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The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of career optimism and pessimism in students’ employability perception. Particularly, this study examined the mediating role of academic performance and job search self-efficacy. The research design was descriptive and correlational. The sample consisted of 366 students studying in Shahrekord University in the academic year 2021-2022. They were selected through stratified sampling method. They filled out scales on their employability, job search self-efficacy, career optimism and career pessimism. In addition, the mean score was considered to measure academic performance. Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between career optimism with employability perception, academic performance and job search self-efficacy.  Moreover, there was a negative and significant relationship between career pessimism and employability perception. Also, the indirect effect of career optimism on employability perception through the mediation of academic performance and job search self-efficacy was confirmed. In general, the students’ career optimism increased their employability perception. However, the students’ career pessimism decreased their employability perception. On the other hand, career optimism could also lead to an increase in students’ employability perception by enhancing academic performance and job search self-efficacy.
In recent years, the issue of having a job has always been raised as one of the basic challenges for students (Menon & Saraswathy, 2017). With regard to the employability of the students, researchers have focused on their employability perception (Jackson & Wilton, 2017), which is defined as their perceived ability to achieve stable employment according to their conditions (Rothwell & Herbert, 2008). One of the variables related to the students’ employability perception is academic performance. It is considered as an important predictor for job performance (Brown & Campion, 1994). Graduates with high academic performance, probably get better ratings from employers (Pinto & Ramalheira, 2017). Another variable examined in this study is job search self-efficacy. Students with a high level of self-efficacy will show better employability skills (Ab Halim et al., 2019).
Other variables examined in this study include career optimism and pessimism. Optimistic individuals pay attention to the bright aspects of life and maintain their hope in difficult periods and, as a result, have high self-efficacy (Schuller & Seligman, 2008). On the other hand, pervasive negative expectations resulting from pessimism lead to a feeling of despair in individuals. As such, they refrain from engaging in activities outside their intrinsic motivation (Elliot & Church, 2003). With respect to academic performance, it can be stated that optimistic expectations often increase students’ academic performance (Icekson et al., 2020). On the other hand, an increase in pessimism can decrease academic performance (El-Anzi, 2005; Ruthig et al., 2009; Roso-Bas et al., 2016).
Regarding the relationship between career optimism and pessimism and employability perception, it can be stated that optimists have positive expectations about their career goals (Haratsis et al., 2016; Spurk et al., 2015). On the other hand, pessimists mainly focus on the problems and disadvantages of the dynamic process of change, which is the characteristic of today’s work atmosphere (Saka & et al., 2008). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating roles of academic performance and job search self-efficacy in the relationship between career optimism and career pessimism with employability perception. The main objective of this study was to present a model of the relationship between career optimism and career pessimism with students’ employability perception through the mediation of academic performance and job search self-efficacy had a suitable fit.
 
The current research study was of descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all students of Shahrekord University in the academic year of 2021-2022. For this study, 370 students were selected through stratified sampling method. They filled out scales on their employability, job search self-efficacy, career optimism and career pessimism. It should be noted that students’ GPA was used as a measure of academic performance. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software (version 23) and AMOS23 software, and Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling analysis.
 
The descriptive statistics of the research variables including mean, standard deviation and correlation coefficients of the variables are reported in Table 1.

Table 1
 Mean, Standard Deviation and Intercorrelations between Research Variables




Variables


Descriptives


Intercorrelation


 


 




Mean


Std deviation


1


2


3


4


5




Employability perception


5.30


.76


1


 


 


 


 




Career optimism


3.77


.64


.57**


1


 


 


 




Job search self-efficacy


3.82


.60


55**.


.55**


1


 


 




Career pessimism


1.90


.84


-.42**


-.60**


.38**-


1


 




Academic performance


16.55


 


.23**


.17**


.13*


-.14*


1




*  p<.05  **p<.01

In addition, Table 2 shows the fit indices of the modified research model, which indicate the acceptability and approval of the assumed model.
 
