دکتر علی مشهدی

Ecocide refers to the extensive damage or destruction of ecosystems within a specific territory. In a specific legal sense, it refers to the destruction of the environment in pursuit of military objectives and extensive environmental damage during war. From the perspective of green criminology, the fundamental challenge in this area is the criminalization of actions by individuals, companies, industries, and governments that, in light of extensive scientific evidence, contribute to the perpetuation of this problem. To overcome environmental challenges and prevent crimes with the scope and severity of ecocide, a shift in approach from superficiality to depth is the key element in both domestic and international criminalization efforts. On the other hand, ecocide is the result of an understanding of the deep and intertwined relationship between human rights and environmental protection. Because the climate change and biodiversity emergency threaten global human rights. Another challenge in the criminalization of ecocide is proving the facts and collecting evidence of severe, long-term, and widespread harm. Because the environment cannot speak for itself, victimology aims to articulate and clarify it as a potential party or subject of rights. This descriptive and analytical research utilizes library studies and combines inductive and deductive reasoning to elucidate the philosophical, human rights, victimological, and criminological foundations. It examines the current state of ecocide and evaluates the feasibility of its criminalization as the fifth crime under the Rome Statute, despite existing challenges.

After Hosni Mubarak stepped down from power, the Egyptian political system required a modern legal framework. In political systems undergoing radical transformations, this responsibility falls upon the constituent authority and the constitution. Meanwhile, legal and political endeavors started to amend and draft a modern constitution soon after the onset of change in Egypt. The draft constitution underwent a general referendum in two stages. However, numerous legal disputes, alongside political differences, emerged regarding the constitution's content right from the outset, leading to various visions regarding Egypt's modern constitutional trajectory. In this study, we delve into the evolution of the constitutional trend in Egypt since 2013, elucidating the prevailing tendencies of approval and disagreement surrounding the draft constitution. We offer analytical insights and discuss the significance of its key provisions.

Supervision of organizations responsible for environmental protection can only guarantee the achievement of supervision objectives if it is based on an appropriate and efficient model. The present study seeks to investigate the characteristics of the Appropriate model of various forms of supervision of these organizations and to present its components in order to achieve the objectives of supervision and environmental protection.

The present article is descriptive-analytical and with the help of the library method, by examining research records in various fields of environment, law, and administration, seeks to answer the question.

In the present study, the issue has been studied in four axes of public, political, administrative, and judicial supervision and the results of the studies indicate that the existence of some characteristics to achieve effective supervision of these organizations is necessary. These components- in addition to the foundations of democratic systems- are rooted in specific environmental characteristics such as the difficulty of compensating for the damages and the formation of most of the damages in the long-term context, which requires the responsible organization to take action before the loss occurs and effective supervision to hold the organization accountable, persuasive and binding on such a task.

The main components of the supervision of organizations responsible for environmental protection can be summarized in five main areas. First: Attract public participation through communication with NGOs, stakeholders, and local communities, second: continuity and avoidance of intermittent and occasional supervision, third: preventive supervision of the responsible organization, fourth: decentralization of supervision and fifth: Consequentialism to ensure the right to a healthy environment.

Environmental issues are increasingly recognized as major international challenges, emerging as primary concerns not only for environmental activists but also for government leaders worldwide. It is evident that, in the near future, the fundamental sources of conflict among states will primarily involve environmental and natural resource issues. Within this context, mountains hold a unique significance due to their critical role in ecosystems. However, they have received insufficient attention, resulting in their delicate structures being particularly vulnerable to damage and degradation. Clearly, leveraging the frameworks of international law can facilitate the prevention of further harm and the restoration of existing damages. Notably, several European countries have already enacted legal measures in this domain, yielding positive outcomes.

This study examines the impact of perceived physical dimensions of open spaces on the social interactions of students in girls' high schools, with a focus on the mediating role of nature and furniture quality. Open spaces in schools play a vital role in the holistic development of students, yet the precise impact of the physical dimensions of these spaces on social interactions, especially in girls' high schools, has been underexplored. The main objective of this research is to understand how the physical dimensions of open spaces influence students' social interactions and to examine the mediating role of natural elements and furniture quality in this relationship. A case study approach was adopted, focusing on Somayeh (S) Girls' High School in Tehran. Data were collected through questionnaires, field observations, and semi-structured interviews with students and staff, and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results indicate that a proper understanding of the physical dimensions of open spaces has a positive and significant effect on students' social interactions. Moreover, the presence of natural elements and high-quality furniture enhances this effect as mediating factors. The findings suggest that intelligent design of open spaces, considering physical dimensions along with the inclusion of natural elements and quality furniture, can significantly improve students' social interactions and learning experiences. This study provides practical recommendations for designers, school administrators, and educational policymakers to create more favorable learning environments for female students by leveraging these findings. Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of addressing the specific needs of female students in the design of educational spaces and paves the way for further studies in this field.

