فهرست مطالب حمید شایان

The International Carbon Sequestration Project addresses issues related to natural resources, carbon sequestration and green space development, and the conservation of natural resources with the full participation of local people. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze the development effects of carbon sequestration project with the approach of sustainable rural development in Esfarayen. The type of applied research is the descriptive-analytical method used and library and field methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of this study includes the statistical population of the study including 8 villages whose total population is covered by the carbon sequestration project in Esfarayen city. Therefore, based on the Cochran's formula and a reliability coefficient of 0.95, 244 heads of households were randomly selected as a sample among rural households. Data were also collected through a structured questionnaire. Data analysis showed that achieving the desired result based on analysis of variance test is not equal and there is a difference between satisfaction with the dimensions of the design. So that the carbon sequestration plan has not had a positive effect on the region's economy, but in social dimensions (such as empowerment, participation, reduction of migration) and environmental (environmental protection, rangeland conservation, optimal use of resources) has been relatively desirable. Because the local people are not completely satisfied with the economic results of the project based on its goals and it has not been able to affect the family's livelihood.

The sense of belonging to a place is an indicator by which one can measure the degree of distinctiveness of that place for people compared to other places. For this purpose, in the present research, an attempt has been made to investigate and analyze the sense of belonging to a place in rural areas and the factors affecting it. The current research is descriptive-analytical in nature, survey-type in execution, and field-type in terms of data collection method. The area under study is Shusef village, one of the villages of Shusef district, Nehbandan city, South Khorasan province. This village has 56 inhabited villages, of which 15 villages are the basis of the field study. After collecting data and analyzing them based on statistical tests, the findings indicate that the significance level in all three dimensions of the evaluation of the sense of place belonging is less than 0.05 and the average is higher than the median value of 3. Among these dimensions, the identity dimension has the highest average with an average of 3.89. In the variable of factors affecting the sense of place belonging, the results of the average comparison test show the significance and more than the average effect of each of the three dimensions on the sense of place. The results of the regression test show that the level of significance in all the factors affecting the sense of belonging to a place is less than 0.05, which indicates that these factors have a direct impact on the sense of belonging to a place. Among the three factors, the environmental-physical variable or place characteristics with a beta of 0.556 had the greatest impact on the sense of belonging to the place

Today, the term rural reconstruction has become one of the most important topics of rural studies with the speed and continuity of changes in rural areas. Rural reconstruction means spatial-spatial reproduction, revival or physical-physical, cultural, social, strategic changes in villages. Reconstruction can be seen as the result of many causes and micro-macro factors such as development plans, ruling policies, migration flows, development of technologies and communications, environmental changes, globalization, tourism development over time, which brings changes in spatial structure and functions. In this regard, several studies have been carried out in the field of reconstruction. In many of these studies, reconstruction has been considered in the sense of structural changes, restoration, regeneration, and revitalization from an economic perspective, which is due to the novelty of the topic and the complex process of reconstruction. The reconstruction of rural areas includes different dimensions, therefore, in this research, the attempt to develop a theory that can include all dimensions of reconstruction has rarely been made. It should be noted that the reconstruction deals with the overview of the structural and functional changes of the village and its issues, so the positive feature of this perspective is avoiding one-dimensional and one-sided thinking. According to this feature, it is possible to examine various elements in this whole unit, which have been less paid attention to in the reviewed studies. The main goal in this study is to provide systematic and systematic indicators to operationalize various aspects of reconstruction according to the conditions of rural areas and their changes over time so that researchers, practitioners and planners of rural issues can use these indicators in their studies. Take advantage Therefore, the key and central question of this article is: What are the important and effective indicators in the reconstruction of rural areas? And according to the conditions of rural areas of Iran, are these indicators valid according to academic experts and executive experts?