 
 
Table 2
Values ​​of Structural Equation Model Generality Evaluation Indices




Indices


Perfect fit


Adaptive fit


Frugal fit


Holter




 


CMIN


GFI


TLI


CFI


PCFI


DF


CMIN/DF


RMSEA


 




Value


704.65


.85


.84


.86


.75


262


2.69


.07


143




 
 
Figure 1
The Assumed Model of the Research
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3
Total, Direct and Indirect Effects Between Research Variables




 


Determination coeficient


Dependent variable


Mediation


Independent variable




Indirect


Direct


Total




P


Beta


P


Beta


P


Beta




.044


.03


.012


.50


.013


.53


 
 
 
 
.66
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
Employability perception


Academic performance


Career optimism




.596


-.01


.791


.04


.756


.03


Career pessimism




.005


.29


.012


.50


.005


.79


Job search self-efficacy


Career optimism




.398


.02


.791


.04


.499


.06


Career pessimism




-


-


.005


.15


.005


.15


Academic performance




-


-


.005


.36


.005


.36


Job search self-efficacy




 
 
 
 
According to Figure 1 and Table 3, the results considering examining the direct relationships indicated a positive and significant relationship (p ˂ 0.05) of career optimism (β=  0.50), job search self-efficacy (β= 0.36) and academic performance (β= 0.15) with employability perception. There was also a negative and significant relationship (p ˂0.05) of career pessimism (β₌ 0.04) with employability perception. In addition, regarding the investigation of indirect relationships, the results showed a positive and significant relationship (p ˂ 0.05) of career optimism on employability perception with the mediation of academic performance (β= 0.03) and job search self-efficacy (β= 0.29). Finally, the data did not confirm the effect of career pessimism on employability perception with the mediation of academic performance and job search self-efficacy.
 
This research study was conducted with the objective of investigating the roles of career optimism and pessimism on employability perception with the mediation of academic performance and job search self-efficacy. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between career optimism, job search self-efficacy and academic performance with employability perception, and a negative and significant relationship between career pessimism and employability perception. Furthermore, there was an indirect effect for career optimism on employability perception through the mediation of academic performance and job search self-efficacy. As the findings of this study showed, academic performance, job search self-efficacy, and career optimism were important predictors of students’ employability perception. The findings are consistent with those of Spurk et al. (2015) and Tentama and Nur (2021).
Moreover, the findings of the study indicated the mediating role of academic performance and job search self-efficacy in the relationship between career optimism and employability perception, which is consistent with the findings of Hamidi Nasab et al. (2019) and Bahadori et al. (2020). Therefore, it can be explained that optimistic individuals have a positive view of the future, and have an internal source of control. As a result, optimism has a positive effect on academic performance because optimistic students consider academic performance to be influential in their future career, and CVs of individuals with higher means are evaluated as more qualified. In addition, one of the sources of employability perception is the internal factors of employability, which is the individual’s understanding of his personal capacities and skills to find a job. In regards to the content, it can be consistent with the source of internal control of optimism.
One of the most important limitations of the current research is the lack of control of the influence of other variables such as family conditions, and economic conditions. In addition, since this study is correlational (not cause and effect), the results should be interpreted with caution. In addition, future experimental research studies are recommended to the researchers.
 
Ethical Consideration
Compliance Whit Ethical Guidelines: All ethical issues such as informed consent and confidentiality of participant’s identity were respected.
Author of Contributions: All authors contributed to the study. The first author wrote the first draft of the manuscript. The second and third authors edited the manuscript and the second author is corresponding author.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest for this study.
Funding: This study was extract from the thesis of the master's course and conducted with no financial support.
Acknowledgment: The author thanks all participants in the study.

Considering the prevalence of career problems in the helping professions, the aim of the present study was to investigate the career problems of social workers.

This qualitative study was conducted using thematic analysis approach. The population included all the social workers of Shahrekord city, 17 of whom were selected through purposeful sampling until theoretical data saturation was reached. For collecting the information, semi-structured interviews were used. Atride-Sterling network theme analysis method was used to analyze the data.

