رضا یوسفی

The causative virus of Covid-19 is from the family of corona viruses, which causes acute respiratory distress syndrome. The virus that causes Covid-19 is structurally similar to the viruses that cause SARS and MERS diseases, and for this reason, this virus has been called SARS-CoV in scientific circles. This virus uses a special receptor that other corona viruses use for pathogenicity and infection.

In this research, the structure and functional characteristics of virus proteins were investigated using a systematic review method and selection of authentic and up-to-date articles from literature.

Four types of proteins play an important role in this virus: Spike protein, which plays an important role in the overall structure of the virus, and its presence on the surface of the virus creates a crown-like appearance in the virus; Envelope protein that causes pathogenicity and causes infection. Nucleocapsid protein and the Membrane protein, which in addition to playing a role in the structure of the virus, have an effect on increasing infection and also altering the cell cycle. Mutations of this virus have been reported in different parts of the world based on the phylogenetic network and geographic locations of the virus. These mutations sometimes give rise to new strains around the world, which include different types of mutations such as deletions and substitutions. In addition to the mentioned cases, the body's reaction to this virus is very important when it causes an infection, because in some cases, the association of stress with viral infection causes severe inflammatory responses and even autoimmune responses.

The different structures and functions of viral proteins in different variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus play an important role in the severity of symptoms of patients with Covid-19. Therefore, acknowledging these genetic variations is very important in designing and making vaccines and treating patients with Covid-19.

The need for low power and high-speed ADC pushes for dynamic comparators to reduce power consumption and maximize speed. This paper presents an analysis of delay, speed, and comparator considerations, and analytical expressions are derived. Using the equation expressions, we can understand the design of comparators and make trade-offs. Based on the presented analysis, a new dynamic comparator is proposed by modifying the circuit of the conventional tail comparator for high speed and low power at small supply voltages without complicating the circuit design, resulting in a remarkable reduction in delay time and incremental speed. Simulation results in a 180 nm CMOS technology confirm the analysis results. It is shown that the proposed conventional tail comparator reduces power consumption and increases speed. The simulation results show that the proposed comparator operates up to 2.5GHz with a delay of 69ps and consumes only 329 μW at a supply voltage of 1.2 V and an offset standard deviation of 7.8 mW.

Previous studies have demonstrated a significant correlation between happiness and physical and spiritual health. Not only does happiness expedite patient recovery, but it also bolsters the health of non-ill individuals. This suggests a novel strategy for promoting public health by enhancing people's happiness. Depressive disorders, which are characterized by a lack of life satisfaction and happiness, are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. Evidence indicates that modern industrial lifestyles may contribute to a higher likelihood of depression, underscoring the importance of identifying factors that influence happiness and depression. The factors underlying happiness can be divided into two primary categories: internal and external. Happiness, as an emotion, arises from the interplay of these factors. Genetics and genes contributing significantly influence individual happiness levels. Internal factors impacting happiness include the interaction of happiness-related neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and endorphin with the emotional regulation centers in the brain. The functions of certain hormones like cortisol, adrenaline, and oxytocin, the activity of the immune system, inflammation, and the level of oxidative stress also play a role. Researchers posit that the biological pathways associated with happiness are modulated by environmental and social factors. In other words, the biochemical pathways leading to happiness can be managed through lifestyle and environmental adjustments. Elements such as a balanced diet, adequate sleep, regular exercise, prayer and meditation, calm music, exposure to nature and sunlight, positive attitude to social relationships are good lifestyle factors that can enhance happiness and life satisfaction.

Nowadays unlike decades ago, environment plays decisive role for using materials in construction. For example, one considerable part in a project is exploring environmental aspects as a preparatory topic. Chemicals such as cement have been used for decades in construction projects, however chemicals will lead to health catastrophe for both environment and human consequently. One considerable hitches in human life is waste materials such as sawdust which will jeopardise environment. One solution to alleviate these problems is using wastes in construction projects as substitution for cement. In this research, sawdust and zeolite were used to decrease cement use on sandy soil's improvement. Amount of materials are as follows: 4% cement (base on main soil weight), 0,1,3 and 5 % sawdust with two different sizes include powder and fibers (as supersede by cement) and 0, 10, 30 and 50 % zeolite as a supersede by cement. Results showed that zeolite and sawdust increase OMC but decrease MDD. Zeolite meets its optimum in 30% and powdered and fibrous sawdust in 3 and 1% subsequently. Finally, rupture strain will experience a sharp increase by enhancing amount of sawdust. Overall it can be concluded that longer sawdust is more effective than short one.

