رحیم زارع

With the advent of Internet technologies, traditional word-of-mouth communication has transformed into electronic word-of-mouth communication or EWOM. The influence of EWOM in the hospitality industry is very strong. Hospitality services such as hotels and restaurants cannot be evaluated before consumption. Therefore, buying intangible products and services is more risky, so customers rely more on word of mouth. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors affecting the presentation of EWOM in the Instagram social network in the restaurant industry and providing a local model of these factors. The research approach is quantitative. The model was tested by distributing questionnaires among 384 Instagram users, and the relationships between variables were analyzed by Smart PLS 3 and Spss 26 software. The findings show that restaurant service, brand reputation, and individual, technological, and social factors are effective in electronic word-of-mouth advertising in the restaurant industry on the Instagram social network.

The main goal of the current research is to investigate and analyze the attitude of local residents towards the sustainable development of rural tourism to identify the opportunities and challenges of this type of tourism, which has been done with the case study of the villages of Alborz province. The research method is mixed, which uses the qualitative method of the research object in the first stage and the quantitative survey method in the second stage. The approach of the present research is sequential exploratory. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews in the first stage and questionnaires in the second stage. According to the research findings in the qualitative phase, the experts and informants were selected using the purposeful sampling method, and finally, by aggregating 31 interviews, 134 raw propositions were extracted, which were extracted using the three-axis coding method in the form of open codes. They were classified as central and selective. Finally, among 134 raw propositions, 70 open codes, 21 core codes, and six selective codes were obtained. In the quantitative stage, analyzes were performed using SPSS26 and SmartPLS3 soft-ware. According to the quantitative findings of the obtained values, it was found that among the dimensions, the socio-cultural dimension has high values. According to the research results, the sus-tainable development of rural tourism will contribute to the qualitative development, organization, and management of rural tourism and attract investment in the tourism industry.

Desert tourism is one of the most special and adventurous types of tourism that takes place in many countries. Unfortunately, due to weak infrastructure and effective strategies in this field, attention to the potential of this type of tourism has been neglected in Iran. The aim of the current research is to outline a new perspective in the development of sustainable tourism in Iran in the form of desert tourism, which is centered on the desert forests of Um El Debs in Khuzestan.

Design/methodology/approach:

 The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and the research method used in it is quantitative, which investigates the issue using a semi-parametric geographically weighted regression model.

According to the findings of the present research, there is not much difference between the fitting results of the traditional weighted geographic regression model and the semi-parametric model of geographically weighted regression, and these values prove that the significance test can prove that all cases are in the correlation area. Also, the values related to the estimation of the parameters in this area are high and this shows that promoting the economic development of tourism will bring positive results for the majority of the local residents of Bostan county.

The results indicate that the expansion of tourism in the desert forest region of Um El Debs has positive and effective effects and consequences, and desert tourism can have a positive potential to increase the economic prosperity of the region, and in case of careful planning and policy, it can also be fruitful in the development of sustainable tourism in the region.

Originality/value:

 Referring to the results and findings of the present research, for the first time the possibility of developing sustainable tourism in Iran, centered on desert forests, was confirmed and investigated.

