رامین شعبانی

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major health challenge in the world today. The present study aimed to determine the effect of aerobic exercise and Melissa officinalis extract on the expression of p53, p21, and caspase-3 genes in male rats with AD.

In this experimental study, 48 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control, AD, control + aerobic exercise, AD + aerobic exercise, AD + aerobic exercise + extract, and AD + extract. The AD model was induced by injecting amyloid beta 42-1 into the hippocampus. Aerobic exercise was performed for 8 weeks. Melissa officinalis extract was dissolved in 2 ml of distilled water at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight and gavaged to rats for 8 weeks. Real-Time PCR was used to determine the expression levels of p53, p21, and caspase-3 genes.

After 8 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with Melissa officinalis extract, the expression of the p21 gene in the intervention groups significantly increased compared to the AD group (P<0.05). Moreover, p53 and caspase-3 were significantly decreased in the AD + aerobic exercise and AD + aerobic exercise + extract groups compared to the AD group (P<0.05).

It seems that aerobic exercise combined with Melissa officinalis extract can inhibit AD by suppressing apoptosis, however, further studies in this field are needed.

Resistance exercises with high loads of HLRT cause physiological changes in body systems, including the immune system. On the other hand, little research has been done on the effect of high-intensity bodybuilding exercises on women's immune systems. The present study investigated the effect of resistance activity in a single bout with two different intensities and recovery on TNF-α and interleukin-6 gene expression, hs-CRP, and systemic immune-inflammatory marker SII on female bodybuilders.

In this semi-experimental study, 12 healthy female athletes (aged 30 ± 5) volunteered. The samples performed weekly resistance training at 70% and 85% of 1RM in two recovery times of one and two minutes. Thirty-six hours after training, sampling was done following a ten-hour fasting period. The samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm and kept at -20 ℃. Ultimately, all levels of TNF-α and interleukin-6, hs-CRP, and systemic immune-inflammatory markers SII were checked in the medical laboratory. A consent form was obtained from the participants.

The results of resistance training using the HLRT method compared to moderate-intensity resistance training showed an increase in training intensity of up to 85% 1RM and a one-minute recovery. There was a significant decrease in the level of interleukin-6, TNF-α (P < 0.001), and hs-CRP (P < 0.025) and a significant increase in the level of SII systemic immune-inflammatory markers (P < 0.001).

It seems that increasing the intensity of resistance training - with increasing load - HLRT does not hurt the immune system, and it reduces pro-inflammatory factors interleukin-6, TNF-α and hs-CRP, as well as increases SII in female bodybuilders.

Physical exercises, in conjunction with Tribulus supplementation, can serve as an alternative to prevent complications associated with menopause. This study investigated the impact of combined exercises and Tribulus supplementation on the sex hormones estrogen, testosterone, and the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio in overweight postmenopausal women. In this study, 60 inactive postmenopausal women were selected based on voluntary entry criteria and were randomly divided into four groups of 15 individuals: combined exercise, supplement, combined exercise with supplement, and control. The combined training consisted of 10 weeks of aerobic and resistance training. The participants took a Tribulus supplement in the form of 500 mg capsules twice a day for ten weeks. The estradiol, cortisol, testosterone, and testosterone-to-cortisol ratios were measured before and after the training protocol. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 software and repeated measures analysis of variance test. The results showed a significant decrease in cortisol levels in the three experimental groups (P=0.001). There was also a significant increase in the total testosterone-to-cortisol ratio among the three experimental groups and the control group (P=0.001). This significant increase was also observed between the exercise and supplement group (P=0.001) and between the supplement group and the combined exercise + supplement group (P=0.001). No significant difference was observed in follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (P>0.05). According to the results of this study, it is possible to use combined exercises with Tribulus supplement as an effective intervention to improve sex hormones in overweight postmenopausal women.

Aging and obesity have common symptoms, including glucose and lipid metabolism changes. Activation of sirtuin 1 and FOXO1 (Forkhead Box Protein O1) can positively affect metabolic disorders associated with aging and obesity. This research aimed to investigate 16 weeks of combined exercise on the plasma levels of sirtuin 1, FOXO1, and glucose homeostasis in obese elderly.