The difficulty of scattered studies, facilities and specializations at the level of universities and industrial centers to meet serious needs or to overcome great challenges has been the beginning of the emergence of the national laboratories. Although national laboratories have been established around the world, especially in developed countries, the United States of America has established 17 national laboratories throughout the country for about 75 years, which have played an important role in the scientific and technological developments of that country. The purpose of this article is to review the role of 17 US National Laboratories in the development of science and technology, their missions and their important achievements. The US Seventeen National Laboratories is home to leading scientists, elite engineers, skilled technical staff, and the location of advanced and expensive equipment and facilities that are beyond the capacity of American universities. Scientists at the American National Laboratories have not only been honored to receive more than 80 Nobel Prizes, but in some cases their achievements have changed the fate of some wars and brought a new way of life and interaction to human society. In addition to addressing important missions in science and technology, US National Laboratories support academic and industrial projects, train the next generation of leading scientists and engineers, and assist the government and various agencies in emergencies, assist in the transfer of technology to industrial sectors and active markets, commit to the advancement of basic science and its integration with the fields of technology, and provide strategic resources and solutions to meet national and international challenges. However, the point that should not be overlooked is that the creation and operation of such a large infrastructure requires the overcoming of major obstacles, challenges and constraints.

Various views were raised about the causes of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, which some have referred to as the "Arab Spring" or "Islamic Awakening". With the revolution in Tunisia, a wave of revolutions and protests spread to North African countries and other Arab-speaking countries in the Middle East. So that in less than a month, Ben Ali in Tunisia and Hosni Mubarak in Egypt fled the country. The speed of changes in the Islamic world was such that it surprised many analysts in the fields of political science and sociology and made them analyze and investigate the roots and grounds of the revolution in these societies. The topic discussed in this research is the evaluation of the Tunisian revolution based on Samuel Huntington's theory of uneven development. This research, with the descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, seeks to answer these questions: how can the revolution of 2011 in Tunisia be studied and investigated based on the theory of uneven development? What are the differences and commonalities between the causes and agents of the revolution from Huntington's viewpoint, and the Tunisian revolution? The findings show that all three stages of the revolution from Huntington's viewpoint, i.e. economic development, social development, and political blockage (lack of political development), can be applied and evaluated to the Tunisian revolution. The difference between this article and other research is that to evaluate the Tunisian revolution based on the theory of uneven development, reliable domestic and international data and sources have been used.

 The social responsibility of managers includes various indicators such as legalism, moral responsibility, communication development, organizational leadership, financial and administrative affairs and innovation. The social responsibility of managers is one of the important issues in the field of organizational ethics, with the understanding of this important; the present study aims to Identification of indicators of social responsibilities of managers in Medical Sciences University of Mazandaran was done.

 This study is a mixed research (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative section, the method of qualitative content analysis with inductive approach was used and in the quantitative section, the descriptive-survey method was used. The participants in the qualitative section were experts, faculty members and managers of medical sciences universities and the statistical community in the quantitative part included the employees of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was done in the targeted qualitative section through interviews with 19 experts. In the quantitative section stratified random sampling method was used. 289 employees were selected as a statistical sample for investigation. The data collection tools included semi-structured interviews in the qualitative section and researcher-made questionnaires in the quantitative section. Validity and reliability of research data collection tools were confirmed. Data analysis was done through confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS 22 and Lisrel software.

Ethical Considerations: 

Respecting honesty and trustworthiness, explaining the objectives of the research to the participants and ensuring the confidentiality of information are among the ethical principles of this study.

 Based on the research results, Indicators of social responsibility model of managers in medical universities It includes eight indicators of legal responsibility, ethical responsibility, communication responsibility, organizational responsibility, administrative responsibility, financial responsibility, innovation responsibility, public responsibility.

 Indicators of social responsibility of managers as a management strategy can be used by managers in medical universities.