In the current research, in order to obtain important indicators in the field of reconstruction, firstly, due to the lack of official statistics regarding the number of the sample community of experts, people who had expertise in the field of geography, rural planning, Also, people who have done research on the topic or a part of it and were able to access them, were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire. In total, a list of 50 people was prepared and the questionnaire was given to all of them and finally 40 people answered the questionnaires. In order to weight the indices and criteria extracted regarding reconstruction, the respondents were asked to give points to each of the criteria based on a spectrum of 1-5. In order to prioritize the indicators, the mean, median, mode and coefficient of variation statistics were calculated. At first, to evaluate the average opinions of academic staff members and experts, a sample T-Tech test was used, and in order to validate and reach the consensus of the experts, in addition to the average statistics from Vicor technique, and to compare the views of two groups of academic staff members and experts from Mann-Whitney test was used. Also, in order to compare the opinions of two groups of faculty members and experts regarding the reconstruction indices of the T-test, two independent samples were taken at the level of dimensions and indices. Finally, the indicators were placed in the Vicor model for ranking, so that in the first step, the answers were entered into the Excel software and its matrix was formed. Then, in the second step, the numbers were calculated. Finally, the weight of 77 criteria was obtained based on Vicor's model and their ranking was done.

To check that the indicators used in each sector are suitable for use in rural planning and in practice they can be used in the process of planning and evaluating rural development projects, the coefficient of variation was used. Since the average of the answers does not necessarily indicate the distribution of the opinions of the respondents and it may cause wrong conclusions in the process of evaluating the indicators due to the existence of high variance among the answers, Therefore, the standard deviation of the answers was also taken into consideration so that the difference of opinion of the respondents was included in the evaluation of each index, and for this reason, the coefficient of change was obtained by dividing the standard deviation of the answers by their average. The Mann-Whitney test on indicators to determine the consensus status of experts showed that there is no consensus among 77 indicators in relation to 23 indicators, and these indicators have been found to be unsuitable or less important than other indicators for the reconstruction of rural areas. The results of the evaluation of the average dimensions of rural reconstruction from the respondents' point of view, using the one-sample t-test with a median value of 3 to evaluate the effectiveness of the indicators, showed that the value of the T statistic in all indicators is higher than the average value (i.e. 3), And the significance level of all dimensions of the variables, i.e. reconstruction, has a significance level of less than 5 percent, which indicates their significant effect in measuring and evaluating the target of the variable. Comparing the opinions of two groups of academic staff members and experts shows that the reconstruction structure is different in terms of dimensions between these two groups. The comparison between the opinions of two groups of experts and academic experts at the overall level showed that the structure of reconstruction is different between these two groups and the average of the group of academic staff members is larger than that of experts. The ranking of the indicators using the Vicor model indicates that the experts assigned the highest rating to the indicator "Improving the economic relationship of the village with the surrounding cities".

In view of the fact that in Iran still not much attention has been paid to the topic of reconstruction and the number of scientific researches in this field is very small, also since this issue has not been taken into account in development programs, especially the development of rural areas of Iran, therefore determining and introducing Indicators affecting the reconstruction of rural areas can pave the way for future development plans, and executive bodies and universities can plan the movement towards reconstruction in different dimensions using the introduced indicators, as well as those analyzed by experts.

Among the main flows between urban and rural settlements are economic relations in the field of agriculture, which takes place with the transfer of manufactured products to the city and the provision of necessary agricultural inputs from the city, followed by other flows (labour force, people, capital, etc.). ..) affects Spatial flows between the city and the village over time are key factors in the spatial evolution of rural settlements. If these relations are complementary, they lead to two-way functions and can become the foundation of rural development. The descriptive-analytical research method and the required data were collected with the help of documentary and field methods.In this study, 22 villages were selected using the stratified sampling method. The unit of analysis was farmers in the sample villages of Khorram Abad County, after quantifying the variable of economic capacities (agriculture) and intensity of rural-urban flows, their relationship was investigated. In order to measure the relationship between agricultural capacities and urban-rural links after extracting the amount of agricultural and garden land under cultivation and the products produced, and then calculating the per capita products separately by product and village using the Pearson correlation test and ranking the villages using the Vicor model and AHP was used to weight the criteria.The results indicate that there is a direct and significant correlation between the two variables of the economic capacities of the studied villages and the intensity of rural-urban flows with a strong intensity (0.812) at the 99% confidence level.