Sports as tool of soft power in today's world play a significant role in strengthening the public diplomacy of countries. Considering the ever-increasing scope of sports diplomacy studies in the last decade in the country, the aim of this research was to analyze the content of sports diplomacy studies in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The statistical population of the current research was equal to the statistical sample and equal to 53 research works in this field, which according to different concepts in 16 different categories (economic consequences, interactions with the West, interactions with Saudi Arabia, women, the second step of the revolution, Football diplomacy, ship diplomacy, empowerment and development, armed forces, qualitative and quantitative models, future studies, content analysis, historical course, peace building, human capital) were divided. The findings of the present research showed that due to the passing of sports diplomacy studies from the era of literature creation and contamination with the use of extractive concepts, the need to pay more and more attention to the studies of this field in the formulation of sports political governance policies can solve many issues and the current sufferings of the country's sports will fade in the future. Among the 27 publications that have so far indexed at least one article in this field (14 sports science journals and 13 political science and international relations journals), Journal of Communication Management in Sports Media (7), Sports Management Studies (6), sports management (4), strategic studies of sports and youth (4), new approaches in sports management (3) and management and organizational behavior studies in sports, Olympic cultural and social studies, social and cultural strategy, sciences Sports and political science have each published two articles in this field. In addition, paying attention to concepts such as soft power, politicization and strategy presentation, global experiences and comparative studies have been repeated the most; So far, Iran's sports diplomatic interactions with the countries of Saudi Arabia, the United States, China, the UAE, Oman, Russia and Qatar have been analyzed.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of religiosity in reducing the risky behaviors of athletes who are members of Tehran's fitness clubs. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of the method of collection. The tools of demographic research papers, risky behaviors (YRBSS) and religiosity were based on the model of Gluck and Stark (1965). SPSS version 21 software was used for analysis. The study population was all athletes in the field of bodybuilding in Tehran and the size of the study sample according to Morgan's table was 384 people, out of 500 questionnaires sent, 418 usable questionnaires were returned. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using the opinions of 11 specialists in the field of religious and sports sciences, and the reliability of the tool was confirmed by conducting a pilot study on 30 athletes. The findings of the research showed that, apart from the consequences, in my opinion, belief, experiential and meaningful relationship with the occurrence of high-risk behaviors among bodybuilders. In addition to that, the findings of the regression test showed that after rituals, bodybuilding predicted the occurrence of high-risk behaviors among athletes in Tehran. According to the findings of the research, it can be shown that religiosity and attention to religious principles and rituals can reduce the risky behaviors of bodybuilders.

Since long ago, health tourism has been one of the most attractive and popular. Various causes and factors in creating and developing this type of tourism need to be investigated and verified. The current research has been conducted to analyze and evaluate the critical components in creating sustainable health tourism in Tehran, using the Padin Model to achieve the goal. The research method is a mix that has investigated the issue using the qualitative method of the expert panel and the quantitative survey method. The tools for collecting data and information in the qualitative method are semi-structured interviews and questionnaires in the quantitative stage. Statistical analysis of research data was done using SPSS-26 and Smart-PLS3 software. In the qualitative stage, 15 experts from related fields participated in the panel, and in the quantitative stage, using stratified sampling, 26 experts answered the questionnaire questions. According to the analysis and coding of semi-structured interviews, 71 basic themes, 24 organizing themes, and six global themes were extracted in the quantitative stage while confirming all the components. The values of the economic component were calculated higher than in other cases. According to the research results, health tourism can be among the reliable alternatives in different aspects. Also, it can be a factor in guiding related policies and politics for sustainable tourism development in the future.

Sports tourism is one of the most important types of tourism, growing and developing rapidly. Tourist destinations in the field of sports, while supporting sports tourism policies, are also directed towards environmental issues, which try to create green behaviors in tourists. Therefore, sports tourism is one field that has implemented this category. This research aims to investigate sports tourism's role in promoting tourists' green behaviors, focusing on Ardabil province. The current research method is mixed, which was carried out using a sequential exploratory approach in two qualitative-quantitative phases. The methods used in this research are "thematic analysis and survey," respectively. The statistical population of the research in the first phase includes experts in sports tourism, sport management, and behavior management, who were interviewed using the persuasive sampling method. In the second phase of the research, the influential actors of this field were used. Using the systematic sampling method, 31 experts answered the questionnaire questions. According to the research findings in the first phase, the themes extracted from the semi-structured interviews were categorized into 36 basic themes, 15 organizing themes, and three global themes. According to the findings of the second phase of the research, all themes were approved by the experts, and all of them are factors that determine the role of sports tourism in promoting the green behaviors of tourists. As a result, sports tourism, while creating macro "social, cultural and economic" benefits for residents and visitors, has a significant contribution to the occurrence of green behaviors in tourists, and this category, while protecting the environment, also has an impact on the development of sports tourism. Also, this category represents a combination of green behaviors that can strengthen and develop visitors' pro-environmental attitudes and create recreational experiences.

