حمید ضرابی

Today, the issue of monitoring elections is fully accepted in the world, monitoring elections based on Article 99 of the Constitution is one of the duties of the Guardian Council, the approval and disqualification of election candidates, the cancellation of some election funds by the Guardian Council during the elections. It is that the issue of monitoring elections and the type of this monitoring is one of the important issues in the social-political arena, political and legal circles.The election monitoring process should also be explained clearly and unambiguously in a legal framework, so as to hope for a democratic election.On the other hand, there will always be damages due to the norms within the society as well as the structure of the election laws, which means that the election institution may be the only operator of the election due to its structure and legal framework, or it may not perform the task of implementation and monitoring. Therefore, it is necessary for supervisory institutions to redouble their efforts to hold useful elections.Considering the right of interpretation given to the Guardian Council by the Constitution, this council has considered its supervision of the elections in all stages (before, during and after the elections) as discretionary and due to the ambiguity in explaining key concepts such as discretionary supervision, the criteria The evaluation and principles governing the evaluation of candidates' qualifications, the supervision of the Guardian Council have continued to be the subject of discussion.

Administrative act is the primary core of administrative law. In this article, this concept is examined in German administrative law, which has one of the most complete and transparent laws in this field, and in Iranian administrative law, which does not have any laws in this regard. Here, the German Administrative Procedure Law is discussed as a general administrative law that includes the details and effects of administrative act, along with the state of Iranian administrative law, which is at the beginning of the codification process, in order to compare the two in order to explain the administrative act. to be used in Iran. According to the authors' analysis, the main difference between Iran and Germany's administrative law is in the basic definition of administrative act, which in German administrative law, administrative act include general order and arbitration acts. From the view of executive effects, these acts should be considered according to the state of the act, whether it is correct, defective or invalid. In German administrative law, the effects of administrative act are valid or objectionable according to the correctness or degree of defects. to be or it will be invalid, but in Iranian law, these acts are not clearly specified in the laws, and a theoretical discussion should be raised about it.

monitoring of elections in each country is done in a special way; Based on the method and style of regionalization of the United States, which consists of many states, the method of holding a broad election such as the presidency in all states will not be in a specific way and in line with homogeneous policies. In America, special commissions supervise the elections. These committees operate under the supervision and guidance of the "Federal Election Commission" and according to the law of the Federal Election Commission, supervisory actions are mostly focused on advertising and election expenses, and even candidates' qualifications are not monitored.

The current research is documentary and library in terms of research tools and descriptive-analytical in terms of analysis method.

The partisan and factional interests of members of the state legislatures can leave a tremendous impact on the political fate of the entire United States people with electoral districting. Of course, drawing the boundaries of electoral districts is considered part of the authority of each state, and although in 32 of the 50 American states, this task is entrusted to the state legislatures, whose final approval is often subject to the approval of the state governor, but in the rest The states have become independent institutions responsible for this, although the output of their actions ultimately requires the approval of the state assembly, but it is a positive step to prevent the zoning guage.

In recent years, advances in the context of information technology have led to the formation of a new era of reform in the public political dimension. These reforms have led to changes in public sector policies, processes, and functions through the use of new technology tools.E-government, democracy and e-government programs are designed not only to provide better services to citizens, but also to improve efficiency and increase public participation. In this regard, democracy and people's participation as a lever to promote transparency in the political dimension is predicted and the goals and dimensions of e-government and the move towards e-government along with the continuous development of new e-government technology, has led to the conclusion that Acquisition and implementation of these new e-government programs as soon as possible in all aspects of providing services to citizens The society should be implemented and in the end it can be said that by implementing and using e-government in political and governmental dimensions, a platform for more cooperation and interaction between the people and government institutions can be achieved. This article intends to examine the role and interaction of e-government in achieving public participation.