Social workers perceive career problems in three overarching themes: Intrapersonal problems, interpersonal problems and transpersonal problems. Intrapersonal problems included two organizing themes of emotional-sentimental problems (anxiety, general depression, burnout and violence), and physical problems. In the field of interpersonal problems, the themes of the organizer include: career problems transfer into the family and home, communication problems with clients (collapse of work and personal boundaries with clients, inability to manage clients' high expectations and cultural, educational and social problems of clients), problems related to lack of organizational commitment (feeling of discrimination and low conscientiousness of colleagues), problems related to the policy of the organization (change and diversity of the policy of the organization and the contradiction of the policy of the organization with the needs of clients). The reports of the social workers in the context of transpersonal problems also indicated that the problems related to the nature of the job (high volume of work, high challenge of work), problems related to working conditions (high noise, inappropriate ergonomics and pollution of the work environment) financial and welfare problems and the interference of living environment problems with job duties were the factors that led to career problems in this profession.

Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that social work is a very challenging job and social workers are among the most vulnerable groups of society who experience many problems in various fields, where the involved related organizations can help them reduce these problems by using career counselors and psychologists, in addition to better comprehensive planning

This study investigated the mediating role of savoring beliefs in the relationship among family functioning, life satisfaction and depression. The research method was descriptive (of correlational and structural equations modeling (SEM)). A total of 250male and female participants were selected from among married males and females in Isfahan using purposive sampling method according to the inclusion and the exclusion criteria. They filled out Adaptive Family functioning scale, Savoring Beliefs Inventory, Depressive Symptoms scale, and Diener’s Satisfaction with Life scale. Data analysis was conducted through Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling using SPSS (version 23) and AMOS23. The results showed a positive and significant relationship among family functioning, life satisfaction and savoring beliefs. The results indicated a negative and significant relationship between the above-mentioned variables and depression (p < 0.001). In addition, the indirect effect of family functioning on depression was mediated through savoring beliefs, and that of family functioning while life satisfaction was mediated through savoring beliefs (p <0.05). The findings of this study emphasized the role of savoring beliefs (i.e., enjoying positive experiences) as an important correlation in the psychological consequences of Iranian families. As a result, the findings of this study can be used to improve the psychological problems of couples in Iran.

The purpose of the present study was evaluating the model of relationship between mindfulness and marital quality with mediator role of savoring beliefs and gratitude. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The study population consisted of the all married men and women who living in Esfahan in 2021, among whom 258 were selected using convenience sampling method and completed perceived marital quality, gratitude questionnaire, mindful attention awareness scale and the savoring beliefs inventory. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used through SPSS (version 24) and AMOS (version 24) software to analyze the data. The results showed a positive and significant relationship marital relationship quality, mindfulness, savoring beliefs and gratitude (p <0.001). The indirect effect of savoring beliefs and gratitude through mindfulness on marital relationship quality and also the indirect effect of mindfulness on gratitude through savoring beliefs were confirmed (p<0.05). Therefore, it is suggested that counselors and psychologists in the field of family use the results of this study to improve the marital relationship quality and individual life of families and by using measures to improve and use mindfulness skills, experiences of savoring beliefs and gratitude for Increase the marital relationship quality in their educational and clinical work.

Job burnout results from long-term mental pressure in the workplace. Its signs appear whenever the person’s abilities are not sufficient for demands for workplace. This research aims to study efficacy of Fordyce happiness training on the job burnout in the aid-bider. The research design is semi-experimental and it was done in tow group: experimental and control with pretest-posttest. The statistical society included all of the aid-bider in kiar (tow). 28 people were selected as a statistical sample and among them, 14 people were placed in the control group. pretest of job burnout questionnaire with 3 sub-tests emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accoplishment- was conducted. Then experimental group was trained for eight 60-minute sessions. Post-test was used for studying the decrease of the job burnout. Data was analyzed by analysis test of Multi-variable covariance. According to the results, the difference between control group and experimental group was significant in variable of emotional exhaustion (F=6/17, P<0/05). It is inferred that Fordyce happiness training could Mitigate emotional exhaustion of aid-bider.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studying the impact of positive emotions on improving the health of people in the community, especially that of the elderly. The increase of positive emotions seems to be one of suitable coping strategies to contend the effects of the changes in (physical and mental) health of the elderly. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to evaluate the relationship of savouring beliefs and optimism with subjective happiness through the mediating role of life satisfaction. This was a descriptive study of correlational and structural equations modeling (SEM) type. The study population consisted of the elderly living in Shahrekord and Farsan in 2019-2020, among whom 200 were selected using convenience sampling method. Participants completed Lyubomirsky’s Subjective Happiness Scale, Bryant’s Savoring Beliefs Inventory, Diener’s Satisfaction with Life Scale, Scheier and Carver’s Life Orientation Test. Utilized to analyze the data was the structural equation modeling in SPSS (version 24) and AMOS (version 24) software. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between optimism, life satisfaction and savouring beliefs with happiness (P<0.001). Besides, the indirect effect of savoring beliefs and optimism on happiness through life satisfaction was approved (P<0.001). Therefore, it is suggested that counselors and psychologists working in the field of geriatrics apply measures such as savouring beliefs and optimism in their educational and clinical activities in order to increase subjective happiness of the elderly.