40 obese elderly men with an average age of 61.90 ± 2.84 were selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The participants trained three days a week (each session 90 minutes) for 16 weeks. 48 hours before and after exercise, anthropometric characteristics and plasma values of sirtuin 1, FOXO1, fasting blood sugar, insulin, HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance), and HOMA-B (Homeostasis Model Assessment of β-Cell) were taken from the samples and measured by ELISA method. Data analysis was done using SPSS 16 software, independent and dependent t-tests at a significance level of P˂ 0.05.

Levels of fasting blood sugar (P=0.04), and insulin (P=0.008) in the experimental group decreased significantly compared to the control group, while the serum levels of sirtuin1 (P=0.0001) and FOXO1 (P=0.0001) had a significant increase. Correlated t results in the experimental group showed a significant decrease in insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-B (P = 0.001) and a significant increase in the serum levels of sirtuin1 (P = 0.0001) and FOXO1 (P = 0.0001) (P ˂ 0.05).

Based on the results of this study, it seems that 16 weeks of combined training has a favorable effect on improving glucose homeostasis, increasing sirtuin 1 and FOXO1 levels in elderly obese men.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common debilitating condition that is associated with immobility and aging, which leads to a decrease in muscle function. Accordingly,  this study aimed to measure the effect of combined exercise training on the expression of FoxO, and Atrogin pathway genes in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of old rats.

The present study was an experimental study with 14 Wistar male rats aged between 22 to 24 months, which were divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The combined exercises included 5 training sessions per week for 10 weeks. The expression level of the desired genes was used by the real-time PCR method. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that after 10 weeks of combined training, the expression level of FoxO gene in the soleus muscle and the level of Atrogin-1 gene expression in both the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles had a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the experimental group compared to the control group The comparison of the expression of the FoxO gene in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles in the experimental group had a significant difference, as the decrease in the expression of this gene in the soleus muscle was significant (p<0.05).

The results of this research showed that the combined exercise caused the reduction of FoxO gene expression in soleus aerobic muscle and Atrogin-1 gene expression in both types of soleus aerobic muscle and anaerobic gastrocnemius muscles of elderly rats, which requires further research on human samples.

Alzheimer's is a destructive brain disease that causes progressive cognitive disorders for which there is no cure. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise along with the consumption of saffron extract on spatial memory and the amount of tau protein accumulation in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimer's induced male rats. In this experimental study, 32 adult male rats were randomly divided into 4 Alzheimer's groups including control, aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise, extract and extract. Aerobic exercises including 3 training sessions per week were performed for 8 weeks. Y maze test was used to check spatial memory and ELISA method was used to measure tau protein. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that after 8 weeks of aerobic training with saffron supplement, there was a significant increase in spatial memory performance in the intervention groups compared to the control group (P < 0.5). Also, regarding the amount of tau protein accumulation in the aerobic exercise group, aerobic exercise and extract showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (P < 0.5). It seems that aerobic exercise and consumption of saffron extract improves spatial memory performance and reduces the accumulation of tau protein in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimer's male rats.

Overweight and obesity are some of the basic problems accompanying people in old-age. Exercise leads to increased levels of IGF-1 and improved motor performance and cardiorespiratory fitness. The aim of this research is investigating the effect of 16 weeks of combined training on cardiorespiratory fitness, IGF-1, motor performance, and muscle cross-sectional area of obese elderly men.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on 40 obese elderly men with an average age of 61.90 ± 2.84 years in two exercise groups (20 people) and a control group (20 people). The exercise group was included in the combined exercise protocol (16 weeks and three sessions per week, each session lasting 90 minutes), and the control group participated in the research without any intervention. = Anthropometric characteristics, IGF-1, and selected factors of cardiac and physical fitness were taken from the samples 48 hours before and after training.

The results showed that 16 weeks of combined training (aerobic and resistance) led to a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and WHR, and increased VO2 max and motor performance in intragroup and intergroup studies (p≤ 0.05).

In general, it seems that combined exercises are effective in improving cardiorespiratory fitness, motor performance, and body composition of obese elderly men.

Considering the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, which is the most common form of dementia, and the lack of a definitive treatment for it, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of exercise training with the consumption of saffron extract on the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 genes in male rats with Alzheimer's disease.