The abundance of saline water at ground level and their progression to freshwater and onshore sources, landfill leachate chemicals, or industrial plant effluents into the soil are factors that can change the amount and type of soil salinity and, as a result, their geotechnical properties (Ouhadi et al, 2015). Also, due to the size of the large dams reservoirs and the impossibility of changing the axis of the dams due to different constraints, it is possible that after the filling, the dam lake water will come into contact with the salt formations and may cause risks such as changing the geotechnical behavior of the clay core, after exploiting embankment dams. Therefore, due to the presence of contaminants, which is sometimes unavoidable, an understanding of basic mechanisms in modifying the physical and engineering properties of soils under the influence of chemicals or chemical salts is essential (Sen et al, 2017). In general, the concentration of ions affects the intermolecular forces of the soil (ie double-layer repulsion and van der Waals attraction) and the structure of the materials (Weimin et al, 2014; Zhu et al, 2015). As a result, such changes in soil structure alter its engineering properties (Yan and Chang, 2015). According to the extensive studies on the influence of pore fluid on clay soils, however, a comprehensive study from the microstructural perspective with regard to permeability coefficient changes on clay soils has not been conducted. The purpose of this study was to investigate the permeability coefficients and engineering properties of clay soils with a special attitude to clay core in the presence of sodium chloride solution salt as a pore fluid from a microstructural perspective..

The purpose of this study was to explain the position of sports in ensuring sustainable environmental security. The present study was a qualitative - description (content analysis). It was conducted in the field method. The statistical population included all experts in the field of political science and sports science who were interviewed using 13 snowball sampling based on theoretical saturation. In this study, two strategies have been used to validate the findings. First, the review was done by a research colleague and in the second stage, the peer review strategy was used. Findings of the present study indicated that sport has a role in strengthening the security of environmental sustainability in three categories of literature, technology and promotion. In addition, 15 concepts of using appropriate recycling systems, developing public transportation which is free of fossil pollutants, use of technologies and sports equipment in line with environmental protection, reducing the consumption of renewable energy, use of clean energy in providing cooling, heating and lightening of places, using applications to strengthen sustainability, as well as holding scientific conferences and meetings, ,  introducing sports elites as ambassadors of the environment, promoting sports  eco-friendly, environmental education training, presenting national festivals, directing public opinion through sporting events, using specific environmental symbols, and finally using the philosophy of blending sport and soul sport with the environment, respectively, were the most important functions of sport in the development of sustainable environmental security. Although repetitive and cross-cutting decisions have somewhat diminished the term of environmental crisis, the need to pay double attention to the phenomenon of sports as a popular and low-cost tool can be the key to many of today's environmental issues in Iran.

Due to the great importance of female police uniforms in Iranian society in order to present a brand of chastity and hijab at home and abroad, as well as building a brand in the field of law enforcement, the purpose of this study was to provide a model for identifying female police brand and Finally, it has been a good idea to map out the future.

The research method of this study, from the perspective of purpose; Functional, in nature; Exploratory-analytical and in terms of data collection methodology, the qualitative method was using a contractual qualitative analysis strategy with in-depth interview technique (no follow-up questions with maximum professional diversity), with informed consent and up to the point of saturation of theoretical data in the form of method. Sampling continued judgment-purposefully. To evaluate and validate data (reliability); Four criteria of acceptability, reliability, portability and verifiability were used and approved.

After conducting the interviews, 248 initial codes were determined and using the category review process, content themes including 7 categories, along with 15 subcategories related to designing an appropriate pattern for identifying the brand of police uniforms became female. The categories were: reliance on internal strength and indigenous culture (supporting Iranian-Islamic culture, national and geographical attitude), visual (color and design), global competitiveness (visual capabilities, integrated global capabilities), content (strength and stability, Trust building), individual (agility, resilience), organizational (military rank, placement of law enforcement symbols, security-law enforcement tools) and economic (cost, costs).