The social responsibility of managers is one of the important issues in the field of organizational ethics, with the understanding of this important; the present study aims to provide an ethical model of social responsibilities of managers in Medical Sciences University of Mazandaran was done.

The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative), in the qualitative part of the qualitative content analysis method with inductive approach in the quantitative part; the descriptive-survey method was used. Participants in the quality department of experts, faculty members and Managers of University of Medical Sciences and the statistical population in the quantitative part include staff of Medical Sciences University of Mazandaran. In the qualitative section targeted of theoretical, with 19 people from experts were interviewed. Sampling In the qualitative part Targeted In terms of theoretical type with 19 people was used and in the stratified random quantitative section 289 people were selected as a statistical sample for the study. Research data collection tool in the qualitative part Semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part Researcher-made questionnaire was. The validity and reliability of the research data collection tools were confirmed through data analysis First and second order confirmation factor analysis was performed in SPSS22 and Lisrel software.

  Based on the research results, the ethical model of social responsibility model of managers in medical universities includes eight dimensions of legal responsibility, moral responsibility, communication responsibility, organizational responsibility, administrative responsibility, financial responsibility, innovative responsibility, and public responsibility.   

The ethical model of social responsibility of managers as a management strategy can be used by managers in medical universities.

Nowadays cement is one of the most common material for construction projects, due to its long time usage it has been handy for engineers. Cement has a lot of deleterious effects on environment from production process to cement itself. So looking for a substitution material is vital for future generation, this research evaluated the effect of zeolite and sawdust ash (SDA) replacement with cement separately and simultaneously. There are some variation parameters: the amount of zeolite and sawdust ash and curing time for each sample. Overall 57 samples were made the amount of cement is 4% by weight of base soil and 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 percent sawdust ash replaced by cement and 0, 10, 30, 50, 70 percent of zeolite replaced by cement. The curing times are 7, 14, 28 days. According to results by replacement 0.5% sawdust ash with cement the amount of optimum moisture will increased and in higher amounts of sawdust ash it will decrease. Also dry density will decreased. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test data shows that optimum amount of zeolite and sawdust ash replacement with cement are 10% and 0.5% respectively. These optimum amounts make compressive strength increased 250.46 and 245.01 percent respectively compared with base soil and 73.9 and 87.42 percent respectively compared with stabilized sandy soil with 4% cement only.

Soil properties improvement involves a variety of approaches. Among them, the addition of specific materials to the soil has been widely adopted in the literature. Although cement impact on environment is negative, it has been widely-used in many construction projects. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to find suitable alternative methods to decrease cement usage, one of which is the addition of polypropylene fibers and zeolite. 126 types of unconfined compression tests with different ingredients were carried out with the aim of decreasing cement usage and improving soil properties. Two types of sandy soil were adopted in this study, i.e., SP and SW soil. They were improved by 4% of cement, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% of polypropylene fibers with random distribution, and 0, 10, 30, 50% of zeolite were used during curing periods of 7, 14, 28 days. According to the compaction test results, with the addition of 0.5% polypropylene to the SW soil, and 1% to SP soil, the value of optimum moisture increases, and then decreases. On the other hand, the addition of polypropylene fibers resulted in decrease of the special dry weight of both type of soils. It also revealed the optimum percentage of zeolite and polypropylene fibers to the SW soil are 30% and %0.5, respectively, while this values in the SP soils are 10% and %0.75, respectively. The proper adoption of zeolite and polypropylene in cement led to increase in unconfined compression tests as well as elastic deformation strength.

In today's world, many problems, such as the deadly pandemics that science seeks to solve, are borderless in nature, and overcoming such challenges goes through the international scientific cooperation between scientists and policymakers working across geopolitical boundaries. Over the past few decades, in parallel with traditional diplomacy, a new type of diplomacy has emerged in the field of international relations called science diplomacy (SD), which has important features such as diversity, pervasive multilateralism, involving citizens and civil society, and high impact. In fact, scientific diplomacy is used to describe many types of exchanges in the fields of science, technology and innovation (STI), and participation of countries in the higher educational (HE) programs. Despite the high diversity of the field, it is divided into three main categories, including science in diplomacy, diplomacy for science, and science for diplomacy. Over the past few decades, countries that have been at the forefront of key science and technology have also benefited greatly from the potential of science diplomacy. Past experiences also show that the development of strategic scientific relations and scientific cooperation between countries or even rival blocs can prevent diplomatic failures and reduce the possibility of destructive conflicts and tensions in the global arena. On the other hand, at the present time, the world faces many and varied challenges, in some cases, solving them is beyond the scientific and technical capacities of a country alone. This article discusses the importance, examples, achievements, opportunities/challenges and experiences of some countries and a number of international institutions in the field of science diplomacy and scientific authority.