The modern government is subject to the rule of law. Compliance with the law also requires acceptance of supervision. Judicial contorol of the government's actions is the most important and effective type of supervision that is applied to the actions and decisions of the government. The formation and development of this supervision is the result of concern about the need for the administration to comply with the law. This compliance is guaranteed in various ways, the most significant guarantee of which is the contorol of administrative actions and decisions by courts and judicial institutions. The judicial description of this kind of contorol separates it from other political and parliamentary, financial, administrative and quasi-judicial supervisions. The content of supervision is to match the actions and decisions of the administration (Facts) with laws, principles and rules (Acts). Monitoring the legality of government actions is divided into two categories: monitoring formal legality (jurisdiction and observance of formalities) and monitoring substantive legality (abuse of jurisdiction and mistakes). In the Islamic Republic of Iran, judicial contorol of the administration is carried out in three ways, two of which are objectionable and exceptional through the judges of the courts and the country's inspection organization, and one of which is the filing of a lawsuit and specifically through the Administrative Court of Justice. Accepts. We will examine each of these issues and evaluate them below.

The concept The discretionary powers has, these days, considerably entered the German administrative laws system. Its legitimacy, jurisdiction, implementation, and judiciary control are among the debatable issues of the administrative laws system of the country. The specific rules, in the German administrative laws system, which are introduced in the constitutional and administrative laws, are not determining the mechanisms of the discretionary powertheories of the country. Hence, it has been tried to make up for it in some constitutional and administrative courts and law literature. The ideas are diverse, though. This study attempts to present types of discretion adequacy, judiciary control aspects, and the development of judiciary policies in Germany.Then let's take a look at Iran's administrative law.The basic question of this article is what is the importance and position of discretionary jurisdiction in German administrative law. The basic premise of this article in response to the main question is that discretionary jurisdiction in German law has provided the basis for the creation and expansion of some concepts and institutions of administrative law.

The disruption of contemporary representative democracies in the reflection of the public will in legal-political systems has led to the rotation of the formal system of transfer of power to the informal system, depleting democracy and confronting contemporary societies with numerous crises, including the crisis of legitimacy. This article examines the concept of constitutional Power and the constitutional form in Jürgen Habermas's legal philosophy in order to determine the ideal system of exercising power. The paper argues that the concept of the constitutional Power must be embedded in a constitutional theory that can explain the difference between legitimate law and the mere use of power. Accordingly, Habermas a participatory democracy based on structural principles including a world life outside control of government and market, a public sphere based on communicative actions and the principles of behavior including legitimate law that has passed the filter of public discourse, realization of the ethics of discourse including freedom, equality and absorption and the backgrounda of modern society with Self-founded Reason prescribe foundation as a solution to crises of contemporary societies. Habermas's theory can convincingly state the general conditions of constitutionalism and legitimate legislation that exercise private and public autonomy in the legal system.

There are many international treaties and modern procedures in environmental protection which are subject tothe modern legal principles and rules that can contribute greatly to the expansion of International Environmental Laws. The procedure of most modern treaties has been based on compensation for environmental damages in a way that even the treaties and conventions that did not mention compensation for damages in the past were amended in the following editions and sessions. Iran, likemany other countries, is a member of Protocols, Conventions, and Environmental Treaties such as Climate Change Convention, Ramsar Convention, Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Basel Convention, Cartagena Protocol, Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution, but it (Iran) has not been very successful in Environmental Laws and implementation of Legal Practices in Environmental Protection in such a way that there is not much obligation regarding Environmental Protection and in cases where the government itself is the damaging party (side) to the environment, Real Entities or Private Non-Governmental Organization are in no position to defend or make Environmental Complaints against the Government. Also, Iran’s Legal Policy for the Environmental Compensation of environmental damagesis based on the Theory of Fault and practically there are a lot of problems for the injured party to prove the fault. Therefore, the primary reason for the difficultiesof implementing the Modern Practices of International Environmental Law in Iranian Law is due to the infirmity andapproval of Environmental Laws as well as the lack of obligation of the Government and Institutions to implement the international convention.

Economic systems, from the perspective of legal origin, are generally of two kinds or a combination of these two; the free market or private ownership system or state-controlled or public ownership system. But the drafters of the 1358 Constitution, speak of a third type of economic system called the Islamic economy. An attempt has been made in the present research, to examine and analyze with an analytical-descriptive approach, the various viewpoints of the drafters of the Constitution regarding these three types of economic systems within the framework of the principles of the Constitution. The main question in the present research is what the experts who played a role in drafting the Constitution thought concerning the economic system of the country and the rules governing it. It seems that free economic competition and private economic freedoms have been minimally accepted by the Council of Experts under the auspices of the government and of Islam.Moreover, the main discourse governing the Assembly of Experts of that period was a type of state-controlled or public ownership economy that was combined also with a form of revolutionary-Islamic economy. For this reason, authors, using the method of genetic interpretation, have called the economic system intended by experts drafting the Constitution as a public ownership system. Economic systems, Socialist economic, private economic, Islamic economic system. The results of this study revealed that, the inference that can be drawn from the discussions of the Assembly of Experts and also the final ratified principles (especially the current Article 44) is that free economic competition and private economic freedoms were minimally accepted within the founding institution. Second, at times, the goals and foundations present in individualistic or collectivist economic systems were expressed differently by the Assembly of Experts; however, they negated these economic systems in their entirety. Third, it can be deduced from the overall discourse of the constitutional legislators that there was no unified, precise, consistent, and clear theory of the concept of an Islamic economy in the Assembly of Experts, and even the term "Islamic economy" was not used in the text of the Constitution. They often confined themselves to mentioning general viewpoints regarding Islamic economy or discussed the economy in Islam or the Islamization of the economy. Fourth, the content of the Constitution should be organized in such a way that by stating fundamental rules and rights, it has the function of being up-to-date and adaptable to customary and contemporary situations and conditions. This is particularly applicable concerning the economic principles of the Constitution.

