روح الله یوسفی

The results of this study show that the degree of mechanization of tillage, planting with transplanter, spraying, weeding and harvesting in the eastern areas of Gilan province is 100%, 70.41%, 37.32%, 3.85% and 91.12% respectively. The level of rice mechanization in these regions is 3.95 horsepower per hectare. Roudsar city has the lowest level of mechanization and Siahkal city has the highest level with 2.75 and 5.14 horsepower per hectare, respectively. The average mechanization capacity of rice in the eastern regions of Gilan province is 646.51 horsepower-hour per hectare. The highest amount of mechanization capacity is related to the Primary tillage (Spring) with a tractor-turned plow and the lowest is related to the harvesting operation with rice self-propelled reaper, respectively, equal to 1323.09 and 30.80 horsepower-hour per hectare has been obtained. The lowest economic efficiency for Siahkal city and the highest for Roudsar city were calculated as 0.43 and 0.74 tons per horsepower, respectively. The results of this study show that the number of tillage machines and transplanters available in the eastern regions is suitable, and only by improving the management of machines, the level of implementation of mechanized transplanting operations should be increased. In the case of harvesting machines, there is a need to strengthen and introduce more machines to improve the degree of mechanization, and in the case of weeding operations, due to the low degree of mechanization, there is an urgent need to plan for the introduction of suitable machines.

Investigating the indices of mechanization in paddy fields in each area is important and also is necessary to select correct rice machines and to use them properly. A study has been conducted in Guilan province to determine the current status of mechanization in paddy fields and to provide solutions for the problems the farmers are facing with. The indices determining the status of mechanization of rice farming were calculated from information and data in questionnaires, statistical sources, and field surveys. The results showed that the degree of mechanization of tillage, planting with transplanter, spraying, weeding and harvesting (reaper and combine) were 100%, 72.55%, 23.57%, 4.62% and 84.83% respectively. The highest level of mechanization was found in Rudbar with 9.12 hp/ha and the lowest level of mechanization was found in Shaft city with 1.75 hp/ha. The lowest economic efficiency found in Rudbar city with a value of 0.22 ton/hp and the highest economic efficiency found in Shaft city with 1.51 ton/hp. The average of rice mechanization capacity in Guilan province was 404.5 hp.hr/ha. On the average, in the province of Guilan there is one tractor for every 27 hectares of paddy land, one tiller for every 4 hectares of paddy land, one transplanter for every 30 hectares of paddy land, and one harvester for every 60 hectares of paddy land. Low number of self-propelled machines in the province of Guilan comparing to the number of farmers, caused decision-making at the right time for farmers becomes difficult.

Mechanization is one of the main factors in the development of agriculture and is one of the examples of the application of technology in the agricultural sector, which makes it possible for the agricultural sector to reach the stage of industrial and commercial production. Agricultural mechanization, as a basic approach in the production of agricultural products, provides goals such as timely performance of agricultural operations, reduction of production costs, reduction of labor intensity, better management of agricultural inputs, quantitative and qualitative improvement of production and, in principle, the possibility of economic and mass production of products. There are inequalities in the development of agricultural mechanization, which is partly affected by natural factors, but human factors also play a significant role in its occurrence. Planning for the development of mechanization is one of the most important components in the development plan of the agricultural sector.The requirement for correct planning regarding agricultural mechanization depends on recognition of the existing situation. In order to determine the existing situation and comparing the mechanization status of each region to another, there is a need to have defined and meaningful indicators and criteria. The consciousness of the current situation and the distance between different regions as well as obtaining the optimal level can be used to provide a suitable program and development of mechanization for finding and resolving the disturbances and inequalities. In this research, the indicators of rice mechanization in central and southern regions of Guilan province were investigated and compared. According to the results, the current state of mechanization of rice has been determined and the necessary solutions for their improvement have been provided.