Documentary law is the predominant document that is introduced as the most obvious criterion of the decision in public institutions, and most legal commentators and analysts have examined it by examining issues related to interpretation as if no variable is effective in the decision except law. However, in the light of interdisciplinary interventions, many variables have arisen and their number has increased day by day, and they have not considered decision-making based on law alone to be imaginary. It is now recognized that attitude, intellectual and philosophical basis, a mental schema, strategy or strategy, personality traits, peer behavior, etc. are among the factors influencing the decision. The weight of each of these variables in the decision needs further investigation, but most previous studies indicate that attitude has a much greater impact than other factors and is the first model that influences the decision because attitude is a firm model. Under the influence of inheritance and education, it has such power that it influences and easily overcomes other variables. Even the law and the contents of the file and documents are interpreted and evaluated from the perspective of the individual. Following the answer to why this impact and the impact of the issue was formed, what criteria and patterns and how it affect the decision of the public official from a legal perspective? In order to reach the answer of this research, the present research was formed by the library, analytical and descriptive method. Directs that the influential factors can be divided into two categories: external and internal, which include internal including genetic characteristics, personality, and attitude, external including law, conflict of interest, co-worker practice, and strategy or strategy.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the impact of e-government implementation on the implementation of good governance. One of the main manifestations of the use of new information and communication technologies by governments is the concept of e-government. Appropriate use of new technologies by the public sector and the government, especially in the form of a comprehensive and comprehensive e-government plan, can improve government-citizen relations and pave the way for equal participation of all citizens in the decision-making process, so transparency and e-government The most important and basic components for good governance and governance of society. In this article, using descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and research articles, the concept of good governance indicators has been evaluated as an effective tool for implementing inclusive development. The results show that e-government is an effective tool for citizen participation in the decision-making process by promoting and strengthening good governance factors such as transparency and access to information and promoting accountability.

Determining the regulatory authority and issuing licenses for audio and video productions in cyberspace has become one of the legal challenges in recent years between the relevant agencies and the plaintiff in this regard. Proponents of the IRIB Supervision, based on the resolution of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, the directive of the Head of the Judiciary, the resolution of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution and the vote of 3148 of the Court of Administrative Justice in2019 and Budget Law 1400, believe that the IRIB Supervision is legal and correct. However, the authors believe that in terms of the position of this agency in the constitution and the powers provided for other agencies in ordinary laws, including Article 1 of the Law on Amending the Press Law, Article 2 of the Law on Objectives and Duties of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, the Law on Duties and Powers of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Article 6 of the Statute of the Radio Regulatory, Authority and the decision of the specialized board of the Court of Administrative Justice have legal objections. The fundamental question is whether the IRIB's oversight of the production of audio and video in cyberspace, which are in fact its competitors, is legally correct? In response, in a descriptive-analytical manner, we examined that the IRIB, despite the task assigned to it in the 1400 budget, can not have a useful regulatory position for freedom of expression in the media. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a comprehensive law on media rights by the parliament and a competent authority that can, while respecting the right to freedom of expression in all media and the principle of competitiveness, technically and legally regulate.

Women's rights are more in the spotlight today than ever before in human societies and political and social institutions, which, if not addressed, will create many problems in societies, regardless of the damage to women's physical and mental health. They make up half of the world's population. The oppression and injustice that has historically been imposed on women's society has led international and domestic legislators to enact laws and regulations to prevent such oppression and to protect women's rights in all areas; Iran is no exception to this rule. In Iran, with the Constitutional Revolution in 1304 AH, the first constitution was written and despite the efforts of women in the emergence of this movement, the first constitution and its amendment did not mention women, but later ordinary laws were passed on women. They laid down. With the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1978, the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran paid more attention to women's rights and the family was considered a fundamental and sacred institution, and the Islamic Consultative Assembly passed more and more laws on women's political and social rights. We are also witnessing positive changes in Iranian laws regarding women; In this article, with the method of descriptive-analytical research, an attempt has been made to express the changes in the legislation of Iran regarding women, from Qajar to the present day.

According to the views on the violation of women's rights in different societies and following the occurrence of democratic revolutions in Europe and the spread of concepts such as equality, women's rights movements also use such a concept. (Equality) They decided to realize women's rights. This article tries to identify the most important branches of feminism and how they use the concepts of equality in two types of descriptive and grammatical (arithmetic and geometric).

In this article, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to examine the topics.

The women's liberation movement, known as feminism, has developed into a variety of disciplines, including liberal, radical, postmodern, cultural, socialism, homosexual, existential, and racial. Critical, psychoanalytic and black and ...

The emergence of different professions of feminism has been the reason for the inefficiency of this movement and the methods used in defending women's rights, although the positive consequences of feminism in defending women's rights can not be ignored.