The illegal hunting and trafficking of various wildlife species, which is a leading factor in their destruction, has increased significantly in recent years.The Houbara bustard is an internationally vulnerable species, listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List, as well as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), a pivotal international instrument for wildlife protection. Additionally, the Houbara has been designated as an endangered species under the Bonn Convention. Safeguarding this vulnerable and valuable Iranian wildlife species has become a pressing issueWhile Iran has enacted various regulations and permitting systems related to the hunting and capture of wild animals, ostensibly in alignment with CITES, numerous challenges remain in preventing the smuggling of Houbara to Persian Gulf countries. This study aims to examine the dimensions and significance of this problem, as well as potential solutions grounded in domestic and international law, utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology based on library research.

In recent decades, the association of symptoms of cognitive disengagement syndrome with subtypes of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been the focus of researchers’ attention in this field. The aim of the present study is to determine the mediating role of deficit in executive function in the relationship between symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cognitive disengagement syndrome.

The current research is descriptive and of the correlation and path analysis type. In 2023, 612 college students from different universities of Iran selected by the available sampling method completed 2 questionnaires including Barkley ADHD Adult Rating Scale (BAARS) and Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS). The data was analyzed by using the Lisrel 8.8 software and the path analysis method.

At a significance level of 0.001, all three variables of attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity had indirect effects on cognitive disengagement syndrome. Thereby, for the effect of attention deficit and impulsivity, the two variables of self-organization/problem solving and self-motivation played a mediating role, but for the indirect effect of hyperactivity on cognitive disengagement syndrome, only self-organization/problem solving played a mediating role. In general, it can be said that deficit in executive functions plays a significant mediating role between symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cognitive disengagement syndrome.

Considering the mediating role of executive function of self-organization/problem solving and self-motivation, it is expected that, in addition to more accurate differential diagnosis, by considering these executive function in the design and planning of treatment, concurrent with improving Symptoms of ADHD, improvement in the symptoms of cognitive disengagement syndrome could also be observed.

The admission of evidence and the burden of proving a claim are crucial elements in asserting rights in any legal proceeding, including the administrative proceeding. Judicial supervision serves specific objectives that the administrative proceeding must align with. Given the disparity in power between citizens and administrative bodies, the admission of evidence in administrative proceedings should be facilitated in favor of citizens. Moreover, that the burden of proof rests with the claimant is a principle that should be adjusted in favor of citizens, and the court should accurately identify the true claimant party. Furthermore, the court’s decisions should be supported by evidence-based reasoning. During proceedings, both parties present their evidence, and the judge should actively seek additional evidence when required. Merely reflecting the conclusion of reasoning in the court’s decision falls short of characterizing the decision as evidence-based. In this respect, the present study aimed to examine a number of decisions by the Administrative Court of Justice concerning the distribution of the burden of proof, the judge’s active approach in seeking evidence, and the incorporation of reasoning process in the decisions. The study tried to address the following research questions: How is the burden of proof distributed between the parties during court proceedings? And to what extent are the issued decisions based on evidence?

A review of the related literature revealed a Persian-language article titled “Critical Analysis of Consideration of Evidence in the Administrative Court of Justice” (Mohsenzadeh, 2018), which investigated the issue of evidence in the Administrative Court of Justice.

Using a library research method, the present study analyzed the textual content of decisions issued by various branches of the Administrative Court of Justice.

Not every citizen who files a complaint in the Administrative Court of Justice is necessarily the claimant; they may have initially been accused of a violation by the administration. In such instances, the administration is the actual claimant, despite the citizen initiating the legal complaint. Moreover, when the administration fails to fulfill its legal obligations, the plaintiff citizen is burdened with proving the nullity in the lawsuit. Therefore, imposing the burden of proof on the citizen is not commensurate with the objectives of administrative proceedings.In instances where the administration accuses a citizen of a violation and issues a decision or some kind of punishment based on that accusation, the administration should provide clear and compelling evidence—as imposing punishment necessitates incontrovertible proof. Put differently, by assessing evidence presented by both parties with a margin of 51% favoring the administration and 49% favoring the citizen, one cannot subject the citizen to penalties such as fines, building demolitions, or the revocation of business licenses. In cases where there is no punishment for the citizen, the administration must be held accountable, providing a rationale for its actions and decisions. Consequently, the burden of proof cannot be placed on the citizen making the claim as practiced in civil lawsuits, but rather it is necessary that the judge get actively involved in seeking evidence.In administrative proceedings, most documents are under the control of the administration, leaving citizens without access to them. It is thus becomes incumbent upon the judge to request those documents from the administration and thoroughly examinethem. In administrative proceedings, the judge must not adopt a passive stance, merely accepting the evidence presented by the involved parties. Instead, they should take an active role in seeking out evidence pertinent to different aspects of the case. Furthermore, if necessary, the judge should delegate the investigation to judicial officers or refer the matter to an expert.Act on Organizations and Procedures of the Administrative Court of Justice addresses this need in Article (7) by considering the referral of matters to experts, as well as in Article (41), which predicts any investigation and the use of judicial officers forsuch purposes. Additionally, Article (44) grants judges the authority to demand documents from the administration. These articles underscore the imperative for judges to get actively involved in seeking evidence and to leverage these capabilities to uncover the truth and establish certainty in administrative proceedings. These legal provisions are designed to create balance and empower citizens, who often find themselves in a disadvantaged position against administrative bodies wielding public power. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to use such legal provisions in administrative proceedings to safeguard the rights of citizens.Additionally, the court’s decision must be accompanied by evidence-based reasoning. A reasoned judgment includes the evidence presented by both parties. Moreover, the judge shall be tasked with determining what evidence is the most powerful andpersuasive and why. The judge should clearly state both the premises of reasoning and the conclusion in the final verdict. Merely using phrases such as according to the contents of the case and the arguments expressed, followed by the conclusion, does not meet the criteria of evidence-based, valid judgment. Judges must not merely rely on the reasoning process as it goes on in their minds, nor is it sufficient to simply state the conclusion. Instead, they must incorporate the premises, the reasoning, and the conclusion in the final decision.