Guilan province is one of the northern provinces of Iran, with an area of 14711 square kilometers which stands the second ranking (31% of total) in terms of area harvested. A study was conducted during the years 2020 and 2021 for determination of indicators that govern the mechanization development in the central and southern regions of Guilan province. The studied areas were as rasht and khomam (in the central areas of guilan province) with an area under rice cultivation of 62430 hectares and roudbar (in the southern areas of guilan province) with an area under rice cultivation of 3375 hectares. The field method or field study was employed in terms of broad-based (holistic) and deep-based (depth-based) methods and its subset based on questionnaire for data collection in this research. Due to the lack of access to all villages of each city, one village was randomly selected and after checking their conditions, the relative homogeneity of the area was determined and the obtained information was generalized to other places. Collecting of data was done by completing the questionnaires through available statistical sources, field surveys and interviews with farmers. Data were collected from reliable authorities such as the Guilan agricultural jihad organization, agricultural jihad management of the cities, agricultural jihad centers, and the statistics of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. From the obtained data, the mechanization indices including degree of mechanization, mechanization level, mechanization capacity, machine power, machine productivity level, mechanization economic efficiency and machine farm efficiency were calculated.The results revealed that in the central and southern regions of Guilan, the degree of mechanization was 65.1 and 78.9 percent, the level of mechanization was 2.71 and 9.12, horsepower per hectare, the economic efficiency of mechanization was 0.89 and 0.83 tons per horsepower, the average capacity of mechanization was 431.73 and 853.20 horsepower in hour per hectare, respectively. Transplanting by a 4-row rice transplanter in both regions had the highest productivity coefficient. The lowest productivity coefficient assigned to the spraying operation by a motorized backpack sprayer (4.72%) in the central areas and the mouldboard plow in primary tillage by a tractor (1.79%) in the southern region. On average, in the central and southern regions, there was one tractor for every 35 and 5 hectares, a tiller for every 5 and 11 hectares, a transplanter for every 46 and 31 hectares, and a combine harvester for every 88 and 56 hectares, respectively. For every 100 farmers, there were 3 and 5 tractors, 24 and 2 tillers and 2 and 1 transplanters, respectively.

The degree of mechanization for tillage and transplanting operations in the central and southern regions of Guilan province demonstrated a good circumstance based on the sixth state plan of development. According to the expectations, by the end of the sixth plan, the degree of mechanization in harvesting operation was acceptable in the south of Guilan, but in the central, in order to reach the expectations, there is a need to reinforce and import more machines for improving the level of mechanization. The degree of mechanization in plant protection operation for both regions had unfavorable situation. Therefore, measures should be taken for replacing appropriate machines. The level of rice mechanization was higher in the south region than the central. from the above-mentioned reasons, the level of mechanization of rice in the southern region can be attributed to the multiple usage of the driving machines for paddy fields and other crops, the low area under rice cultivation and the large number of tillers and tractors, the lack of companies providing mechanized services, and little time available to farmers to carry out land preparation, transplanting, protection, and harvesting in these regions. The findings also show that tractors and tillers, which are the most important sources of power supply, are not evenly distributed across the central and southern regions. tractors and other self-propelled machines have not been distributed based on the area under cultivation and the economic, climatic, and cultural conditions of the farmers. The smallholder farmers tended to possess a self-propelled machinery while this caused either unused power in rural areas or used only for a short period of time. In some cases, tractors and tillers were used in unrelevant tasks such as transportation and handling. The highest productivity coefficient in the central and southern regions were related to the transplanting by a 4-row rice transplanter. But the lowest productivity coefficient was assigned to the spraying operation by a motorized backpack sprayer (4.72%) in the central areas and the mouldboard plow in primary tillage by a tractor (1.79%) in the southern region. The low productivity coefficient of these machines has represented their lower usage in paddy fields. The highest mechanization capacity in the studied regions was related to the primary tillage by a tractor mounted moldboard plow. The lowest consumed energy in the central and southern regions were related to weeding by a three-row power weeder and spraying by a motorized backpack sprayer which were 18.25 and 8.32 horsepower-hour per hectare. Due to the high cost of purchasing self-propelled machinery and the smallness of the land, the average ratio of self-propelled machinery to operator was not appropriate, which brought the operators a great deal of weakness in performing operations at the proper time.