Tourists are looking for memorable experiences while traveling, and often their decisions are influenced by the same experiences they have gained from the destination. For this purpose, the main goal of the current research is to identify the factors influencing the creation of memorable experiences for tourists from rural destinations.

Design/methodology/approach:

 In order to collect data, both the librarymethod using documents and the field method through questionnaires have been used. 384 questionnaires were completed by tourists who had traveled to the tourist villages of Mashhad, Neyshabur and Torghabeh-Shandiz counties.

In general, 8 factors affecting the creation of positive memorable experiences and 2 factors affecting the creation of negative memorable experiences were extracted. The most effective factor in creating positive memorable experiences was the authenticity and credibility factor, as well as the inappropriate environmental management factor, the most effective factor in creating negative memorable experiences.

In general, these factors can have a significant impact on attracting tourists and creating memorable experiences for them. Providing platforms for culture and basic hospitality of local residents and preserving rural identity and authenticity are among the suggestions that can be made.

Originality/value:

 the theoretical literature on factors influencing the creation of positive and negative memorable experiences of rural destinations is very limited, therefore this study provides a new understanding regarding the factors influencing the formation of memorable experiences of rural destinations, which are used by managers of rural destinations to increase loyalty and attracting more tourists.

Today, the one-dimensional view of place and space on the one hand, and the view of capital and market economy in the absence of government control and restrictions, on the other hand, is the basis for the commodification of rural spaces, especially in tourism spaces. Based on this, the present research has analyzed the effects of commodification in Shandiz tourism area. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on spatial analysis models such as density patterns, hot spot analysis models and spatial autocorrelation. The necessary information in the long term (1380-1400) has been obtained through GIS data and in the short term (1396-1400) using Sentinel satellite images. Also, in order to analyze the data, ArcGIS and TerrSet softwares were used. The obtained results show that in the period of 20 years and as a result of the commodification of villages in Shandiz region, about 700 hectares of agricultural lands and gardens have been changed, of which 39.55% have been converted into natural areas. 10.45% turned into roads and 21.82% turned into barren lands. The results of the analysis of hot spots showed that the greatest change of use occurred in the western axis of Shandiz towards the summer residences of Abardeh village. Finally, the results show that in 197 hectares (28.18%) of the lands of Shandiz region, the commodification of the village has happened as a result of tourism, which has led to land use changes in these areas.The city of Shandiz is located 15 kilometers west of Mashhad metropolis, which is the main center of leisure and tourism due to its location in the northern slopes of the Binalud highlands and having a mild climate, natural scenery, and the presence of villas. Due to the favorable location of this city in the vicinity of Mashhad, huge investments and projects have been made in the tourism sector, among which we can mention the Shandiz Phenomenon super project. Also, the presence of gardens and mild climate has greatly increased the number of garden villas and rural second homes in this area, which has caused the gradual growth of land prices in Shandiz area. Therefore, under the influence of profit-profit flow, in recent years, it has brought about many changes in the land market sector and changing the use of agricultural-horticultural lands. Therefore, the present study tries to analyze the changes in the agricultural and horticultural lands as a result of the commodification of the village in Shandiz region and to answer the question that how much of the agricultural and horticultural lands of Shandiz has become the subject of village commodification and this Where are the areas located?The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the method. In order to measure the commodification of villages in the study area on land use changes, two long-term periods of 20 years (1380-1400) and five-year short-term periods (1396-1400) were chosen, which in the long term is due to the lack of sensor images. TM and ETM of Landsat satellite with optimal spatial resolution (30 meters) were used in the spatial resolution of the region from GIS data. But in the short term, due to the high quality of spatial resolution of the images (spatial resolution of 10 meters), Sentinel-2 satellite images have been used. Also, ArcGIS, TerrSet and Sentinel-2 satellite images were used for data analysis.Also, in order to reveal the location of new uses, hot spot analysis from Gettys-Ord.J statistics has been used. In this statistic, the calculated Z score shows in which areas the uses are clustered with high or low values. The conceptual framework of this analysis works in such a way that if a complication has a high value, it is important, but this does not mean that it is a hot spot. A hot spot complication is considered when both the complication itself and the neighboring complications are statistically significant. The Z score for the final output will be obtained when the local sum of the complication and its neighbor is relatively compared with the total sum of the complications.The results of examining the pattern of spatial distribution of built uses as the commodification of the village in Shandiz show that Moran's index is 1.1. Also, the z-score value is 528.8, which according to the p-value is 0.00, the spatial distribution of users follows the cluster pattern. In fact, the results show that due to the increase in land prices and the commodification of the village in Shandiz, which has occurred due to the boom in the tourism industry in this region, in some axes such as Abardeh villas and the east-west axis of Shandiz, many agricultural lands and Gardens have turned into uses such as restaurants, rural second homes, leisure centers, etc.