Vitamin D is known for its roles in calcium metabolism and bone health. With the spread of COVID-19 epidemic, roles of this vitamin in strengthening host immune system has received more attention. Nearly 900 genes have been identified, whose expression is controlled by vitamin D. Most of these genes are involved in innate and adaptive immune systems. Vitamin D prohibits the penetration of viruses deep into tissues by maintaining intercellular connections. This characteristic of vitamin D prevents rapid spread of the coronavirus in the lungs. Stimulating immune cell differentiation, increasing killing capacity of macrophages and increasing production of antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin and β-defensin by vitamin D increase the immune system ability to fight coronavirus. Moreover, vitamin D decreases over secretion of inflammatory cytokines; thus, prohibiting cytokine storm and uncontrolled inflammation in the lungs. Modulating activity of the renin-angiotensin system and preventing over accumulation of angiotensin 2 are other functions of vitamin D in protecting tissues, especially lungs, against the coronavirus.

The history of establishing a network of mission-oriented and leading national laboratories in key areas that are the crossroads of science and technology, the location of large research facilities, the activities of prominent scientists and engineers goes back more than half a century. Such laboratories have a significant synergy with universities in the advancement of science and penetrating technologies and act as a complement to their research activities. The large and unique facilities of these laboratories are defined as national users which support academic and industrial research. While the United States has built a network of 17 comprehensives, mostly multifunctional national laboratories with vast facilities and vast human capital, China’s many single-purpose national laboratories have been established both in universities and in industrial companies. In addition to the small national laboratories set up for specific purposes in key areas of science and technology, China is also interested in establishing comprehensive and multi-purpose national laboratories. The US National Laboratories are funded by the federal government under the umbrellas of the Ministry of Energy, while the Chinese National Laboratories, receiving government funding, are under the auspices of the Ministry of Finance. France, in parallel with its universities, established three networks of research institutes in the fields of science, agriculture and medicine, which are jointly run by the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation and other relevant ministries. They are important in contributing of science & technology and overcoming the challenges and meeting the basic needs of the country. We need the national laboratories or leading mission-oriented research institutes that focus on important and fundamental fields of science and technology and cover each other in the form of one or more complementary networks in Iran. It is suggested that the establishment of such research networks, which will have a good synergy in the contribution of science and technology with the universities. These national laboratories or mission-oriented institutes, which are the centers for integration of science, innovation and technology will be more agile and link with universities in solving the current and future challenges and problems in the country.

Nowadays, modern and environmentally friendly methods have been used to stabilize soils and to improve soil engineering properties. One of these methods is formation of calcium carbonate precipitation in soil pores for increasing strength, cohesion, hardness of soil and decreasing soil permeability. Since most studies have been performed on the formation of calcium carbonate precipitation by using urea hydrolysis by bacteria. In this study, calcite precipitation was made by direct use of urease enzyme. In this method there is no limitation like using of bacteria and also there is no harmful effects on planting. This study investigated the effect of adding urease enzyme to cement and zeolite-stabilized sandy soils as well as the effect of fine aggregates. The results of the uniaxial strength tests showed that with 10% replacement of zeolite instead of cement while 10% fine grains were used, more resistance was observed to the samples without zeolite and with less fine grains. On the other hand, by adding urease enzyme with 4% cement, 10% fine grains and urease enzyme in the comparison of samples without enzyme increased the compressive strength at 14 and 28 days, 5.12 and 4.107, respectively.