The aim of this study was to a pattern for identifying clothing brands for women. The research method in terms of exploratory-analytical nature, from the perspective of data collection methodology, qualitative using qualitative content analysis technique of contract type and in-depth interviews between 8 participants in 4 professions related to the garment industry, has been done in the form of purposeful sampling. Atlas.ti7 software was used for data analysis. After conducting the interviews, 248 initial codes were identified and content themes were identified using the process of reviewing categories and subcategories, as well as frequent changes in the names of categories and the relationship of categories to subcategories. In this study, 7 categories with 15 related sub-categories, including reliance on internal strength and introduction of indigenous culture; Changing clothing export and import policies, government support, changing economic attitudes, paying attention to advertising and design, customer orientation and competitiveness, as well as marketing and technology development as content themes in designing a suitable model for identifying women's clothing brands. شد. The results showed that more attention was paid to the capabilities of the country and appreciation of the original Iranian indigenous traditions along with changes in economic and government supportive attitudes such as export and import of goods along with more attention to attractive and effective advertising and design; It can increase the number of domestic customers, insure some foreign markets of women's clothing to a large extent, and be useful and practical in identifying clothing brands for women.

Studies on tourism policy implementation, especially within the public policy framework of developing countries, have been conducted very narrowly, and often between the tendency to develop tourism (policy-making) and the translation of this tendency to take action in the actual context (policy implementation) has the structural and conditional gap. The main mission of this study is to provide a pattern that can be used to fill such a gap and to effectively implement tourism policy in the Iranian context. The exploratory research method is applied, the philosophical paradigm is social constructionism, and the qualitative research strategy of grounded theory is used to develop the theory. The statistical population of the study included all key stakeholders related to tourism development in Iran. Therefore, a purposive sampling method and 38 individuals were selected for in-depth face-to-face interviews. As a result of the research, 6 main and 31 sub-categories were identified and explained, which provided the basis for a paradigmatic model of tourism policy implementation in Iran. The most important contribution of this research is to provide a conceptual model for enhancing the executive knowledge of tourism managers and policy makers about the prerequisites and requirements for implementing tourism programs and policies.

The primary purpose of this confirmatory survey was to examine the effect of knowledge absorptive capacity on strategic innovation in companies located in Tehran University Science and Technology Park with a focus on the moderating role of strategic orientation. To serve the purpose, an extensive extensive literature was undertaken to design a 33-item questionnaire. Its face and content validity was verified by experts in the field and its construct validity was verified through confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was also examined through Cronbach alpha, composite reliability, and variance average. The research population comprised all company employees from whom samples of 198 employees were randomly selected from 86 companies based on Kukran Table. Then, the data obtained from the research sample were further analyzed using Smart PLS software, Pearson Correlation Matrix, Structural Equation Modelling, and fitness test. The results indicated a significant relationship between knowledge absorptive capacity and strategic orientation which was not significant with regard to the minor research hypotheses. Moreover, the relationship was found to be reinforced in competitor-oriented and customer-oriented companies and to be weakened in cost-orientations companies. That is, to boost strategic innovation, and thereby, constantly adapting working models to fluctuations, the companies should not only enhance their absorptive knowledge capacity but also adopt competitor-oriented and customer-oriented strategies.

The present study attempts to understand the experience of scientific tourism and this has been investigated among the foreign scholars who have experienced scientific tourism in Iran. In this study, a qualitative research method and descriptive phenomenological approach were used, based on the need to use the lived experiences of the people involved in the research. Colaizzi’s method was used for data analysis because of its systematic nature. Until reaching saturation, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 people using a purposive sampling method. The validity of the results was obtained by referring back to the research participants and obtaining their agreement. In the end, four categories of themes were identified: the scientific, the religious, the cultural, and the economic and leisure time aspects. The findings of this study are effective in a better understanding of tourist’s behavior and future predictions. Proper application of the findings will also promote the development of scientific tourism and consequently increase the satisfaction of tourists.