In this experimental study, 48 adult male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control, Alzheimer, Alzheimer and endurance training, Alzheimer and endurance training and extract, Alzheimer and extract, and the control and endurance training group. The Alzheimer's model was created by injecting amyloid beta 42-1 into the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Aerobic exercises, including 3 training sessions per week, were performed on alternate days for 8 weeks. The Real-Time PCR method was used to determine the expression level of the desired genes. Two-way analysis of variance and Tomhane's post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

 The results showed that after 8 weeks of aerobic training, the Bax gene expression in the intervention groups significantly decreased compared to the Alzheimer's group (p<0.05). Also, Caspase-3 in Alzheimer and endurance training, and Alzheimer and endurance training and extract group had a significant decrease compared to Alzheimer's group (p<0.05). Bcl-2 gene expression in Alzheimer and endurance training, and Alzheimer and endurance training and extract showed a significant increase compared to Alzheimer's group (p<0.05).

It seems that aerobic exercise and consumption of saffron extract improve the factors involved in apoptosis in Alzheimer's male mice.

Considering that Alzheimer's is a destructive disease with progressive disorders and memory loss and there is no definitive treatment for it, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of resistance training along with the consumption of saffron extract on the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase genes. 3-Alzheimer was induced in the hippocampal tissue of male Alzheimer's rats.

In this experimental study, 32 adult rats were randomly divided into 4 Alzheimer's groups, including control groups, aerobic exercises, aerobic exercises + saffron extract, and saffron extract. Alzheimer's was induced by injecting amyloid beta 42-1 into the hippocampus. Resistance exercises including 3 sessions per week were performed for 8 weeks. Real Time PCR method was used to determine the expression level of the target genes. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tom Hen's post hoc test.

The results showed that after 8 weeks of resistance training, the expression of Bax gene in the intervention groups significantly decreased compared to the control group. Also, the expression of Bcl-2 gene in the control and resistance training group and the resistance training and extract group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. The expression of caspase3 gene in the control + resistance training group and the resistance training and extract group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group.

It seems that resistance training and consumption of saffron extract decrease the expression of genes involved in apoptosis in Alzheimer's male rats.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive and destructive disorder of the central nervous system. This study aimed to determine the effect exercise training and olive oil consumption on genes expression of the AKT¸ caspase3 and the spatial learning of rats with parkinson's disease

in this study, 30 rats were divided into 5 groups of 6: healthy control¸ parkinson´s control¸ parkinson´s+olive oil¸ parkinson´s+exercise training¸ parkinson´s+exercise training+olive oil.  The rats were fed 0.4 ml of olive oil daily for 8 weeks. Aerobic training was performed 5 days a week for 30 minutes and at a speed of 11 meters per minute. Resistance exercise begin with %30 of the rat´s weight and it reached %100 of the rat´s weight in the eighth week. The gene expression of AKT and caspase3 was measured through PCR-real time and spatial learning using radial maze. Data analyzed using one-way of variance and Thomhan's follow up test.

Increase in AKT genes expressin, reduced in caspase3 expression and spatial learning improvement significantly observed in exercise training and exercise training+olive oil compared to the parkinson's control group (P<0.05).

exercise training with and without olive oil consumpsion can be effective in improving spatial learning by increasing AKT and decreasing caspase3.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder associated with the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Physical exercise can control the risk of neuronal damage. The compounds of olive oil have a modulating effect on the activity of the brain cholinergic system. The present study aimed to investigate 8 weeks of combined aerobic resistance training with olive oil consumption on the balance and some apoptotic genes of the substantia nigra of the brain in Parkinsonian rats.

Forty- eight male rats were divided into 8 groups (n=6). 6-Hydroxydopamine was used to induce Parkinson's disease. Olive oil (0.4ml/daily) was fed for 8 weeks to the target group. Thirty minutes aerobic exercise was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 11 meters per minute with an intensity of 60 to 65% of VO2max. Resistance exercise started by climbing a ladder with weights to the rat's tail with 30% of body weight, which reached 100% of body weight at the end of the eighth week. To check the balance of the mice, a balance bar was used; the expression level of genes was measured using Real time-PCR method. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Thomhan's post hoc test at a significance level of p<0.05.