While traveling, tourists are looking for memorable experiences and often their decisions are influenced by the same experiences they have gained from the destination. With aim of extraction the memorable experiences of tourists from rural destinations, ZMET approach was used. Based on theoretical saturation, an interview was conducted with 35 tourists who traveled to the villages of Mashhad, Neyshabur and Torghabe-Shandiz counties and had more than 83 mental involvements with these destinations. 9 originator constructs and 11 destination constructs were extracted, the most frequent originator construct was "natural landscape of the village", which created memorable experiences like"silence and peace","feeling of freshness and liberation"and "pleasantness"in tourists. The theoretical literature in the field of memorable experiences from rural destinations is very limited, so this study provides a new understanding regarding the formation of memorable experiences from rural destinations, which is used by managers of rural destinations to attract more tourists and loyalty.

One of the main flows between urban and rural settlements is economic relations in the field of agriculture, which takes place by transferring the products produced to the urban market, followed by other existing flows (labor, people, capital, etc.). It affects. Spatial flows between urban and rural areas over time are key factors in the spatial evolution of rural settlements. These relationships, if complementary, lead to two-way operations and can pave the way for rural development. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to explain the pattern of rural-urban economic relations in Khorramabad city with emphasis on agriculture. The research method is descriptive-analytical and information has been collected through documentary and field methods. The unit of farmers' analysis was the sample villages of Khorramabad city. In this study, 22 villages were selected using the assigned classification and in each of them, the economic relations of 383 rural agricultural households were examined as a sample. In this study, 5 main components and 41 items were used to explain the pattern of rural-urban economic relations. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using one-way analysis of variance. Findings showed that in most components, rural-urban economic relations in Khorramabad city are mainly with Khorramabad city and the pattern of rural-urban economic relations in the field of agriculture is a special type of "domination relations" with an exploitative nature. "Shows the rural areas from the city of Khorramabad. In fact, the existing economic relations have not led to complementary rural-urban ties and have been established in a parasitic manner with the domination of the city of Khorramabad and in favor of the city.

 Social sustainability, especially in rural areas, is one of the most important goals of policymakers, planners and managers. However, social sustainability in local communities, such as villages, can be challenged through environmental instabilities. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze the tensions and social dangers in rural areas of Neyshabur, one of the provinces of Iran.

Design/methodology/approach:

 In order to measure the relationship between the independent variable of drought and the dependent variable of social tension, 24 variables were identified in the context of drought, existing tensions and social damage caused by water scarcity in the study area. The required information was collected from documentary studies and also through interviews and questionnaires. One-sample t-test, Pearson correlation, single-variable regression, and VIKOR model were used to analyze the data.