The findings indicate that the burden of proving the claim weighs heavily on the citizen. The judge, however, rarely exhibited the requisite level of diligence in seeking evidence and leveraging the provisions outlined in Articles (7), (41), and (44) of Act on Organizations and Procedures of the Administrative Court of Justice. It was also found that the reasoning process underlying the court’s decisions was not clearly articulated in the decisions.

Air pollution in third world countries has become a serious crisis for the citizens due to the increase in population and the activities of polluting units. In this regard, in addition to criminal measures, legal systems also use administrative and disciplinary measures to deal with this phenomenon. This article has reviewed and evaluated the evolution of administrative and disciplinary measures against air pollution in the framework of French law as a country that has accumulated legal experience on air pollution for many years. These experiences based on administrative law can be considered as a good solution for countries with air pollution problems, including Iran. The basic purpose of administrative and disciplinary regulations is to prevent, monitor and target or reduce air pollution. The most important of these measures include tax crimes, inspection, determining the permissible limit of pollutants, canceling licenses, and the like. In this article, by using analytical and descriptive methods, it has been tried to answer the basic question that according to the experience of French law, what administrative and disciplinary measures can be identified to deal with air pollution. The most important feature of the French legal regime in the field of dealing with air pollution is the preparation and implementation of plans to deal with air pollution by administrative authorities.

In Iran, in recent years, especially in metropolises, air pollution has increased and caused irreparable damage to human health and property quality. Considering that the possibility of compensating for the damage caused by air pollution is somehow impossible due to its special nature and characteristics, and the harm from air pollution remain uncompensated, legal rules and regulations for air pollution are one of the most important means for air protection. The country's development programs are the most important instruments in which development goals and strategies are formulated according to the ideals, capabilities, facilities and environmental conditions of the country. Paying attention to air protection issues in the country's program rules can be an effective step in this direction. The purpose of this research is to investigate the approach of the development programs in air protection, using a descriptive-analytical method. By studying the provisions of the program rules, it became clear that the issues of prevention and reduction of air pollution within the standards of the World Health Organization, monitoring and control of pollutant sources through self-report, control and management of greenhouse gas emissions, dealing with fine dust using different solutions in the development programs has been considered.

Approval of city tolls is one of the duties of city councils. In the matter of tolls belonging to the municipalities, the legislator has either directly assigned the task or delegated the authority to impose it to the city councils. Accordingly, many lawsuits have been heard in the General Assembly of the Court of Administrative Justice with the request to annul the resolutions mentioned, for which different results have been obtained, both annulment and non-annulment.Possibility of approving this toll tariff, based on the votes of the General Assembly of the Court of Administrative Justice; Part 1 of Article 35 of the Law on the Organization of Islamic Councils of the country approved in 1982 with subsequent amendments and laws such as articles of the Law on Organization, Duties and Elections of Islamic Councils of the country approved in 1375 and the Law on Value Added Tax approved in 1387 and the law of the Fifth Development Plan and ..., Documented. In this article, using analytical-descriptive method, while examining the nature of the fees of business and professional rights of banks and financial and credit institutions and its legal possibility, especially in the case of state-owned institutions, critique the conflicting procedure of the General Board of Administrative Justice in handling cases. Relevant and it is determined that the reasoning bases of this judicial authority can be challenged in this regard.

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between fear of Covid-19 and health anxiety with mediating neuroticism, behavioral inhibitory system and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

In regard to the purpose, this research was applicable and in regard to procedure, descriptive and it was a correlation study. The study population consisted of all adults aged 18 to 60 in Mashhad city in 2020-2021, among which 450 were selected as samples by available sampling and blocking method. Research instruments included: fear of Covid-19 questionnaire (2020), health anxiety questionnaire (1989), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (2010), behavioral activation and inhabition systems scale (1994) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (1992). Analysis method of this study was path analysis which was used to examine the Forecast path of study variables.

Findings showed that the relationship of fear of Covid-19 could predict health anxiety, both directly and indirectly through neuroticism, behavioral inhibition system and the use of negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation. It can be concluded that during the Covid-19 pandemic, neuroticism, behavioral inhibition system and consequently, cognitive emotion regulation skill plays a key role in the scale of health anxiety in individuals.