The requirement for correct planning regarding agricultural mechanization is sufficient recognition of the existing situation. In order to determine the existing situation and compare the mechanization status of each region with another region, there is a need for have been to fully defined and meaningful indicators and criteria. The consciousness of the current situation and the distance between each region obtaining the optimal level can be used to provide a suitable program and development of mechanization for finding and resolving the disturbances and inequalities. In this research, the indicators of rice mechanization in West cities of Guilan province were investigated and compared. From the data, the current state of mechanization of rice has been determined and the necessary solutions for their improvement have been provided.

Guilan province is one of the northern provinces of Iran, with an area of 14711 square kilometers which stands the second ranking (31% of total) in terms of area harvested. A study was conducted during the years 2020 and 2021 for determination of indicators that govern the mechanization development in the western regions of Guilan province. The studied areas were as Shaft, Fuman, Masal, Astara, Somesara, Talesh, Rezwanshahr and Bandar-e Anzali with an area under rice cultivation of 97103 hectares, about 40.8% of rice cultivation in Guilan province.A study was conducted in 2020 and 2021 to determine the indicators that determine the development of mechanization in the western areas of Guilan province. Collecting the required information and data was done by completing the questionnaire and by referring to the available statistical sources, field surveys and interviews with the users. The statistical population of this research was rice farmers in the western regions of the province. There were more than 75 thousand rice farmers working in these areas. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula for rice farmers in the western regions of 385 farmers. The questionnaire consists of two parts: personal and professional characteristics of rice farmers and mechanization. The sampling method was multi-stage, after selecting the villages, sample people were randomly selected from each village. In the field of personal and professional characteristics of rice farmers, the variables included gender, age, literacy level, history of rice cultivation, type of cultivated rice, area of cultivated land, amounts of fertilizers and pesticides used, average size of plots, type of land ownership, and number of household members. In the mechanization characteristics section, the variables include the type of operation, the specifications of the machine used in the operation, the type of ownership of the machine, the start and end time of the operation, the number of times, the start and end date of the operation, and the number of manpower required to perform the operation. to collect information about; The cultivated area of rice varieties in the cities, self-driving machines and agricultural machines active in rice cultivation in each city, technical specifications of the agricultural machines used, the calendar of rice cultivation activities and rice yield in each city, from the statistics of reliable centers such as the Provincial Agricultural Jihad Organization (Department of Mechanized Technology Agriculture, Management of Agriculture Affairs and Department of Statistics and Information Technology and Network Equipment), Management of Agricultural Jihad of the cities, Service Centers of Agricultural Jihad and Rice Research Institute of the country were collected and also the statistics of crops of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad were used.From the obtained information, the mechanization indices including degree of mechanization, mechanization level, mechanization capacity, machine power, machine productivity level, mechanization economic efficiency and machine farm efficiency were calculated.The results of this study showed that the degree of mechanization of tillage operations, planting with transplanter, spraying, weeding and harvesting (with rice reaper and combine) is 100, 75.06, 17.43, 6.86 and 81.60%, respectively. The highest level of mechanization related to Rezwanshahr city was obtained with 5.68 horsepower per hectare and the lowest for Shaft city with 1.75 horsepower per hectare. The lowest economic efficiency was calculated for Razvanshahr city with 0.51 and the highest for Shaft city with 1.51 tons per horsepower. The highest productivity coefficient related to the planting operation with a 6-row walk-behind planter and the lowest for the spraying operation with a motorized back sprayer are 76.70 and 4.10%, respectively. The average rice mechanization capacity in the western areas of Guilan province was 154.99 horsepower-hour per hectare. On average, in the western regions, per There was one tractor for 33 hectares, a tiller for every 5 hectares, a transplanter for every 27 hectares and a combine harvester for every 142 hectares.