Performance evaluation in facilitating organizational effectiveness is considered as an important task of human resource management, through evaluation, deficiencies and staffing weaknesses, and is addressed through guidance and training to address them. Since school leadership and management are often recognized as a key element in raising the quality of school activities, assessment of the performance of school principals is very important and should be of the highest quality (Branch et al, 2009). Performance evaluation in facilitating organizational effectiveness important tasks of human resource management is seen, in recent years the role of performance evaluation much attention has been paid, according to experts, an effective system of performance evaluation can be a huge advantage for organizations and their employees grant (Abdollahi & Raisi, 2018). Performance evaluation has led to strengthening working groups, active participation in the activities of the organization and the right people, motivate employees to perform better activities, improving communication within the organization and the successful achievement of the objectives (Capko, 2003). Professional assessment and timely feedback enable managers to be aware of their strengths and weaknesses, to recognize the organization's values and develop leadership (Bedford, 2013). An assessment of the performance of the staff shows that the employee has performed the tasks assigned to him according to the job description. Through evaluation, the inadequacies and weaknesses of the service are identified and handled and directed to eliminate them (Sobhani Fard et al., 2011). With all the scientific and rational importance for staff evaluation, unfortunately today, in schools and educational institutions, like other devices, it has become a ceremonial act that is being addressed with the least care and importance, and this It has caused employee dissatisfaction. In addition to the above, it is worth noting that despite the importance of school management and leadership in improving educational processes, education and achievements of students, assessment of the performance of school principals has been a minor focus on research. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of school principals’ pathology system with qualitative approach was used. Potential participants consisted of primary and secondary schools of the city with a history of more than ten years of management. In order to select the participants of theoretical sampling was used in a purposeful way, the aim of the researcher was to select the items that were rich in information according to the purpose of the research. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed by content analysis method. The time for each interview was between 40 and 50 minutes. After 16 interviews, data saturation was achieved, in order to further ensure two complementary interviews. Validity and reliability were checked and verified by using feedback loops and re-interviewing. The main questions of the research were: 1- Do school administrators consider the current system of performance evaluation appropriate? 2. What is the most important damage caused by the performance evaluation system of school administrators? To answer the above questions, the data were collected by semi-structured interviews. After the implementation of the interviews, the content was analyzed by means of content analysis method. Then, based on similarity, conceptual relationship, common characteristics between the codes and the integration of the cases that were overlapping, classification was made and, finally, four main categories 27 sub-categories were extracted in two main axes: 1. Problems and failures of the performance appraisal system and 2. Damage caused by performance evaluation system. Data analysis showed that school principals were dissatisfied with their performance evaluation system and major Problems and failures caused by inappropriate evaluation practices These justification meetings before the evaluation and signing of the evaluation contract, the failure to carry out a continuous evaluation, the lack of evaluators, the presentation of formal documents, the special conditions governing the managerial environment, the inappropriate feedback at the end of the course, the absence of a meeting, the end of the course, Inappropriate monitoring of the evaluation process, unrealistic self-assessment) and developed indicators (lack of attention to ethical behavior and the spread of spirituality in the home, lack of creativity and innovation, insufficient research culture, insufficient attention to school and community relationships , Ignoring, managing information technology) know, On the damage caused by the performance evaluation system administrators extracted concepts and categories of interviews, including two major ones affected individual (the obvious lack of strengths and weaknesses, job performance poor, burnout, lower satisfaction and employee engagement, reduce motivation and Change Post, lack of development of personal and professional) and organizational (create stillness in the process of teaching and learning, low productivity, growing distrust and ability to create a system of punishment and reward efficient ability to identify employees are hard workers, growing organizational silence, Organizational injustice, organizational growth, organizational divorce). The results from judging or valuing human factors in the evaluations of an organization can be a place for managers and policymakers to stop using the results obtained to refine and improve the performance appraisal system of their organization. Regarding the results of the study, it is suggested that instead of performance evaluation, the term "performance management" should be used, because performance management is a strategic and comprehensive process that provides the organization with a sustained success through performance improvement, while positively evaluating the performance Often faced with a negative reaction from employees, indicating the importance of addressing Improve the performance of employees by management as a basic duty. A slight shift towards a performance evaluation process in favor of participatory qualitative approaches is another useful tool, which involves stakeholder participation in all stages of the management of the performance from setting goals to providing end-to-end process feedback and describing qualitative descriptions of employee performance. Describe any decision to promote, maintain or retrain. Suggestions based on research findings • Review and review the indexes developed to evaluate the performance of school principals by provincial and ministerial experts in the field of performance evaluation • Briefing sessions organized by experts from education departments with school principals before signing a Performance Evaluation Form • Continuous assessment of the performance of school principals and providing corrective feedback • Selection of committed, competent and dominant individuals on the indicators and evaluation methods for continuous and final assessment of the performance of school principals and continuous monitoring of the departments on the process of assessing the performance of school principals. • Conduct a reflection session with managers after an annual evaluation of their performance in order to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the managers' performance and review the whole process of assessing the performance of school principals.