A correct understanding of civil disobedience in the field of public law based on its correct recognition as a social phenomenon and an internal reality in society in terms of what and why it occurs and the appropriate answer to this question that if governments replace the "Rule by Law” with the “Rule of Law", how do people force governments to cancel or amend their performance? Civil disobedience is one of the effective methods in this regard. The findings of this study indicate that simply not being violent alone is not enough to describe civil disobedience, and it must have other characteristics such as awareness and openness, also, non-compliance with the law, and acceptance of responsibility. Unfair and immoral knowledge of a law or decision and the negative effects of their actions and the right to exercise social supervision over the government is also a good answer to why this social phenomenon occurs.

The right to health and the right to treatment are some of the fundamental rights and essential needs of a society which the state is responsible for this fundamental and permanent society need as the representative of the nation. So the social man has placed the main social duties in the area of the state’s jurisdiction through the choice of the governments, and also has demanded the state to applying it by granting some authorities. Perhaps the right to treatment, which has a very close and direct relationship with the life right, is one of the most important duties of the state. As if in our country, major health services are provided by the public sector. Existing challenge is that in cases which health services are provided by private centers, if the doctors or employees in these centers contravene a citizen’s treatment right, the government is still responsible or not? In which the state’s role is very insignificant and if the responsibility rises from article 12 of the civil liability act can be the basis of state’s responsibility in this field or not? There is no doubt that the government is responsible for meeting the rational community treatment needs and according to rules specification and fundamental changes in governments’ duties about the right to life and treatment right and states international obligations and the immergence of governments human rights discourse, states are responsible for and obligated to support and offer these services to all of their citizens. Therefore in this article with assumption of government direct role in the treatment and management of medical measures and providing, equipping and starting up the centers of the medical units and policy and health care observations, principles of state responsibility in treatment from legal requirement perspectives will be studied.

Human Rights is a transnational and transgovermental value and it is a rational discourse that prevails to most social and political negotiations at The present time but it has still Serious rivals called sovereignty and culture (national values and traditions).The truth is that Human rights challenged them And it derives from the rational element of "transnational human rights' .this article paid to, the transnational human rights values in the "nature" and "documents" human rights for solving this challenge naturally and Its purpose is based on achieving a peaceful coexistence with the Victory of human rights on domestic sovereignty and antihuman culture. This article is based on the assumption that “the sovereignties and cultures that are challenged with human rights are limited every day ”. Which for Explanation the purpose the paper examines national cultures and the rule of States with regard to this topic.

The province of the authority means the administration of the affairs of the Islamic society, and the administration of society requires the establishment of necessary institutions and the establishment of laws and the issuance of sentences in cases where there is no religious order, but it has the right, but also the duty to legislate and Establishing the necessary institutions for the administration of society. The people are also obligated to obey the laws and Rules of the Rulers, such as other religious laws and Commandments. Therefore, given the role of leadership in the Islamic society of Iran, it is evident that in various areas, the implementation of some affairs is directly in charge of leadership, some of which are also found in criminal-punitive laws. Samples of criminal laws such as pardon, enforcing a sentence, are turning it into one of the most visible examples of the leadership in the Islamic Penal Code. The reason for the affiliation of these examples is jurisprudential foundations, and these authorities of governance in the field of governance, and especially in the field of criminal law, have the jurisprudential foundations of jurisprudence, and the issuance of a ruling on the basis of expediency is the result of the inseparability of the position Leadership; in a way that if the leader in government does not have this authority, the order of the Islamic society will face major problems and the political system will collapse.

The Main purpose of the present study was assessing psychometric properties of Persian version of Acceptance and action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). After forward- translation and backward-translation, data was gathered at three stages. At first stage, The AAQ-II was administered to 192 students of Tehran University and students of Tehran University of Medical science. At second stage, 158 of Tehran inhabitant completed AAQ-II, BDI-II, BAI, GHQ-28, and DERS. At third stage, two clinical groups Diagnosed with Depression Disorder (n=30) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (n=30) answered the questionnaires. Exploratory Factor Analysis identified two factors of Avoidance of Emotional Experiences and Be in Control of Life. Internal consistency was satisfactory (0.71 to 0.89). Moreover, avoidance of emotional experiences correlated significantly with depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as poor mental health. Furthermore, Discriminate Validity revealed that there is a significance difference between two clinical and nonclinical groups in avoidance of emotional experiences, but there is no significance difference between these groups in Be in Control of Life. This research provides promising evidence about psychometric properties of Persian version of Action and Acceptance Questionnaire-II in Iranian general population as well as patients with depression disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.