The purpose of this study is explaining the aspects of entrepreneurial University in Technical and Vocational University Area 8 (Mazandaran, Golestan, and Semnan provinces). According to the review of the research studies in the past including Ataiee et al. (2017), the researchers in the present study concluded that applying the criteria of the entrepreneurial universities in the organizational and educational chart of universities will result in the development of the power of innovation and creativity of students and graduates to perform entrepreneurial activities; Mahdi (2015) believes that the establishment and effectiveness of the entrepreneurial university is not possible without the systematic development of entrepreneurship education and effective training of students, professors, managers and staff of the university system and strengthening the entrepreneurial characteristics of the university's human resources. Bahayani (2015) believes that the following four elements should be considered for entrepreneurship in universities: organizational structure and management style, education and research, government facilities for entrepreneurial activities, entrepreneurial culture. Also, Naderi et al. (2014) emphasizes the entrepreneurial capabilities of students in terms of independence, internal control, motivation, success, risk-taking and creativity in different stages of higher education and by presenting a model with six different dimensions, they intend to take into account the dimensions and components of the entrepreneurial university within the technical and vocational university, which is the only university in charge of higher technical and vocational education in the country, and technical and vocational colleges, as the sub-units of this university, have a history of more than 40 years of educational activity and are among the first centers of higher education in the country. In fact, by determining the dimensions and components of the entrepreneurial university, it is possible to find out whether we have achieved our desired goals or not?

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. The statistical population in this study is comprised of 448 individuals selected from all heads, deputies, official managers or expert officials and department heads of the technical and vocational colleges and institutes in district 8 (in Mazandaran, Golestan, and Semnan provinces). 207 individuals were chosen through applying stratified random sampling and Cochran formula. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire with 95 items was used. The validity and reliability of the research tools were confirmed. To analyze the data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis tests were applied.

The research findings have indicated that the entrepreneurial university in the technical and vocational university includes 6 aspects: educational and research aspects, structural and organizational aspects, human resources, social and cultural aspects, economic and financial aspects, information and communication technology, and 18 components: (educational and research), (structural, prespective, mission, strategy, management and leadership), (professors, staff, university students and graduates ), (social and cultural), (economic, financial, facilities, equipment and research contracts) and ( infrastructure, offices, centres and companies).

From the findings, it can be concluded that in addition to identifying the dimensions and components of the entrepreneurial university, the structural and organizational aspect with the load factor of 0.950 has the most influence and the social and cultural aspect with the load factor of 0.874 has the least influence.

Over the past hundred years, many pandemic diseases of viral origin have been transmitted from wild or even domestic animals to humans. Researchers believe that human intervention in nature and the rapid change of natural environments have provided more opportunities for the evolution of new destructive viruses than at any other time in geological history. Human invasion of wildlife habitats also exposes us to more contact with them. Research shows that high temperatures, ultraviolet rays of sunlight and humidity play an important role in killing the coronavirus. Ultraviolet rays both directly damage the genetic material of the virus and help make vitamin D and beta-endorphin peptide as both boost the body's immune system. Studies also show that dry air and temperatures in the range of 5 to 10 °C create a favorable condition for the spread of the coronavirus. However, since coronaviruses have considerable environmental resistance, the summer heat alone does not seem to be sufficient to combat the deadly virus. Therefore, in parallel with controlling COVID-19 disease, it is also important to limit the emergence cycle of new deadly viruses by reducing human involvement in nature and the natural habitats of animals.

In the Method and Methodology of Research Course at Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB) ، University of Tehran، the class students had series of questions about the procedures of publishing scientific articles. It was decided that these questions be exposed to the eminent scientific professors and questions discussed extensively in this article as follow items: - Why should scientific research data and findings be published in scientific journals? - Why is there an emphasis on publishing the results of scientific research with an international index? Why and what is indexing worth? - Does the specialized reviewing process prevent the novel publication? Is this type of reviewing inducing the discriminatory and influenced by conflicts of interest? - Is publishing articles in scientific journals ، especially international journals، a tool for stealing ideas? - Are some editors of international journals discriminate in the process of submitting judgments or decisions to some countries? Why do some international journals or publishers tend to publish open access articles? Doesn't this harm the scientific quality of scientific articles? - Do universities deserve to play a role in publishing scientific journals? Distinguished academic professors have commented on each of the above questions in detail from various perspectives that the written material has valuable knowledge and experience that can be useful to researchers and students. It is worth mentioning that the answers to the questions have been addressed from a national and international perspective، which can pave the way for scientific publishing institutes ، scientific associations، relevant higher education officials، editors and editorial boards of journals at the national and international levels.