This research investigates mediating role of relationship attributions and marital forgiveness on the relationship between neuroticism, attachment styles and marital satisfaction.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and used path analysis. Total of 240 male and females were selected among all married males and females in Shahrekord city using purposive sampling method according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. They responded to Quality of Marital Index (Norton), Relationship Attribution Measurement (Fincham & Bradbury), the Neuroticism Subscale (Costa & McCrae), Behavioual Systems Questionnaire (Furman & Wehner), Experiences in Close Relationship (Wei & et al), and Interpersonal Forgiving in Close Relationships (McCullough, & et al.).

The results showed that evaluated structural model had good fit. The relationship attributions, marital forgiveness, neuroticism, attachment styles directly affected the marital satisfaction (p<0.001); also indirect effect of attachment styles through relationship attributions and marital forgiveness on marital satisfaction (p<0.001). Finally, indirect effect of neuroticism of through only marital forgiveness on marital satisfaction.

Family counselors and psychologists should help couples whose lives have faced difficulties because of and/or attachment styles (avoidance) to eliminate distorted cognitions and promote forgiveness among them.

The current study aimed to determine increase the marital quality in traditional beliefs. The study used qualitative design with purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews. Twenty couples (20 men and 20 women) were interviewed in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province to identify their cultural beliefs regarding marriage and family structure and address their strategies for enhancement of their marital quality. The data were analyzed using grounded theory. The participants acknowledged that some aspects of their cultural backgrounds such as dominance of shame, gender-role stereotypes, negative views towards the mainstream families, lack of collective thinking, and valuing “others’ judgments” in marital life, go against high quality marriages. The participants adopted effective strategies such as compliance and change, commitment and equilibrium, behavioral equilibrium with mainstream families, realism, and valuing the spouse to increase their marital quality. According to the findings, firstly marital quality should be investigated and addressed according to its context. Secondly, marital quality should be scrutinized as a micro variable with considering the main actors of family, namely “wife and husband”

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the model of relationship between apology and the marital relationships quality mediating emotional forgiveness and marital empathy in a correlational design (i.e., structural equation modeling). 231 married males and females were selected among all married males and females in Shahrekord city using multi-stage random sampling method, and according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. They responded to Quality of Marital Index (QMI), Emotional Forgiveness Scale (EFS), Batson Empathy Adjectives (BEA), and Apology Components Scale (ACS). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations analysis, and by SPSS (version 23) and AMOS statistical software's. The results showed that evaluated structural model had good fit. The apology directly and indirectly (with mediating emotional forgiveness and marital empathy) affected the marital relationships quality. Thus, could be concluded that apology had a major role in the marital relationships quality through emotional forgiveness and marital empathy.

One of the most important social factors that have been consistently identified as a predictor of healthy aging is marriage satisfaction. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of social support on marital satisfaction with mediating role of emotional loneliness and physical activity.

This study was descriptive and correlational based on structural equations. The statistical population consisted of all the elderly in the care centers of Shahrekord and Farsan in 2019, among whom 180 individuals were selected randomly. The participants filled out research instruments including Relationship Assessment scale (Hendrick, 1998), Perceived Social Support scale (Zimet, et al., 1988), Adult’s Social and Emotional Loneliness scale (DiTommasso, et al., 2004), and Leisure-time Activities scale (Godin, 1985). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used through SPSS (version 23) and AMOS (version 23) software to analyze the data.