A significant increase in PINK-1and AKT gene expression levels and a decrease in caspase-3 and p53 gene expression levels were observed in the exercising group, exercising with and without consuming olive oil and corn oil compared to the Parkinson's group (p=0.001). However, there was no significant difference between these three groups (p>0.05). Balance improvement was observed in rats with exercise and olive oil consumption compared to the parkinsonian group (p=0.001).

8 weeks of combined resistance-aerobic training causes a significant increase in the expression level of AKT and PINK1 genes and a decrease in the expression level of caspase-3 and P53 genes in Parkinsonian rats. Also, this type of exercise, along with the consumption of olive oil improves balance in Parkinsonian rats.

 

The increase of Bnip3 and Parkin plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial function and inhibiting ROS. A correlation was observed between the mitochondrial respiratory capacity and the subjects' mRNA levels of Bnip3 and Parkin proteins as a result of exercise, which shows the significant role of mitochondrial dynamics on the improvement of respiratory capacity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training and curcumin supplementation on Bnip3 and parkin mitochondrial gene expression levels in cardiomyocytes of male heart attack model rats.

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were subjected to myocardial infarction using intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol (100 mg/kg for two consecutive days) and, after confirmation of infarction (troponin measurement), randomly divided into four groups; Control, high-intensity interval training, curcumin (pure curcumin 15mg and dimethyl sulfoxide with a concentration of 10% per kg of body weight five days a week by gavage) and combination group (supplement+exercise).The exercise and combination groups were subjected to high-intensity interval training (10 bouts of four-minute activity with an intensity of 85-90% VO2max) for eight weeks. Bnip3 and Parkin gene expression levels were obtained using the Real-time PCR method. The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and one-way analysis of variance.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the mean of the groups in Bnip3 and parkin gene expression levels. The results of Tukey's test showed that the expression level of Bnip3 and Parkin genes was higher in the intense interval training and exercise-supplement groups than in the control and supplement groups. There was no significant difference between the supplement and control groups; in fact the use of curcumin without training did not affect Bnip3 and PARKIN gene expression levels compared to the control group.

This study shows that intermittent exercise and curcumin consumption have a protective effect on mitochondrial quality during infarction.

The objective of this study was to investigate the diet and body activity of adults in Lahijan city during Covid-19. 

This study is from descriptive and applicate research. Statistical population of this study consists of all persons in the age of 18-59 years in Lahijan City, that in which they were selected using the Cochran formula and 385 persons were selected in the available method. In order to data collection, P-life questionnaire and sleep quality questionnaire was used and then the data obtained were analyzed with SPSS software version 23.

According to the results, there was a significant difference between the frequency distribution of samples in three clusters (healthy, unhealthy and non-change) in terms of food consumption during the pandemic (p < 0.05). According to the findings, there was a significant relationship between sex and physical activity (p < 0.05).

According to the findings, during the Covid-19 pandemic the percentage of women in the unhealthy cluster was higher than men; for most people who have unhealthy diets; consumption of total food increased more than before; in most people who have reduced unhealthy food habits, consumption of fruits and water was increased than before; in most people who did not change their diet habits, total consumption was unchanged. Also, the amount of physical activity of the samples decreased during the quarantine period and the women had less physical activity than men.

Parkinson's disease is a chronic brain disorder that occurs as a result of the loss, reduction or damage of dopamine-producing nerve cells in the substantia nigra located in the midbrain. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of 8 weeks of strength-endurance training with olive oil consumption on motor performance and oxidative stress level in the brain of male parkinsonian rats.

48 male rats were randomly divided into 8 groups including control, Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease + olive oil, Parkinson's disease + corn oil, Parkinson's disease + exercise, Parkinson's disease + exercise + corn oil, Parkinson's disease + exercise + olive oil, healthy group + exercise. + olive oil. 0.4 ml of olive oil and corn oil were orally fed to rats daily for 8 weeks in the desired groups. Endurance exercise included exercising on a treadmill for 30 minutes at a speed of 11 meters per minute and strength exercise included climbing a ladder with weights three times. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, brain tissue and motor performance were measured.. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

Super oxymesmutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase significantly   increased in the exercise group with olive oil supplementation compared to Parkinson's control group (p <0.05). In addition, a decrease in the amount of malondialdehyde after exercise was observed (p <0.05). Improvement of motor function was also observed in rats with training and consumption of olive oil compared to Parkinson's control group (p <0.05).