Enjoying a proper, healthy and hygienic work environment and protection during work and retirement due to the right to life, the right to health, the right to work and social security and the right to a healthy environment are human rights reasons for supporting hard-working and harmful workers.Employment of workers subject to the Labor and Social Security Act working in hard and harmful jobs in order to enjoy legal protections must be obtained in these jobs. This leads to a claim under job title reform. some consider this as a dispute between the workers and the Social Security Administration, and it is primarily within the competence of the organization to deal with it. Some also consider this dispute as one of the disputes arising from the provisions of the labor law and in the category of disputes between the worker and the employer and its handling is primarily in the competence of the labor recognition and dispute resolution boards. Considering the provisions of Articles 148 and 157 of the Labor Law and Article 39 of the Social Security Law and the Unity Vote of Procedure No. 1115-1114 dated 1/4/1400 of the General Assembly of the Court of Administrative Justice, the recent opinion is more in line with laws and regulations.

Nowadays, many aesthetic concepts in the field of towers have been imposed on tourists through fashion, such as Roman, neoclassical, and... Instead of conveying meaning, these buildings have only become a means of consumption and repetition of fashion in the society. This reproduction of fashion without paying attention to the principles of European classical and neoclassical architecture and only taking its external elements such as columns, statues, etc., not according to the standards of this architecture, but sometimes accompanied by its change, and only the image of fashion architecture It has been shown. In addition, there is no provision for measuring the taste of urban tourists in this field. The purpose of writing this article is to compare the factors that play a role in tourists' perception of the objective aesthetics of high-rise residential towers. The type of research in this research is practical. The research method in this research is qualitative and based on descriptive, analytical and comparative approach. In order to collect data from semi-structured interviews and in the process of data analysis, Atlas software was used. The results of this realization consist of three parts. In the first part, there are components that have been mentioned by more people and also have more commonality among the towers, among which, as the component with the highest commonality and influence, the "component" A high variety of shapes can be seen. The second part of the conclusion is also related to the correlation of objective aesthetic components in the facade of the towers. Keywords: Urban Tourists, Objective Aesthetics, Perceptual Experience Façade, High-rise Tower 1. IntroductionIn all cities until the last decade, there are no guidelines for facade design, which makes every employer design with a different idea and follow this document in Tehran for every high-rise building with other towers on the facade. For example, the difference in the size of the openings, the difference in the use of decorations, the difference in the concept view, etc. It does not have a unified identity and harmony in the facade of the buildings. Mentioned buildings turn into fashion tools by losing meaning (Imani and Zafarmandi, 2014). In the last decade, in the municipality of big cities, it is done for general decisions for the purpose of control, and this itself has become the reason for the movement of views towards uniformity. Usually, architects follow the common styles to design the facade of high-rise towers for personalization on the body and environment. Like modern and minimalist style. Employers also have a mechanism in facade design to involve customers' opinions in facade design. Aesthetic response to the characteristics of an interwoven structure that includes perception, emotional reactions, cognitive and cognitive evaluations in the individual and clearly biological, personality, social and cultural experience, goals, expectations, associations, internal and environmental structures, in different people. , are different (Nasar & Hong, 1999). Environmental theory states that acquiring knowledge about the beauty of the environment is formed from it (Carlson, 2000). Considering these issues, in fact, it is a combination of the opinions of engineers and employers that is used in the design of the facade of high-rise residential towers. Since the perception of aesthetics is dependent on the perception of the tourist and the characteristics of the physical environment. Therefore, it is important to present a research in the field of aesthetic analysis of high-rise residential towers considering these two components. Are there features in the environment that appeal to everyone? It seems that the need for more transparency or reduction of uncertainty is included in this classification. Clarity has value in itself. The perceptual system contributes to greater clarity. He said that the main facades of residential apartments are the most important and the first factors that are recognized when facing these buildings, and the beauty of the main facade is not unaffected by the beauty of the urban environment (Pakzad, 2003). Contemporary researches have been conducted in the field of the effects of beauty on psychological function. More than two thousand years ago, Vitruvius was the first person who, in his treatise, paid attention to three important characteristics of architecture: "sustainability, functional architecture, beauty" (Pollio, 1914). In particular, one of the most important elements expected from a destination is the aesthetic experience. The aesthetic judgment of the destination has a positive and direct effect on three dimensions of tourists' behavioral decision-making (intention to revisit, recommend to others, and decision to pay more) (Gulertekin Genc & Temizkan, 2023). 2. Literature ReviewHegel believed that Beauty is the expansion of the mind that gives a person the perception of a phenomenon, process or event (Pakzad, 2008). Alberti, the architect of the Renaissance era, considered beauty in architecture to be in proportion and unity between components (Lang & Grutter, 2017). The evidence of scientists' research shows that beauty as an effective factor in the continuation of the generation has been a criterion in selection, and in other words, beauty is considered equal to health and flawlessness, and with the passage of time, it has been effective in the formation of human psychological patterns. Thornhill, 2003). On a large scale, aesthetics is not only limited to the ideas of beauty, but also includes its types and even its opposite, i.e. ugliness (Kirillova, 2023). Beauty experience as a factor in decision making (Chatterjee & Vartanian, 2014). Beauty is not only limited to art; over time the field of aesthetics has expanded (Davies. et al, 2009). Apartments can be classified into two categories, the first category includes