The results demonstrated direct effect of social support, emotional loneliness and physical activity on marital satisfaction (p <0.001), and indirect effect of perceived social support on marital satisfaction through emotional loneliness and physical activity (p <.05).

The SEM results of the current study support the proposed model which explains the interrelationships between perceived social support, loneliness, physical activity, and marital satisfaction. According to the findings of the present study, it is suggested to pay more attention to the variables of social support, emotional loneliness and physical activity in order to improve the marital relationships of the elderly. The findings of this study can help psychologists and other caretakers create more effective family matter programs for the older generations to enhance their marital satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of self-compassion and psychological capital (hope, resilience, self-efficacy, and optimism) in predicting depression and death anxiety in patients with cancer. The population of the study was all patients with various types of cancer over 20 years old who went to one of the hospitals in Shahrekord in 2019. Among them, 148 people were randomly selected. The instruments were Neff self-compassion Scale (2003), Luthans Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007), Beck Depression Inventory (1961), and Templer Death Anxiety Questionnaire (1970). The data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient, discriminant correlation coefficient, and stepwise regression. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between self-compassion and psychological capital (hope, resilience, self-efficacy, and optimism) with depression. Also, there was a significant negative correlation between hope, resilience, and optimism with death anxiety. the results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the most important predictor of depression and death anxiety is resilience and hope, respectively. According to the results of the present study, to improve the psychological problems of cancer patients, it is recommended to pay attention to psychological capital and self-compassion.

The current research was done with the aim of developing an endemic model for marital conflicts using a grounded theory, as a common method in qualitative methods. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 40 married women and men who were recruited using purposive method. According to the grounded theory approach, the data were analyzed by dipping into the data, ongoing comparison, and encoding. According to the findings, the contributing factors for marital conflict are: disagreement, unmet needs, stressful situations, conflicting behaviors, dishonesty, spouse's mistakes, cyberspace, community attendance, communication with families-of-origin, and unfavorable economic conditions. In such situations, people adopt such strategies as dialogue, need identification, assistance, etiology, lack of warning, timing, understanding communicational needs, non-positioning, not shaming, etc. One can conclude that though occurrence of conflicts in marriages is unavoidable, the adopted strategies of the spouses in face with these disputing grounds might eliminate the effects of these conflicts and contribute to positive outcomes like increased intimacy, personality evolution, making opportunities, increased respect, etc.

Marital adjustment can play a fundamental role in the couples’ life. Marital adjustment affects couple's physical and mental health, and increases their ability to cope with the problems and stress-making factors. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to compile the model of some antecedents and outcomes of marital adjustment.

The present descriptive study was of correlational studies with structural equations modeling. The statistical population of the study included all married employees at University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran, from whom 172 people were randomly selected and responded to Snyder adults hope questionnaire, Oxford Argyle et al. happiness questionnaire, Busby et al. marital adjustment, Khodayarifard et al. assessment of religious tendency, and the scale of Connor and Davidson’s resilience. Data analysis was performed by structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS software.

Suggested model of the study had a very good goodness of fit. The results showed the direct effect of religious tendencies, resilience, hope, and happiness on marital adjustment (P < 0.01 for all). Moreover, the results showed an indirect effect of religious tendencies, resilience, and hope on happiness through marital adjustment (P < 0.05 for all).

Marital adjustment is a protective factor for physical health and well-being, and a sign of a couple's progress and success. However, the existence of these effects depends on the degree of adjustment between the couple. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to variables such as resilience, religious tendencies, and hope, to improve marital adjustment and to create happiness and vitality in life.

this study aimed to develop a native marital quality model. The present study was conducted by applying a qualitative method using the grounded theory approach. The participants of the study 22 couples of Ahvaz city That by purposive-snobaling sampling method. Data were gathered using interviewed using semi-structured method, and were analyzed with the open, axial and selective stages. according to the coding paradigm, In the open stage, 25 concepts, 6 main categories, A nuclear category called 'Marital quality: A social, family and individual phenomenon'. According to the findings of the study, marital quality was an issue that should first be investigated and judged according to the context of each society. Secondly, it was concluded that marital quality should be scrutinized as a micro variable at the level of the main actors of the family, namely a “wife and a husband”.