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the training needs of the students in the Literacy Movement Organization in Fars province. To this end, the study used exploratory sequential mixed methods design (QualitativeQuantitative). Participants in the study were 72 individuals selected through purposive, snowball and/or consensus sampling techniques from adult education specialists, local reference groups, as well as managers of both the reginal Literacy Movement Organization, and of the provincial department of education. The number of participants was decided on considering theoretical saturation. To identify the needs and interests of literacy learners, various instruments were used, including an open-ended questionnaire, semi-structured interview and brainstorming (for qualitative phase) and a researcher-made questionnaire (for quantitative phase). The questionnaire was developed based on the findings of the interview and the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were approved. The qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis and for the quantitative data, various statistical techniques were used, from descriptive statistics to Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t-test, Friedman, and ANOVA. The results of thematic analyses revealed three main categories (skill, knowledge and attitude) and nine subcategories for the students’ needs. For instance, within the category of skills, learners’ needs could be divided into the three subcategories of basic life skills, practical skills and learning skills. In the knowledge domain, four subdivisions were found: socio-cultural, scientific, spiritual (religion and ethics) and health care needs. In the attitude section, learners’ needs were of two types, individual and social. The results of the quantitative analyses also showed that the students’ needs in the order or priority were respectively in the skills, knowledge, and attitude sections.

Despite the importance of perceived risk related to tourism and willingness to revisit, few studies have been done on the effect of perceived risk on the willingness to revisit through the mediating role of destination image. By investigating the effect of perceived risk on the destination image and its mediating role on the perceived risk as well as the willingness to revisit, this study has created new insights. The statistical population consisted of all domestic tourists who visited Arg-e Bam in spring and early summer of 2016. Due to the lack of access to detailed statistics of tourists who have visited Bam, 200 domestic visitors were selected using convenience sampling method. The study is an applied research and uses descriptive - data collection (questionnaire) method. In this study, the mediating role of both cognitive and emotional images on the relationship of three risks of the physical, financial and social and psychological and willingness to revisit were investigated. The obtained results indicated that the cognitive and emotional images play a mediating role on the relationship between physical and financial risk and willingness to revisit; however, there is no mediating role on the relationship between social - psychological risk and willingness to revisit.

This paper is a description of qualitative content analysis which based on the principles of corporate governance of OECD to study Iran Trade Law–as the main official source of corporate governance in Iran. The method is described according to Articles of corporate governance extracted from Iran Trade Law and conforming to OECD principles. Results of the analysis show that the corporate governance principles of trade law are insufficient in following areas: the failure and the lack of effective framework for the protection of small shareholder's rights, lack of an effective framework for internal control and efficient inspection, no separation of board chairman and OEC roles; no separation of auditor and inspector legal of the corporation; lack of proper disclosure and transparency measures taken, and other shareholder's rights arent observed.

One of the aspects of participation is supervision and control. The process of supervision is considered to be among the most important management duties required by any organization in order to ensure survival and to be aware of performance quality and exact implementation of its programs. Information obtained as feedback from the process of supervision remarkably contributes to accuracy and health of the course of operations and activities in addition to instilling alertness in managers. In this article, theory of strategic reference points was adopted in order to explicate the proper pattern for improving organizational performance. An organization chooses the strategic reference points to attain strategic coordination and/or take appropriate measures and carry out proper operations; in other words, strategic reference points are those used for coordination, and if all elements and systems of the organization adapt themselves with them, a unilateral coordination will come into existence. Explaining the pattern for coordinating supervisory strategies along with organization-level and business-level strategies will bring about an improvement in organizational performance.