buildings below eight floors (mid-rise) and the second category includes buildings above eight floors (high-rise) (Crosbie & Chiara, 1995). Identity is one of our psychological needs and a prerequisite for any social life (Qasemi, 2017). In its progress, the aesthetic experience must pass through the sensory realm and enter the mental and semantic domain (Kholosi, Behzadfar and Mohammadi, 2013). The aesthetic experience of architecture is always a complex category and influenced by different factors, therefore knowing what and how this experience is as a qualitative necessity can influence the design process and principles of architecture (Mousaviyan, 2022). The way to evaluate one's feelings and emotions in an architectural space is the last factor affecting the aesthetic experience in an architectural space (Chatterjee and Vartanian, 2017). Today, what is taken from the word "Aesthetics" or its translation "Aesthetics" is based on the objective and subjective dimensions of beauty (Khakzand et al., 2013). The conducted researches based on Gestalt psychology, the theories presented in connection with the urban vision and landscape and the perspectives that analyze the city from a visual perspective deal with the role of multiple senses in the beauty of the environment (Lang, 2016). A wide range of articles and books that deal with the issue of environmental preferences; All of them are introduced as a part of the research related to aesthetics in urban planning; Nevertheless, it seems that these researches have examined a set of scattered and different topics, and how they are related to each other is not clear (Habibi and Vosughi, 2015). Form is one of the components of objective aesthetics. Form means regularity between parts (Arnheim, 2003), and Rumi also emphasizes the necessity of using specific criteria in aesthetic judgment and the necessity of its rational justification (Yousefian, 2009). Many designers tried to increase the beauty of urban landscapes based on these rules (Shahbazi, 2017). In general, objective aesthetics arises from the order of sensory materials and is more focused on the shapes, rhythms, complexities and visual compositions of the external environment. The main point of objective aesthetics is to pay attention to the visual structure of the environment (Lavie and Tractinsky, 2004). In the present research, the priorities of the components of objective aesthetics have been extracted from the consensus of 43 experts. In the following, the mentioned components are mentioned in full, then in Table 1, the priorities mentioned among the components are categorized. The components of objective aesthetics include: order, proportions, harmony, balance, unity, rhythm, continuity and continuity, porosity, decorative elements and details, color and materials, lines, style, form, light shade. As the main goal of this research, a comparative comparison of the objective aesthetic criteria of high-rise residential towers in Tehran with the perceptual experience approach of tourists is considered. Among the different forms of tourism, urban tourism is for visiting cities. The motivation of this type of tourism is visiting sightseeing, shopping, business or entertainment. Along with the development of tourism in urban areas, more support services such as restaurants and accommodation are built to meet the needs of tourists. This type of tourism is compared to rural tourism. In comparison, tourism facilities in this way are much more and increase the attraction of tourists.Among the different forms of tourism, urban tourism is for visiting cities. The motivation of this type of tourism is visiting sightseeing, shopping, business or entertainment. Along with the development of tourism in urban areas, more supporting services such as restaurants and accommodation are built to meet the needs of tourists, although urban tourists are not the only ones who use these facilities, and the people of the city also benefit from these infrastructures. This type of tourism is compared to rural tourism. In comparison, tourism facilities in this way are much more and increase the attraction of tourists. 3. Research questionThe main question of this research is what are the objective aesthetic criteria of the facade of high-rise residential towers in Tehran according to the user's perceptual experience? 4. MethodologyThe method of this research is qualitative and based on descriptive, analytical and comparative approach. In this research, the selection of the statistical population has been made in order to answer the questionnaire of the components of objective aesthetics, which includes questions extracted from the first priorities of objective aesthetics. The mentioned priorities are the result of examining the views of 43 experts in the field of aesthetics. The mentioned items can be seen in Table 1.In order to have comprehensiveness of the research and create validity, the statistical population is divided into two categories (statistical sample resulting from it): these categories include passers-by (urban tourists) on horseback and on foot. The number of interviewees in this research is 50 based on the statistical population of the research. In order to control the conditions and get reliable answers from the interviews, buildings with similar conditions have been selected. According to the purpose of the research, towers have been chosen as samples. The selected towers for this research are five residential towers in the height range of 20 to 22 floors, which have similar dimensions and heights. These towers are located in five different neighborhoods in the 22nd district of Tehran, and their characteristics and locations are specified in Table 2.In collecting information, description and interpretation of the existing conditions have been done in order to present a more complete and different definition of the subject in question. In this research, library sources and authoritative references, whose validity has been evaluated in advance, are used, and information about the way of human perception, unconsciousness, identity, types of design, objectivity, mental image and collective aesthetics is used. It is collected, then by comparing the views of experts on objective aesthetics, the most frequent and important cases are prioritized. Finally, the independent and dependent variables related to the specific purpose and the micro-factors related to the components are determined. The continuation of the research process has been done through inferential data in order to analyze and test people's perception. This is done through the mentioned objective aesthetic components questionnaire and semi-structured interview. After conducting the interviews, Atlas.ti software was used to compare the answers obtained from the interviews, coding and classifying them. First, the typed files of the answers of the interviewees are entered into the mentioned software, then the propositions (examples) related to the desired priorities in objective aesthetics are selected from among the answers, and from them the components of aesthetics from the point of view of the urban tourist. (sub-themes) are selected. Next, the frequency and sharing of the mentioned sub-themes in this software are compared and the desired criteria are weighted. The summary form and step by step of the above-mentioned methodological steps of the research can be examined in diagram 1. 