The proper way of caring for heart patients, especially patients with angina, are as much as is necessary to know if it can save a person’s life. For this reason, educational planners are seeking new educational methods for the progress of nurses. In this study, the role of clinical education in changing the knowledge, attitude and skills of nurses in the care of patients with angina pectoris has been investigated.

In this narrative review, in 2005 to 2019, For achieving its goals several articles with keywords, Clinical Education, Angina pectoris, Nurse, Knowledge, Lecture, Practice and Attitude, in Internet resources and databases Google Scholar, Elsevier, SID, PubMed, Scopus, Iran Medex and library resources And Iranian publications in the field of Nursing Education were Selected and reviewed And the articles that are more relevant to the subject of study and its objectives, were used.

Effective learning in education is more than just the result of the correct training, which is achieved in an appropriate environment through creative methods. Therefore, proper and effective teaching methods should be used to improve the quality of education. Evidence suggests that the use of clinical education approach has a significant role in increasing the knowledge, attitude and practical skills of nurses and it can be said that it is preferable to traditional methods of education.

Discussion and Conclusion:

The importance of applying innovative and creative educational methods, including clinical education, has been confirmed in various studies. Although lecture and clinical education has a positive effect on the knowledge, attitude and practice of emergency department nurses, the effectiveness of clinical education is more durable and more effective than lecture. Studies are recommended to compare the effectiveness of traditional and modern educational methods.

Nowadays, fundraising is one of the most important issues for both Fintech investors and startups. The pattern of fundraising in terms of “number and type of rounds and stages needed” are important. The diverse features and factors that could stem from Fintech business models which can influence success are of the key issues in shaping these patterns. This study applied the top 100 KPMG Fintech startups’ data to extract clusters and fundraising pattern using sequential pattern discovery for each cluster. This led to the extraction of seven distinct clusters using 3 different clustering algorithms from 3 to 7 different rounds of investment for each cluster. The proposed frequent patterns can assist both investors and Fintech startups to show the future fundraising pattern based on their new or current startup cluster type and the ongoing stages of development.

Due to the ease of transportation in the modern world and the lack of familiarity with the human immune system, the new coronavirus quickly crossed the borders of the country after it first appeared in China late 2019. Through the rapid spreading to more than 171 countries in the world, it now becomes the biggest challenge after World War II. Tens of thousands of people, including many medical staff, have been infected and thousands have died, but effective and definitive treatment has not yet been reported. On the other hand, concerted global efforts to halt epidemi of the killer virus have been started few months ago and continue by now. To this end, many governments, organizations, institutions and charities around the world have begun to provide serious support to universities and pharmaceutical companies. Because of this monetary support, dozens of vaccines and antibodies have been developed that are in clinical trial stages and are likely to be released soon. In addition to the design of new vaccines and antibodies, other drugs, particularly those used for viral infections, and traditional herbal remedies have also been given the opportunity to re-emerge. Also, many projects have used the potential capacity of stem cells to control this infectious disease. The construction of new and innovative drugs is also on the agenda of scientists. Considering the genetic information of spike protein, several DNA, RNA and protein vaccines have been developed, so far. The spike protein is also a good target for many of the antibodies that are being made, which will neutralize the virus by binding to this protein that protruded from the viral surface. Some pharmacological antibodies, such as Kevzara, Leronlimab, and Actemra, which have previously been used to treat other conditions, have recently been suggested to reduce pulmonary inflammation and facilitate the pulmonary ventilation in the patients. Also, the antiviral medicines Lopinavir, Ritonavir, Remdesivir, Galidesivir, Oseltamivir, Darunavir, Triazavirin, and the antibiotic Brilacidin, and several other important drugs, have attracted the attention of physicians and researchers to combat the disease. The plant-based compounds such as the anti-malarial drug chloroquine, glycyrrhizinate diammonium from licorice root juice, and the Flavonoid baicalin have also shown positive results in controlling this viral disease. This article describes the pioneering plans in the field of trial drugs in various stages of clinical trials for the treatment of covid-19. Throughout the thousands of years of history, mankind has repeatedly experienced the epidemi/pandemi of infectious and fatal diseases, and the recent pandemi will not be the last of them. Therefore, investing in strengthening the scientific and practical infrastructure of our universities and pharmaceutical companies, will bring about lower costs for our country through the similar health crises that will unavoidablyhappen in the future.