 The results show that there is a relationship between water deficit deduced from drought and 22 social unsustainability variables. Based on the results of the regression test and the amount of obtained beta, respectively, the greatest effects of water shortages deduced from drought was on intensifying rural poverty (0.932), increasing living expenses (0.931), and the destruction of small crop and small cultivation (0.924). Also, the results of the VIKOR model showed that there is a difference between the studied villages in terms of the severity of social tensions.

Originality/value: 

This study has been promising to focus on the effects of drought and water scarcity as an environmental unsustainability in shaping and exacerbating tensions and social injuries. Therefore, the results of this study can be effective in recognizing the social impacts of environmental changes in geographical areas and countries facing environmental changes.

Today, ecological footprint is mentioned as an indicator for evaluating human activities in environmental issues. This index is a method promoted by the Global Ecological Footprint Network to measure the human demand on natural capital needed to support people or the economy. Therefore, the ecological footprint measures both the supply of natural resources and human demand in the environment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological footprint in the top tourist destination countries that have faced many changes in the number of tourists in the last decade. Data from the World Bank and Global Footprint Network databases have been used for the past 24 years (1995-2019) for this research. The statistical analysis of the variables shows that the amount of ecological footprint in China, Mexico, Turkey and France is equal to 6.63, 3.31 respectively; 3.22 and 3.11 and the lowest amount of ecological footprint is in England and Italy with an average of 1.45 and 1.99. There is the highest correlation (R=729) between economic growth and ecological footprint. In addition, based on multivariate regression analysis, a strong correlation (R=0.75) has been estimated between the independent variable (tourism development) and the dependent variable (ecological footprint).

In this paper, we tried to study the effect of cultural intelligence on the contextual performance of rural dignitaries (Dehyaran) in rural area. The research method in this descriptive-analytic study is a major part of its data collected based on field studies from the region. The statistical population of the study consisted of 24 sample villages with a population of 86856 people in the form of 23997 households. The sample size of 316 people was determined by Cochran method and selected by systematic random sampling from among the villagers. In this sample, the number of 24 dignitaries, 72 members of the Islamic Council of the provinces and 6 administrative experts were added, finally 418 questionnaires were completed. The findings of the study, based on the results of structural analysis, show that in general, cultural intelligence has a positive and direct effect on the yield of dairy farmers with a coefficient of 0.1729 Among the dimensions of cultural intelligence, the cultural intelligence strategy with the coefficient of 5.91 had the most significant positive and significant effect on the contextual performance of the dignitaries in the study area and then the dimension of cultural intelligence behavior with a coefficient of 2.923 on the contextual performance of effective managers have been. In this study, there is no relation between the dimensions of knowledge and the motivation of cultural intelligence and the contextual performance of tenants.

The flow of tourism indicates the spatial displacement of tourists in a region, while also the ‎spatial distribution of tourists throughout the tourist destinations is influenced by many factors. ‎Therefore, recognizing the most important factors affecting tourism flows helps to develop ‎tourism. Therefore, in this study, the main goal is to identify the most important factors affecting ‎rural tourism attraction streams. The research is a practical methodology in terms of descriptive-‎analytical methodology and in terms of purpose. The sample of the research includes 30 experts ‎in the field of tourism who have been selected by snowball method. The study area is rural ‎tourism destinations in the field of tourism influence of Mashhad. To analyze the findings, SPSS ‎software, PLS structural equations and DFAHP multi-criteria decision making model have been ‎used. In this study, the variable of tourism absorption flows using 7 factors in the form of 31 ‎components has been studied. The findings show that the highest mean belongs to the average ‎accessibility index of 3.82. Also, the study of factors using single sample T-test, PLS path ‎analysis and fuzzy Delphi analytical hierarchy process showed that the most important factors ‎are accessibility, attractions and spatial-spatial factors. The study of components using DFAHP ‎model also showed that the components of accessibility quality, accommodation facilities and ‎accessibility are the first to third priorities affecting the creation and strengthening of tourism ‎attraction streams.‎