5. ResultsBased on the results obtained from the previous chapters and the answers received from the interviewees; Materials were obtained that form the body of our research. The charts mentioned below; There are categories of visual and perceptual components of objective aesthetics and their sub-branches. In this section, we tried to refine the mentioned materials and summarize them in tables.Data analysis was done to extract sub-themes with Atlas.ti software and finally 61 sub-themes (Charts 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) were extracted from the responses of the interviewees. The mentioned themes are subsets of the main themes of proportions, facade lines, color and materials, form and order. In each of the diagrams 2 to 6, the types of connection between the sub-themes (subsets) and with the main themes (head of the set) are shown. The type of communication between sub-themes is divided into opposite and non-communicating. Also, the form of communication between sub-themes (subsets) and the main themes (head of the set) is defined as "is part of".After extracting and categorizing the sub-themes of the research, we will compare their frequency (mentioned by people) in high and low frequency areas. First, this comparison is done among those sub-themes that are a subset of a common main theme, so that the correlation of those sub-themes is completed, then the comparison of the high and low areas of abundance in relation to all the sub-themes of the research is done at once. is done (diagrams 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11). In the mentioned charts, a quantitative comparison of the frequency of each main theme's subgroups (proportions, facade lines, color and materials, form and order) has been done in the high and low frequency areas.In the analysis of the sub-themes, a component has been found that has a 100% share between the interviews of the towers and ranked first in terms of frequency. The sharing of components between the towers is the result of a series of common features in the facade of the towers. In the mentioned towers, the variety of shapes and forms in the facade was present both in the facade itself and compared to other towers around, they had different and more varied shapes and forms. The surrounding towers generally had simple and cubic shapes, and common and simple attachments were also available as facade elements in some of them. 6. ConclusionBy analyzing the data obtained from the comparative comparison of the objective aesthetic components between the towers, it is understood that a series of components have the highest frequency (indicated by people) and they are also common among the interviews of all the towers, on this basis, counting them as the most effective The cases in the objective aesthetics of the facade of high-rise residential towers are justified from the perspective of the perceptual experience of urban tourists. A series of cases in the photo have the lowest amount of frequency and no commonality between the interviews of the towers, which the mentioned explanation justifies recognizing them as the least effective cases in the objective aesthetics of the facade of high-rise residential towers from the perspective of the tourist's perceptual experience. The "high shape diversity" component, based on research findings, has the highest frequency and commonality among towers; The most effective component of objective aesthetics from the point of view of tourists is the view of high-rise residential towers. Comparing the frequency of sub-themes in the subset of each main theme shows the correlations of those sub-themes, which was done by comparing the mentioned sub-themes between the five selected towers. Comparing all sub-themes of the research together also shows the correlation between the upper and lower areas of the sub-themes. In comparing the frequency of all research sub-themes with each other, "high diversity of shape" and "high diversity of line shape" have a direct correlation in high frequency, which is the reason for having the highest frequencies and commonalities between the towers. In the low area of abundance, the mentioned sub-themes have a direct correlation with each other and are actually the least influential components: "Small size of components", "Balance of warm and cold colors", "Dark color", "Fabulous color" , "precious material", "conventional shape", "absence of false skyline", "more empty space", "covering facilities", "linear layout", "different angles" and "greater distance between components" which is the main reason for having The lowest frequencies and commonalities are among the research towers. The mentioned sub-themes have an indirect correlation with each other as high and low frequency areas.The purpose of writing this article was to compare the factors affecting the objective aesthetic perception of tourists from the facade of high-rise residential towers; By comparing the frequency and relationship of research sub-themes with each other, the main question of the research about what these components are was answered.As mentioned in the introduction of the research; One of the most important demands of tourists about an environment is aesthetic experience. Also, according to theoretical foundations, aesthetic experience is known as a factor in decision making. This beauty is an expansion in the memory that is achieved by the perception of a phenomenon, process or event. The findings of the current research (sub-themes and their relationship and frequency) have been achieved in line with what and how to perceive objective aesthetics.In previous researches that share the same topic with the present research; The facades of residential buildings have been examined from the perspective of users' expectations, and the disturbances in these facades are due to the failure to meet these expectations. In this research, by achieving the effective factors on the objective aesthetic perception of tourists, the effective components and their relationships are identified in this field, which can create a way to implement and fulfill the expectations of tourists and users. In addition, in past researches, the theory Verbal communication has been proposed as a framework to identify factors affecting the aesthetic quality of the environment, the reason for which is the absence of a clear image of the dimensions of the aesthetic quality of a place or urban space in general. In the present research, by obtaining the components of objective aesthetics from the point of view of tourists, factors have been obtained that have created a framework for determining the dimensions of objective aesthetics from the point of view of tourists.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impairments in patterns of family communication and family functions in adolescents with Bipolar mood Disorder (BD).