Endurance strength training with olive supplementation improves motor function and the amount of antioxidants in Parkinson's rats

Myocardial infarction is an acute condition of myocardial necrosis. So, this study aimed the effect of high intensity interval training with curcumin supplementation on mitochondrial cardiomyocyte PGC-1α and ERR-α gene expression rats.

32 male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of HIIT, supplement, control and HIIT with supplement training in the two groups of high intensity and HIIT with supplement included performing 8 weeks of 4-minute activity with an intensity of 85-90% VO2max. Curcumin was also used at 100 mg / kg. Mitochondrial PGC-1α and ERR-α gene expression was obtained by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Shapiro-Wilk at P≤0.05.

One-way analysis of variance test showed a significant difference in the expression of mitochondrial cardiomyocyte PGC-1α and ERR-α genes in male myocardial infarction mice in the study groups (P=0.001). The results of Tukey test showed a significant increase in PGC-1α and ERR-α gene expression in the HIIT and HIIT groups with supplementation compared to the control and supplement groups (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between the control and complement groups.

The results of this study showed that interval training alone and in interaction with curcumin increases the expression of ERRα and PGC-1α in the heart tissue of male stroke model mice. It seems that interval training and consumption of curcumin can be considered a good way to increase mitochondrial biogenesis and improve heart function.

Mitochondrial biogenesis is a complex cycle that involves the coordination between the expression of mitochondrial genes and nuclear genes, and then the entry of products into the organelle and the continuity of the circulation of this cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of interval training intensity on mitochondrial NRF1 and NRF2 mitochondrial gene expression in male rats’ myocardial infarction models

In this experimental study, 24 male stroke rats exposed to isoproterenol, were randomly divided into three groups: high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT), moderate-intensity intermittent exercise (MIIT), and control (C). Exercise groups were influenced by periodic exercise for 8 weeks. Exercise in the two groups of high and medium intensity, with the same distance traveled, included 10-minute activities with an intensity of 85-90 and 70-65% VO2max.;at this time the control group did not have a training program. Mitochondrial NRF1 and NRF2 gene expression was obtained by real-time PCR.

Significant differences were observed in the expression of mitochondrial NRF1 and NRF2 genes in cardiomyocytes of male myocardial infarction rats in three training and control groups (p≥ 0.001). The results of Tukey test showed a significant increase in NRF1 and NRF2 gene expression in the two interval training groups compared to the control group (p≥ 0.001). However, HIIT had more effects

In general, HIIT and MIIT appear to increase myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis..

There is limited information on the effect of types of training on important regulators of fat storage and lipolysis. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of interval training at two different intensities on adipose tissue triglyceride lipase and perilipin5 visceral fat tissue of type 2 diabetic male rats.

Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: healthy and diabetic, and then diabetic rats were randomly divided into three subgroups of diabetic control and two groups HIIT and MIIT thus, the present study was performed on four groups (8 groups each). The training was performed in MIIT with 65-70% and in HIIT group with 85-90% of maximum oxygen consumption during eight weeks. Then 24 hours after the last training session, the adipose tissue of the mice were removed using a combined intraperitoneal injection consisting anesthetic ketamine and xylazine. Expression of perilipin 5 and ATGL protein was detected via Western blotting. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test.

The results of the post hoc test showed a significant decrease in perilipin 5 in the HIIT group and MIIT compared to the control diabetic group. Meanwhile no overall significant difference was observed between the HIIT and MIIT groups. Also, the results of a one-way analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference in ATGL values between the research groups.

Both HIIT and MIIT protocols can lead to significant decrease in the tissue concentrations of perilipin 5 in type 2 diabetic rats.

Endurance training can be associated with reducing body fat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks progressive endurance training and high fat diet on gene expression of β3-Adrenergic (β3-ARs) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP-r) receptors of brown adipose tissue in obese male Wistar rats.

Fifteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=5) including endurance training with high fat diet group, control group with normal diet and control group with high fat diet. High fat diet was composed of 40% fat, 13% protein and 47% carbohydrate. The endurance training included running at speed of 20 m/min for 15 min in 1st week and reached to 25 min for 31 min/day in 12th weeks.  The gene expression of β3-ARs and cAMP-r were examined by RT & PCR methods. To compare the cAMP-r and β3-ARs between groups, the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests was applied at the significant level of p<0.05.

There was no significant difference in cAMP-r gene expression (p=0.47) between control groups with high fat diet, control group with normal diet and endurance training group with high fat diet, but there was a significant difference in the expression of β3-ARs gene (p=0.03) between the groups and these changes was higher in the endurance training group with high fat diet than the control groups with normal and high fat diet.

The results of the present study showed the effect of moderate-intensity endurance training with high-fat diet on β3-ARs gene expression, which can lead to increase energy consumption and also reduce the obesity. However, changes in cAMP-r gene expression indicate a non-significant improvement, which may be reflected changes in the intensity and duration of training in future research.

Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy is a movement disorder originating from brain injury before, during, or immediately after birth. Exercise plays an important role in motor recovery. This study was performed to determine the effect of high-intensity circuit training on balance and activity daily living in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

In this clinical trial, 34 children with cerebral palsy were randomly divided into two groups of 17 including occupational therapy (control group) and circuit training group with occupational therapy as interventional group. Berg balance scale and activity scale for kids were used to assess changes in balance and activity of daily living before and after 12 weeks of exercise, respectively. High-intensity circuit training consisting of 3 rounds and each round consisting of 6,30-second stations and a 30-second break between stations, which were performed three times a week for 12 weeks. Occupational therapy was performed one session per week.

The rate of balance and activities of daily living and its components in the circuit training group with occupational therapy showed a significant improvement compared to control group (P<0.05).

Circuit trainings with occupational therapy can further improve the performance of balance and activity of daily living in children with Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy compared to occupational therapy.

The reaction of fat droplet proteins to interval exercise may lead to the development of conditions that provide an underlying mechanism for exercise and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different intensities of intermittent exercise on perilipin 3 visceral adipose tissue and insulin resistance in male rats.

32 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups of healthy and diabetic. Then, the diabetic rats were divided into three subgroups of diabetic control and two interval exercise methods (8 in each group). The exercise was performed in the moderate- and high-intensity group with 65-70 and 85-90 percent of the maximum oxygen consumption during eight weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, the mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a combination of anesthetic ketamine and xylazine, and adipose tissue around the intestine was removed. The expression level of perilipin 3 protein was assessed by Western blotting, and insulin resistance by the Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) method. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests.

The post hoc test showed a significant decrease in perilipin 3 and insulin resistance in the high-intensity (P = 0.001) and moderate-intensity (P = 0.001) interval exercise groups compared to the diabetic control group; while there was no significant difference between high- and moderate-intensity interval exercise groups (P = 0.328).

High-intensity and moderate-intensity intermittent exercise can improve glucose metabolism as well as dramatic changes in the tissue levels of perilipin 3 in type 2 diabetic rats.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a movement disorder that results from non-progressive motor injuries originating before, during, or immediately after birth. Exercise plays a significant role in motor improvement. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of circuit exercise training on the gross motor function of children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy.

This clinical trial was performed on 34 cerebral palsy children, who were divided into two equal groups of 17 experimental (circuit training with one session per week of occupational therapy) and occupational therapy group.The GMFM-88 was used to evaluate gross motor function changes before and after 12 weeks of exercise. Circuit exercises training were performed three times a week for 12 weeks. These exercises were designed in three sets and each set consisted of 6 stations. The duration of activity and rest in each station was equal to 30 seconds.

The results of statistical tests showed that all components of gross motor function, in both exercise and occupational therapy group (except lying and rolling) significantly improved (P <0.05). However, in the intergroup comparison, a significant improvement was observed in gross motor function and its components in the circuit exercise training group compared to the occupational therapy group (p = 0.01).

The results of this study showed that circuit exercise trainings with occupational therapy can further improve the performance of gross motor movements in children with Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy compared to occupational therapy.