Today, water is one of the greatest challenges of the present century and is the source of many changes in the world. Since the distribution of water resources and rainfall is generally disproportionate, storage and transfer on a micro scale, as well as between water basins in the form of water schemes for collection, transmission is necessary for the balanced development of human activities. Therefore, the optimal and correct use of water resources and preventing their loss is very important. The present study seeks to identify the most important effects of small-scale local projects of water control and transfer on the development of rural economy in the territory of Neishabour city and identify the problems facing them. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The number of samples is 165 shares per pool water or dam, which was determined by using formula N0 according to the number of water shareholders. According to the obtained results, the creation of small-scale and local plans to control and transfer water has increased the level of power of the rural economy, especially in the agricultural sector. Because the efficiency and area of agricultural and garden lands have increased significantly after the creation of small-scale and local plans for water control and transfer. There are also problems such as disputes over water sharing, destruction by strangers and lack of capital, poor cooperation between owners and funding, lack of security, surface water management and financial problems in this area

Political organizing of the space of every country is done through national divisions with the main goal of decentralizing. Decentralizing is done for easier managing of the country and providing better services. This study was done to investigate and analyze the effects of political divisions on the economic and social stability of rural settlements in Firouzeh. The survey used a descriptive method and quasi-panel design. Using Likert scale, the stability of rural settlements regarding economic dimensions (having 11 variables and 45 indicators) and social dimension (having 13 variables and 30 indicators) before and after the country divisions were compared. The sample consisted of 249 rural households of the city. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by confirmatory factor analysis (Kaiser-Meyer ≥ 0.87, Sig ≤ 0.05) and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha was 0.87, meaning suitable. The results of the paired samples test showed that the average social stability had increased significantly as it was 2.42 before the divisions and 2.94 after the divisions. Though the average economic stability increased from 1.98 to 2.34, it is not significant. The reason is the impact of larger variables like economic sanctions imposed on the country. Generally the decentralization policies at the local level, however, have influenced significantly and positive the stability of the rural settlements of the city.

Land size and dispersion are one of the most important reasons for agricultural stagnation in the villages of Iran, which is consequently a pitfall for rural development. Land consolidation programs such as agricultural joint-stock companies are the solutions for transformation in the agricultural sector. The main objective of these plans is to boost agricultural development, improve the living conditions of villagers and get them to stay in rural areas. Nil Abad Agricultural Joint Stock Company has been an important entity in increasing the income of its shareholders and producing agricultural and livestock products, creating employment and preventing the migration of villagers. This company has supported the development and promotion of mechanized agriculture at the county level. Despite the capabilities of this company, no research has been conducted to observe the different aspects of this company in Torbat-Jam and Nilshahr Counties. Therefore, the current research seeks to investigate the effects and consequences of economic livelihood and socio-cultural integration of agricultural lands with an emphasis on the performance of Nil-Abad-Torbat-Jam Agricultural Joint Stock Company.

The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose. Library and survey methods were used in this research. The population includes households with shares in three villages of Nil-Abad, Safarabad and Pozhegan. The sample size was determined from Cochran's formula with an error of 0.1. One hundred seventy-four households were selected out of 1448 shareholder households. The validity value of the mentioned indicators was obtained in social-cultural (0.685) and economic-livelihood (0.704) dimensions. Finally, in order to investigate the effects and consequences of land consolidation through agricultural joint-stock companies, appropriate tests were carried out in SPSS software.

The analysis of the components of economic-livelihood effects in the studied area showed that the average of the economic-livelihood dimension is 3.54, and in general, the average of the variable of land consolidation in the form of agricultural joint-stock companies is higher than the average. The analysis of the company's impact according to different age groups, education, occupation, number of household members, income and number of shares showed that the average effect is equal, and there is a significant difference between the groups. The findings confirmed that the most important economic and social effects of the implementation of land consolidation programs in the form of agricultural joint-stock companies are above average. Also, according to the board of directors and shareholders of the company, the lowering of the underground water level and water exploitation without a plan and inappropriate strategic plans by the officials will threaten the economic foundation of these companies and the employment and income of the members. Moreover, the initial members have been increased from 276 people to more than 2000 people, which raised the burden of accountability and their expectations from the managers, and reduced the profit shares compared to the expenditure.