Obesity, especially in children and adolescents, is one of the most concerning problems in the current age; many studies have been conducted to prevent and adjust its underlying factors. Therefore the objective of the current study was to Adolescents' description of the phenomenon of obesity. The present study was conducted by applying a qualitative method using the grounded theory approach. The participants of the study 20 adolescents (i.e.,10 males and 10 females) suffering from obesity in Shahrekord city by the purposive sampling method. Data were gathered using interviewed using the semi-structured method . The results showed that some of the consequences of obesity such as arousing fear, restrictions, and ridicule have resulted in the adaptation of certain strategies by individuals or their parents to deal with this phenomenon. However, these strategies have not led to the expected results. Therefore, it can be concluded that the role of parents and adolescents in the treatment of obesity is very important. Improving communication between parents and adolescents, as well as stability of adolescents' gait and will power, can help treat obesity faster.

The family is one of the most important social institutions of any society. Undoubtedly, the family needs consulting services in the present age, which is stress and psychological stress. Since various researches have shown that the role of culture in family issues is highly important in every society, Therefore, the purpose of the present study introductory in family counseling with islamic-iraninan culture-based approach. The research design is qualitative and is based on conventional content analysis. The content of the research was selected by experts through electronic searches on selected databases and by first reviewing books and articles relevant to the subject. Results The coding process led to in three main themes: relationship-building techniques, therapeutic techniques and marital enrichment, and 12 categories based on Islamic and Iranian culture. It can be concluded from the findings of this study that family counselors and psychologists in our country (Iran) can use family counseling and psychotherapy programs from these three main themes in therapeutic work, Use with their families and couples.

Marital relationship affects not only individuals’ physical and mental health in marriage and married life, but also contexts and relationships inside and outside the family. The present study, therefore, was an attempt to identify the components of marital relationship. In this qualitative and content analysis-based study, 22 married couples were selected using purposive-voluntary sampling method, and semi-structured interviews were done until data saturation. Data analysis led to a key subject titled “marital quality” which its framework included ten components of “marital commitment”, “religious beliefs”, “marital relationship”, “conflict resolution/problem-solving skills”, “financial resources management”, “having a purpose in life”, “lack of interferece by others”, “recreation/leisure times”, “equity”, and “forgiveness”. The results of this study help educational and therapeutic centers to establish necessary programs, based on the identified factors, concerning families. Teaching these factors to couples helps them to prevent breakdowns in life, and to promote their satisfaction and quality in marital life

Considering the importance of family institution in Iran and the key role of couples in establishment and duration of stable and long-lasting families, it seems necessary to identify and reinforce the skills related to increasing 'marital quality' among couples. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a thematic model related to marital quality from viewpoint of married men. The study was performed with qualitative method and using thematic analysis approach. Twenty married men were selected by targeted sampling and based on entry criteria until theoretical saturation in Shahrekord city and were interviewed by semi-structured method. First, each sentence or paragraph extracted from the raw interviews were explained by a short sentence, then conceptual predicates were encoded in terms of Atrides & Sterling's (2001) thematic analysis approach in three main thematic categories of basic themes, organizing themes, and universal themes using the software (Nvivo 8). First, led to exploration of 20 basic themes. By combination and simplification of the basic themes, 6 organizing themes including satisfaction of emotions, understanding interests and needs, prioritization, appeasement and solace, mental guarantee, forgiveness, and self-critical, were found and finally the universal theme of "considering women important and taking them into account" was extracted. Based on the finding, it can be concluded that, husbands' experiences indicate that considering wives as important in marital life and inducing this feeling to them by their husbands through appropriate function and actions is the most important factor in increasing marital quality.This research can be useful for counselors and psychologists practicing with families to instruct and offer them appropriate interventions to increase their marital quality

