation service center in which 197 women and men applying for a mutual agreed divorce, answered research questionnaire. Instruments used in this research include meaning of life quality scale (MLQ), 3-dimensional scale of wisdom (D-WS3), and physical health quality scale (PHQ).Data analysis carried out through pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous hierarchical regression using SPSS software.

results of Pearson correlation coefficient suggested that there is a negative significant correlation between physical health scale and wisdom and meaning of life variables, and there is a positive significant correlation between wisdom and meaning of life (P<0.05). As well as hierarchical regression analysis through Baron and Kenny method and Sobel test showed that wisdom plays a mediating role in relationship between "meaning of life “and "physical health " in couples applying for a mutual agreed divorce.

research findings revealed that wisdom model acts as a mediator between life meaning and physical health .Consequently it can be claimed that meaning of life plays an important and effective role in people physical health through wisdom.

According to the World Health Organization, eating disorder is one of the most challenging diseases in adolescence. Eating disorders include two distinct signs, anorexia and bulimia. Anorexia characterized by refraining from preserving the body's least normal body weight. Bulimia characterized by craving, followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as intentional vomiting, misuse of laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise. Disturbance in understanding the shape and weight of the body is a significant attribute of anorexia and bulimia. Types of eating disorders reported in 4% of teenagers and student youth. The relationship between environment and family background with mental illness has long been of interest to scholars and researchers. On the other hand, the ravages of the structure and function of the family, including conflict of roles, clutter borders, alliances, emotional involvement and Lack of emotional responsiveness is the critical factor strengthening the notion of feeding and eating disorders. One of the essential models of the family function is the McMaster Model of Family Function (MMFF). To understand the structure and organization and the family-interactive model, this model evaluates and evaluates the sixth dimension of family life (problem-solving, communication, roles, affective Responsiveness, affective Involvement, general functioning). The eating disorder hurts family functioning and relationships, but since most research has been done in Western societies, and given that the structure of the family in Western nations is different from that of the eastern and Iranian communities, it seems better. To do similar research in our country.  This study aimed to examine the functioning of families of patients with feeding and eating disorders based on the theory of the McMaster model and compare it with the function of the family is healthy subjects. The type of study in this research is descriptive and causal-comparative. For this purpose, 40 patients with feeding and eating disorders from a psychiatric clinic Ebne Sina Hospital in Mashhad selected by convenience sampling. The main criteria for entering this project were the following: Detection of Anorexia or bulimia disorder based on a clinical interview conducted by DSM-V Otmmer and the Eating Disorder Diagnosis Scale. The control group was selected through a stratified random sampling method from among undergraduate students of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad by matching them with the eating disorder group in variables such as sex, age, economic status, and education level. The eating disorder diagnostic scale (EDDS) and the Family Assessment Device (FAD) used. This scale well comprised of psychiatric interviews, such as structured clinical interviews (SCID), and Kappa's test-re-test for eating disorder is 0.80-0.90. Family Assessment Device determines the structural, occupational and interactive characteristics of the family, and identifies six dimensions the performance of the household. On this scale, in addition to the six dimensions, there is also a subscale that measures the overall performance of the family. The data analyzed by descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation), and the mean difference test for independent groups. Statistical analysis performed by SPSS-20 software. Findings showed that in general functioning and behavioral control, the healthy group better than Anorexia Nervosa And anorexia nervosa had done better Bulimia nervosa patients (p<0.001). In communication, patients group had a poorer family functioning than the healthy group (p<0.001). In the emotional involvement, anorexia group, both bulimia and healthy had been weaker (p<0.001). In the emotional response, only between the two groups Anorexia Nervosa and healthy, there was a significant difference (p<0.001). The results of the study showed that the performance of the subjects in the feeding and eating disorders was weaker than the normal group. Therefore, in addition to treating a patient with the eating disorder, the family members of the patient should be encouraged to participate in relevant educational and therapeutic programs. In this research, all ethical considerations such as informed consent, preservation of anonymity and secrecy, voluntary participation in the interview and assessment observed.

10 to 35% of the adult population all round the world is infected with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). So far, no cure is recommended for this disease. Omega-3 fatty acids have beneficial effects in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease; the resort is recently used for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to review the studies about the role of omega-3 fatty acids on the prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

First, PubMed and ISI databases were searched for the papers in their text there were the words NAFLD, NASH, nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatosis, DHA, EPA, fish oil and omega 3. Then, the papers were divided into tree groups: animal studies, cross-sectional studies, and case-control studies and clinical trials. Totally, 21 articles were evaluated.

The results of cross-sectional and case-control studies were not similar, but more robust studies showed that inadequate intakes of dietary sources of omega-3 was associated with fatty liver disease. Most interventions have been conducted in animal and human studies that have been reported positive effects of omega-3 supplementation in reducing triglycerides and fatty liver in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver.

According to the available evidence, it seems that reduction of omega-3 food sources due to poor eating habits can be one of the reasons of multi-factorial fatty liver disease. In addition, the use of omega-3 supplement along with modification of the diet pattern and lifestyle is beneficial for patients.

It is of crucial importance to identify and measure the factors influencing the holding period in order to examine the various structures of the capital market. The results of some foreign studies indicate that there is a relation between stock return volatility, market value, bid-ask spread and the holding periods. The present study also aims at surveying the relation between stock return volatility, market value, bid-ask spread and the holding periods in Tehran Stock Exchange. To do so, among the companies which were accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange and whose required data during a nine years period of research (1381-1389) were available, 110 companies were chosen. In the present study, the holding period is dependant variable and bid-ask spread, Stock return volatility and market value are independent variables. The hypotheses were examined using multi-variable regression and the data were analyzed using the panel data method. The results of the study indicate a positive correlation between market value, and the holding periods. The results also indicate that there is no significant relationship between stock return volatility, bid-ask spread and the holding period of the selected companies.

Today, AIDS or century plaque afflicts more than 35 million people in the world. Increased number of patients in Iran and advances in the management of the disease have led to higher survival rate. In addition, increasing number of hospital admissions and side effects of its drugs have heightened the incidence of opportunistic infections. The patients may fear from social isolation and the quality of their care may be affected by horror of contraction in nursing staff. This descriptive study was conducted to assess nursing care quality in the views of patients with AIDS at healthcare centers affiliated to Shaheed Beheshti and Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences in 2007.70 patients hospitalized at least 3 days at one of infectious wards of Tehran were selected by convenience sampling method. A questionnaire with 55 items in different domains (demographics, 11; physical, 20; psychological, 14; and communication, 10) was used for data collection. It was validated and made reliable by content and test-retest methods. 27.9% of the subjects evaluated nursing care quality as moderate. 14.3%, 11.4% and 4.1% appraised the quality as weak, good and very good respectively. No significant relationship was found between age, sex, marital status as well as educational level and the views of patients. A positive correlation was found between hospital stay and the quality in the communication domain (r=0.333) while correlation between age and the quality in this domain was negative (r=0.304, P