Integrated watershed management can be considered a prerequisite for sustainable management and improving the lifestyle and livelihood of local people. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of method. To do so, a questionnaire was used, which was completed by experts and executives (including faculty members and natural re-sources staff, active NGOs and local communities). Its members were selected by the snowball sampling method. The MICMAC model was used to identify challenging drivers. Based on the re-sults, indicators such as low average income and capital of users, Lack of low-interest lending facil-ities of banks, credit institutions and the Fund for Supporting the Development of Diversity of Liv-ing and the weak reliance of the government on the private sector in delegating powers to this sector for reasons such as bankruptcy or negligence of investors, etc. are the most important drivers in-volved in the field of integrated Davarzan watershed villages management. Wizard scenario soft-ware was used to explain the possible scenarios. The results of this section showed that out of a total of 24 existing situations, the tenth scenario was considered the most desirable scenario.

The rural environment is one of the elements of the spatial organization and the landscape of the village with its different physical, functional and semantic dimensions has a special importance and place in the visual organization of the rural environment. Changes in the lifestyle and needs of the villagers in recent years have also intensified and accelerated the process of landscape change. Therefore, the management and planning of these spaces, like a living entity in the suburbs of metropolises, require considerable attention. The present applied research with a descriptive-analytical method is aimed at identifying the indicators of landscape explanation and the extent of its changes in the villages on the outskirts of Mashhad metropolis. To collect data, documentary and field methods (questionnaire and observation) have been used, and data analysis has been done by (Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon and Friedman) tests. The results indicate that among the landscape components, the landscape identity component has changed the most. In fact, the occurrence of physical changes in the villages has caused a decrease in the sense of reminiscence, vitality, freshness, the degree of harmony of different spaces and the fading of local cultural values. Finally, the physical changes have caused "a further change in the identity dimension of the rural landscape". The results of Friedman's test show the highest change in the land use index among all the landscape indices. Therefore, landscape changes should be considered as the most important consequence of land use change.

Purpose- Today, tourism is mentioned as a suitable approach for socio-economic and physical development in rural areas. Therefore, rural areas have capabilities and potentials in terms of tourist attractions; however, not all areas have the same capabilities for development. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological potential of the study area and to find the relationship and alignment between tourism capacity and ecological potential in rural areas of Mashhad tourism sphere of influence.Design/methodology/approach- The present theoretical study was conducted with applied purposes using the descriptive-analytical method. GIS and SPSS software and CoCoSo multi-criteria decision-making model were used to analyze the data.Findings- According to research findings the most influential indicator was the distance to tourism water resources and the least influential indicator was the distance to fault. Therefore, the highest ecological potential belongs to the foothill villages of the study area. Also, in terms of tourism capacity, the most effective factors have been the natural attractions of the village and its suburbs and the quality of village road.Original/value- On this basis, the highest tourism potentials belong to villages of Pivehzhan, Virani, and Radkan, respectively. According to the results of the study there is a significant positive relationship between ecological potential of the studied villages and their tourism capacity and there is no relationship between the number of tourists and ecological potential of the studied villages.

Economic problems are one of the main issues and problems in rural development and planning of the country. As can be seen in most cases, rural capitalists are reluctant to invest in rural areas. Accordingly, the goal of this research the reasons for this are the unwillingness of returning capitalists with rural roots to their rural homelands and investing in the countryside. For this purpose, Carpet weavers with rural roots residing in Mashhad were selected as sample. The research method was qualitative and the data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. In the following Carpet weaving villages were selected in the towanty and after visiting the villages that have had the most experience in carpet production (Pyweh Gan, Bulgur and Kazemabad (. The capitalists in this industry were identified and using the snowball sampling method of 25 rural activists were selected as sample. Also exploratory factor analysis and t-test were used to analyze the findings. The results showed that the averages were higher than the average this is indicative of the widespread problems facing the industry in rural areas. Also the results of factor analysis showed Factors such as lack of marketing and access to the sales market, lack of necessary infrastructure, and lack of advanced technology in the villages are factors affecting the lack of investment in the village.