High sensitivity, high accuracy and almost no limitations on type of test material has made ultrasonic testing (UT) a desirable nondestructive testing method. Ultrasonic wave velocity and attenuation are two important parameters that affect an ultrasonic test. Attenuation is the loss of wave energy and reduction in wave amplitude during the propagation of waves through the material. In this paper, the attenuation coefficient is measured in an St37 specimen at a frequency of 1 MHz. The test is conducted in pulse-echo mode with immersion technique. The sources of error are identified, and the measurement uncertainty is calculated. In this measurement, the sources of error include errors due to measuring the length of the part and the amplitude of the echoes reflected from the back surface of the part. The attenuation coefficient is 39.33 dB/m and the measurement uncertainty is ±8.8 dB/m. The noise in the pulser-reciever system is found to be the main source of error in the measurement of amplitudes of reflected echoes from which the attenuation coefficient is calculated.

In aged women, elevated levels of some proinflammatory markers are risk factors for the development of diseases. The present study investigated the effect of 12-week walking at two different intensities on inflammatory factors in elderly woman.

Thirty untrained elderly women (60—75 years) randomly divided into three groups. Moderate tempo walking group (MTWG, n=11), Brisk walking group (BWG, n=10), and the control group (CG, n=9). The MTWG, walked at 50—55% maximum heart rate reserve (HRRmax) and the BWG walked at %70-75 HRRmax. Both walking groups trained 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week, starting from 30 to 60 minutes and the CG remained untrained. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), body composition, leukocyte counts (WBC) and plasma levels of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were measured before and after the study period. To analyze the data, oneway analysis of variance, Scheffe test and dependent t-test was used (P≤0.05).

VO2max, increased significantly in BWG. Body weights, percent body fat (p =0.000), body mass index (p = 0.003) significantly decreased, and percent muscle (p = 0.000) increased in both exercise groups. Percent visceral fat (p = 0.028) significantly decreased in BWG. Also, BWG showed a significant reduction in WBC counts compared to baseline levels (p = 0.004). There were no significant differences in the plasma levels of TNF-α between the groups.

The results showed that regular walking program can affect body composition in elderly women, however, it may not be effective in reducing systemic inflammatory markers.

Various exercise trainings affect human’s hormones. This study aimed to compare the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) and resistance trainings with medium intensity (Kaatsu training) on salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels of beginner female body builders.

In this accidental clinical trial study, 28 beginner female body builders aged 20 to 35, were randomly divided into two groups of 14 volunteers. This study was conducted for 3 weeks, including 3 sessions per week for 90 minutes. The first group (N=14) performed the Kaatsu training with 30-25% of 1RM with blood flow restriction. The second group (N=14) performed the resistance exercise with 70-75% of 1RM without blood flow restriction. The amount of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase was measured before and after the experiment. Data were analyzed with SPSS software at the significant level of 0.05.

Salivary cortisol had a meaningful increase just in the resistance training group compared to the blood flow restriction group (P=0.001). However, both methods of training didn’t have a significant influence on salivary alpha-amylase (P>0.05).

In the current study, blood flow restriction trainings didn’t have any effect on salivary cortisol of female body builders. Nevertheless, in resistance trainings it had a significant increase. Both methods of training didn’t have any effect on salivary alpha-amylase of female body builders. So compared with resistance training, Kaatsu training probably doesn’t affect the salivary cortisol increase.

Breast cancer survivors are in danger of elevated insulin resistance and hyperglycemia due to chemotherapy and surgery side effects and inactivity. Exercise can improve glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to assess the effect of twelve weeks concurrent Yoga and Pilates training on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in breast cancer survivors.

This randomized clinical trial was performed on 24 breast cancer survivors in Rasht, Iran, in 2020. The participants were randomly devided into control or case groups. The case group (n=13) underwent 12 weeks of concurrent Yoga and Pilates exercise training, 3 sessions per week.  The control group (n=11) did their routine daily activities. Weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured before and after 12 weeks of exercise in either groups. Data was analyzed using multivariate covariance test and non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test.

Twelve-week concurrent exercise caused significant decrease in weight (p=0.002), BMI (p=0.002) and HbA1C (p=0.050). However, there was no significant effect on FBS or HOMA-IR (p>0.05).

According to the results of the current study which showed the positive effect of this exercise program on weight control and glucose homeostasis in breast cancer survivors, concurrent Yoga and Pilates training can probably be a good exercise program in these patients.