This study aimed to normalize the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory among high school students of Isfahan. The research design was descriptive and exploratory factor analysis. Four hundred and forty-eight students were chosen using multistage cluster sampling method in Isfahan and they filled out the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory. The data was analyzed using internal consistency, concurrent and discriminant validity and exploratory and confirmative factor analysis. The analysis was done using SPSS-21 and AMOSS. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two factors of 'exploratory' and 'absorption' jointly explained 68.25 of the total variance. Furthermore, the results showed that the Cronbach's α coefficients were ranged from.78 to.83 for the extracted factors, .84 for the entire scale, and the correlation coefficient of the inventory with Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was obtained 0.27 (p

The purpose the aim of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Crocker contingency of self-worth inventory. Contingency of self-worth inventory was translated to Persian and confirmed its back ward by linguist and psychological experts. the Persian version was admins traded on 448 high school students (200 girls and 248 boys) who were randomly selected using multi –stage cluster sampling. The range of subjects age was 14-21. the reliability was obtained using concurrent reliability and confirmatory of factor structure. The method for the survey was descriptive and correlation. The validity was obtained using internal consistency. The range of alpha coefficients for 7 subscales were from 0/75 for ((competition)) and 0/84 for ((approval of others)). The alpha coefficients were 0/83for total score. The concurrent reliability with Rosenberg self –esteem inventory was significant (0/106،α=0. 01).

Personality characteristics and conformity are the most important factors in the psychological predispositions to high-risk behaviors like addiction. This study was performed to study the relationship between addiction potentiality and personality، conformity، and gender among pre-university students in Kerman، Iran.

In this descriptive–analytic study، 118 students were selected by cluster sampling in region 2، Kerman. Data were collected by the five big personality factors، Conformity 72-L، and addiction potentiality tests. Data were analyzed using the mean، standard deviation، Pearson correlation co-efficienct، multi regression، and t-test.

The findings showed a significant positive relationship between conformity and addiction potentiality (P<0. 01). In addition، addiction potentiality had a significant positive correlation with neuroticism personality traits and a significant negative correlation with conscientiousness and agreeableness as personality characteristics (P<0. 01). T-test analysis showed that there was no difference in terms of conformity among girls and boys (P<0. 05)، but boys were more prone to addiction potentiality than girls in a significant difference (P<0. 05).

Those who have high conformity and vulnerability in terms of their personality are prone to addiction. Therefore، it is necessary in educational، preventive and treatment programs of addiction to emphasize on these psychological characteristics

Background and Early maladaptive schemas develop in childhood and result in high vulnerability to mental disorder. The aim of this study was investigating the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression in guidance school students in Falavarjan. In a relational design study, 250 male students from guidance school in Falavarjan were selected using cluster sampling. To collect the data Schema Inventory for Children (2010) and Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS_R, Birleson, 1981) were used. The results of Pearson correlation showed significant correlations between some maladaptive schemas such as loneliness, vulnerability, mistrust, defectiveness, failure, unrelated standards, entitlement and depression among 11-13 year-old boys. Furthermore, stepwise regression showed five schemas including loneliness, defectiveness, mistrust/abuse, vulnerability and unrelated standards could predict 38.4% depression on the studied population (p<0/05). This study found that early maladaptive schemas can predict significant rate of depression among adolescents. These findings confirmed cognitive theories of depression. Thus, it is necessary to consider maladaptive schemas in treatment plans for adolescent’s depression.

The objective of this study was to obtain a factorial structure for the Auckland Individualism- Collectivism Scale (AICS), among Iranian students. A correlation method was employed with a sample of graduate students. Participants were 274 graduate students of Isfahanuniversity, who were selected through convenience sampling. They answered the 26-item version of the AICS. Data was analyzed through explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis and the Cronbach alpha of internal consistency. The explanatory factor analysis of 26 items yielded 5 clear factors and the examination of the 5 factor model by confirmatory factor analysis showed the best fit with the data, the Cronbach alpha as 0.81-0.93 of AICS factors was estimated and it was acceptable. The Auckland Individualism- Collectivism Scale could be used as a valid and reliable instrument in later Iranian psychological & psycho-sociological research.