Rural tourism is one of the most important types of tourism that plays an important role in socio-economic development of rural communities and can be effective in economic independence, creation of new job opportunities and improvement of social conditions of rural women. One of the interesting and new measures of rural tourism development is the creation of eco-tourism resorts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of tourism and development of eco-tourism resorts in economic and social empowerment of rural women. This is an applied and developmental research with a descriptive-analytic approach with a deductive approach. Required information was collected through library, documentary and field studies (interview tools, questionnaires and direct observation). The statistical population of the study consisted of 110 rural women (permanent and non-permanent) employed in Khorasan Razavi resettlement centers that were established between 94 and 96 years, including 21 residences in 13 villages and 3 cities of the province. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and one sample T-test and Friedman test were used to test the research hypotheses. The development of eco-lodges in the study area with an overall average of 2.5 has had a small effect on the economic empowerment of rural women. But the social effects were obtained with an average of 2.8 higher, which indicates more effects on women's social empowerment. With the Farid Man rank test, it was found that the highest rank of economic empowerment belongs to the index of "increasing job opportunities" and the highest rank of social empowerment belongs to the increase of "sense of spatial belonging". Also, Pearson test showed a positive correlation between economic and social empowerment of rural women.

Identifying the behavioral patterns of applicants and suppliers of tourism products in different destinations is considered as one of the most important marketing tools. Therefore, This study sought to develop a model for investigating the supply and demand behavior in tourism based on the developments made in the capitalist system. Accordingly, to identify and classify the factors regarding the behavioral changes in the supply and demand system within the tourism industry with regard to the capitalist system's developments, the relevant literature was systematically reviewed using the meta-synthesis approach. The statistical population of the study comprised all studies published in reliable scientific databases related to this study's topic. The findings of the study indicated that the supply and demand behavior in the tourism industry has changed in line with the developments made in the capitalist system from Fordism to Post-Fordism. Accordingly, behavioral changes in the tourism demand can be defined based on three components, namely planning, tourism products, and features. Also, the behavioral changes of tourism supply can be defined based on four components including the economy, planning, tourism products, structure, and function. This study prepared the ground for identifying the behavioral pattern of supply and demand in tourism by measuring and evaluating the behavioral model of supply and demand in tourism based on the capitalist system's developments, directing the development of tourism in different regions.

Reverse migration refers to the migration from urban areas to rural areas. The census conducted by the statistical center of Iran regarding the immigration from urban to rural areas provide data which actually reflects the total number of immigrants returning from the urban areas to their place of origin, rural areas, together with the immigrants born in the city but immigrated to the villages forever. The purpose of this research is studying and doing comparative analysis of return migration, from urban to rural districts, on the provincial scale based on the descriptive-analytical method. The information required by this research were collected from 2006 & 2016 censuses data, official website of statistical center of Iran. According to the results obtained by the present research, the migration balance between rural and urban areas has resulted in a new equilibrium state in contrast with the decade before that.In terms of volume, the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Mazandaran and Gilan have attracted 33% of the entire reverse migrants. In all provinces of the country, a negative correlation coefficient of 0.477 between the deprivation index and the ratio of reverse migrants than the rural population, has shown that the provinces with more deprived rural areas in terms of environmental, social, economic, have fewer reverse migrants..Finally, ARC and GIS software indicate that the spatial interactions throughout the country in terms of return migration is very strong in favor of densely populated cities of northern Gilan, Mzandaran, Bushehr and to some extent around the metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, Ghom, as well as Semnan, Yazd and Ilam. Therefore, in the spatial planning for the Iranian regions, the rural districts in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Zanjan, Kurdistan, North Khorasan and Hormozgan are of a higher priority.