α-crystallin is a member of small heat shock protein family (sHSP) which shows both structural and chaperone functions. This protein plays important role in eye lens transparency and indicates protective function in the other tissues. The lenticular levels of copper ions significantly enhance in diabetic patients, aged and cataractous lenses. In eye lenses, the free copper ions induce ascorbic acid auto-oxidation, leading to formation of dehydroascorbic acid and other oxidative products as well as reactive oxygen species. The oxidized forms of ascorbic acid along with the reducing sugars enter into pathological reactions with the eye lens proteins, forming toxic advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). As one of the main components of eye lens antioxidant defense mechanism, glutathione could scavenge the copper ions, inhibiting the formation of reactive oxygen species in eye lenses. In the current study, the structural and functional properties of human αB-crystallin were assessed using different spectroscopic methods. In the presence of copper ions, αB-crystallin exhibited important alterations in both structure and chaperone activity which upturned in the presence of glutathione. Moreover, incubation of human αB-crystallin with copper resulted in significant increase in the protein oligomeric size distribution which largely prevented upon simultaneous incubation with glutathione. Overall, glutathione may scavenge free copper ions in the lenticular tissue, inhibiting their damaging effects on crystallin proteins and other redox-sensitive molecular targets such as ascorbic acid. Our results may introduce a new protective role for glutathione which is highly important in diabetic and aged lenses showing increased levels of copper ions.

Because the human immune system is not prepared to deal with the new coronavirus in advance, the rate of spread of this deadly virus is very high in human societies. The origin of this virus is similar to the two viruses in its family, the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) or the acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), so all three viruses are transmitted from animal to human. The main route of transmission of the virus is through the respiratory droplets of infected people or contact with infected surfaces and objects. People who care for Covid-19 patients or those who are at the places of attendance of patients infected with the virus are more likely to be exposed to the new coronavirus. The virus has a crown-like protein at its surface that, after binding to the membrane protein receptor (called ACE2), enters healthy cells and then proliferates to create more copies. The presence of this protein receptor, which also plays an important role in controlling blood pressure and function of the heart and lungs, has been demonstrated in various parts of the body such as lungs, heart, blood vessels, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. Although no effective drug for the treatment of Covid-19 has been introduced so far, the design of antibodies against the corona protein of the new coronavirus or drugs that occupy viral binding site on ACE2 prior to its attachment to the virus is one of the goals of the researchers in the field. The individuals with underlying diseases or patients indicating the increased expression of the ACE2 cell membrane receptor, show more severe symptoms of the disease. As we age, mortality rates in patients with the new coronary virus increase due to lowered immune system and some underlying diseases or both. In the present situation, personal and social health care and applying natural methods to strengthen the immune system seem to be the most important strategies that can be taken to prevent the spread of the disease in human societies.

AIDS is an emerging disease, and despite the fact that it has not been recognized for the first half-century since its inception, it has been known as a century-old disaster. This disease, by proliferation in immune cells and ultimately by weakening the immune system, makes people vulnerable to diseases. Our study seeks to examine existing cases of HIV/AIDS patients in East Azerbaijan province in Iran and provides useful guidance for patient diagnosis, treatment, and care.

This is a descriptive-analytic study in which the target group includes all HIV-positive or AIDS patients identified or reported from 2004 to 2014 in Tabriz Medical Sciences or Health Centers of East Azerbaijan province. The demographic information of all patients were recorded by a researcher-made questionnaire during visiting the disease-management counseling centers. All data including transmission of the illness (including all possible ways), the diagnostic date, the onset of treatment and the date of death were collected, and then entered into the software Stata, version 11.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA). The information were imported in the ArcGIS software, version 10.7.1 (ESRI Inc., Redlands, CA, USA), maps were created, and geographic and spatial data were analyzed.

According to the results of this study, most patients with 89.9% were male, 28.9% were under the age of 36 years, 32.3% had elementary education, and the most common way of transmission with 42.3% is through the shared infusion.

According to the results of this study, the highest prevalence of AIDS in East Azerbaijan province was observed in men under the age of 36 years and primary and lower secondary education in Tabriz and Maragheh cities.