The Method of the present study was descriptive with a two group comparative causal method. The statistical population included all adolescents with Bipolar Disorder. 52 hospitalized adolescents whit BD in EbneSina psychiatry hospital were selected through convenience sampling. 52 healthy volunteers were considered in order to compare Data. Data were collected through the two questionnaires of Family Communication Patterns (FCP) and Family Assessment Device (FDA). In order to analyze data, Multivariate analysis of variance was used. All the data analysis process was done using "SPSS 26" statistical software.

The results showed that there are significant differences between two groups of Adolescents (with bipolar disorder and healthy) in the components of Family functions questionnaire (problem solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, behavior control and general function) and the components of family Communication patterns questionnaire (Conversational Orientation and Conformity orientation) (P<0/001). The presence of impairments in family functions in adolescents with BD should be considered as an important factor in treatments and interventions.

Genetic engineering as a technology with potential and actual abilities and capacities can play a fundamental role in removing some obstacles in the production of agricultural, industrial, and medical products. But we should not ignore the possible dangers of genetic engineering on human health and the environment. In this regard, various biosafety conventions, protocols, laws, and standards have been developed and approved in the world to provide a solution for the production, trade, and safe use of genetically modified resources. One of these documents is the "Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur" supplementary protocol. The purpose of this research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, is to express the international responsibility of governments for transboundary damages caused by genetically modified resources with a view to the supplementary protocol of Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur. The findings indicate that the supplementary protocol, as a part of the legal order created in the international law system, can resolve conflicts in that system. As long as the primary commitment of the Supplementary Protocol, i.e. to make a fundamental change in the implementation of the public law approach to liability for biodiversity damage, is realized even while respecting the domestic laws of the members that reflect their specific economic, social, and legal circumstances, the aim of the Protocol is at least This has been achieved and to solve this criticism, we can resort to the existing solutions regarding the interpretation of multilateral environmental agreements.

Enforcement of judgments is the aim of the Trial and the end of waiting for the restoration of rights and justice, but enforcing the content of court rulings in a decisive, complete and desirable manner has always been an important challenge for the courts. The study of the execution of judgments is especially important in those courts that deal with citizens' complaints against government agencies. The implementation of the judgments of the General Delegation of the Administrative Justice Court, as an indicator of the rights and freedoms of citizens, reflects the control of power by law and the protection of public rights and freedoms, and therefore there are more challenges here.The present study has investigated the most important challenges of enforcement of judgements of the General Delegation of the Administrative Justice Court by descriptive-analytical and pathological methods. This has been done by separating legislative and judicial judgments and analyzing the effects of each of them, as well as examining some common challenges in the implementation of sentences in both sections. Also, the research in each section has provided solutions to improve and streamline the enforcement of judgements of the General Delegation of the Administrative Justice Court.

In the second half of the 21st century, stakeholders of the petroleum industry established international arbitration precedents, which gave birth to important verdicts and legal principles in international law. These precedents have played a key role in resolving disputes. According to the analytical and explanatory review of theories and verdicts of international arbitration regarding the rules of different countries through desk methods, online documents, and online references over time, it is concluded that arbitral verdicts have not only resolved the petroleum sector disputes but also effectively prevented their recurrence through meticulous cause analysis.

The legal regulation of political power is considered a formal characteristic of fundamental rights. The principle of separation of powers is one of the fundamental principles that can regulate political power. From this point of view, it is important what attitudes and readings the constitutional law experts had in 1358 regarding the concept of separation of powers. Acknowledging the opinions of constitutional experts on the principle of separation of powers in the Assembly of Constitutional Experts has a close connection with the inclusion and implementation of this principle in the Constitution. Based on this, in the following article, the authors have tried, in the shadow of the theoretical examination of the foundations of the principle of separation of powers in the West and Islamic legal systems, the views and perceptions of the experts of the Constitution in the Assembly of Experts of the Constitution with it. to evaluate the ratio to obtain a broad and deep understanding of the concept of the separation of powers in the Parliament of the final review of the Constitution and related approval principles. This research has concluded with a descriptive-analytical method that there were eleven different interpretations of the concept of separation of powers in the Parliament of the final review of the Constitution. Based on these eleven different opinions, except two opinions, constitutional law experts did not have a new attitude to the content of the concept of separation of powers, and therefore the structural principles of separation of powers were relatively and differently manifested in the constitution. In other words, the principles and benefits of the separation of powers were not rejected by constitutional experts in general, but they were not fully reflected in the Constitution. At the end of the research, a proposal has been submitted to the revision body of the Constitution of Iran to complete and amend the aforementioned principles in line with the ultimate goals of the concept of separation of powers.

The macro-approaches to judicial review indicate the general orientation of the courts on how to exercise judicial control over administrative actions .In the administrative judicial review literature, three general approaches can be distinguished from each other. The right-based or English approach, which is based more on the red light theory. An organizational-oriented of functionalism or American approach that is based more on green light theory and attention to the requirements of management, efficiency and new public administration. Finally, Hybrid approach or Australian-Canadian models that are more based on the yellow light theory.The main question is, on what basis and theoretical and practical concerns have each of the aforementioned approaches been formed and developed in administrative law? The basic presumption of this article is based on, the foundations of legal systems in the macro model of judicial review is related to the philosophical foundations of law, human rights, and the separation of powers.