The degree of mechanization for tillage and transplanting operations in the western regions of Guilan province demonstrated a good circumstance based on the sixth state plan of development. According to the expectations, by the end of the sixth plan, the degree of mechanization in harvesting operation in order to reach the expectations, there is a need to reinforce and import more machines for improving the level of mechanization. The degree of mechanization in plant protection operation for western regions had unfavorable situation. Therefore, measures should be taken for replacing appropriate machines. The level of rice mechanization was high in the western regions. from the above-mentioned reasons, the level of mechanization of rice in the western region can be attributed to the multiple usage of the driving machines for paddy fields and other crops, the low area under rice cultivation and the large number of tillers and tractors, the lack of companies providing mechanized services, and little time available to farmers to carry out land preparation, transplanting, protection, and harvesting in these regions. The findings also show that tractors and tillers, which are the most important sources of power supply, are not evenly distributed across the western regions. tractors and other self-propelled machines have not been distributed based on the area under cultivation and the economic, climatic, and cultural conditions of the farmers. The smallholder farmers tended to possess a self-propelled machinery while this caused either unused power in rural areas or used only for a short period of time. In some cases, tractors and tillers were used in unrelevant tasks such as transportation and handling. The highest productivity coefficient in the western regions were related to the transplanting by a 6-row walk-behind transplanting and the lowest for the spraying operation with a motorized back sprayer are 76.70 and 4.10%, respectively. The average rice mechanization capacity in the western areas of Guilan province was 154.99 horsepower-hour per hectare. Due to the low number of self-driving cars in these areas compared to the number of operators, the decision-making power of operators in performing operations at the right time is low.

Mechanization is one of the main factors in the development of agriculture. Agricultural mechanization, as a basic approach in the production of agricultural products, provides goals such as timely performance of agricultural operations, reduction of production costs, reduction of labor intensity, quantitative and qualitative improvement of production and, in principle, the possibility of Economic production. There are inequalities in the development of agricultural mechanization, which is partly affected by natural factors, but human factors also play a significant role in its occurrence. Planning for the development of mechanization is one of the most important components in the development plan of the agricultural sector. The requirement for correct planning regarding agricultural mechanization depends on recognition of the existing situation. Knowing and evaluating the development indices of rice mechanization is necessary for the correct selection and optimal use of rice machines and timely and quality agricultural operations to be used as basic information in the calculation of rice mechanization projects and economic analyses. In this research, the indices of rice mechanization in the central and southern regions of Gilan province were studied with the aim of estimating the number of machines needed in rice cultivation.

Gilan province is one of the northern provinces of Iran, with an area of 14711 square kilometers which stands the second ranking (31% of total) in terms of area harvested. A study was conducted during the years 2020 and 2021 for determination of indices that govern the mechanization development in the central and southern regions of Gilan province. The studied areas were as rasht and khomam (in the central areas of Gilan province) with an area under rice cultivation of 62430 hectares and roudbar (in the southern areas of Gilan province) with an area under rice cultivation of 3375 hectares. The field method or field study was employed in terms of broad-based (holistic) and deep-based (depth-based) methods and its subset based on questionnaire for data collection in this research. Due to the lack of access to all villages of each city, one village was randomly selected and after checking their conditions, the relative homogeneity of the area was determined and the obtained information was generalized to other places. Collecting of data was done by completing the questionnaires through available statistical sources, field surveys and interviews with farmers. Data were collected from reliable authorities such as the Gilan agricultural jihad organization, agricultural jihad management of the cities, agricultural jihad centers, and the statistics of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. From the obtained data, the indices determining the state of mechanization, working days and farm productivity were calculated.

The results revealed that in the central and southern regions of Gilan, the degree of mechanization was 65.1 and 78.9 percent, the level of mechanization was 2.71 and 9.12, horsepower per hectare and the average capacity of mechanization was 415.74 and 782.10 horsepower in hour per hectare, respectively. On average, in the central and southern regions, there was one tractor for every 35 and 5 hectares, a tiller for every 5 and 11 hectares, a transplanter for every 46 and 31 hectares, and a combine harvester for every 88 and 56 hectares, respectively. According to the results, the number of machines in the tilling and spraying stages is more than the estimated number of machines in the studied areas. The number of available machines in the central areas was 77.1 and 55% more in tillage and 35.6 and 41.2 percent less in planting and 25.8 percent more in the southern areas in tillage and 79.7 percent and in 56.4 plantings and 2.3 percent less than the estimated number.

The degree of mechanization for tillage and transplanting operations in the central and southern regions of Gilan province demonstrated a good circumstance based on the sixth state plan of development. According to the expectations, by the end of the sixth development plan, the degree of mechanization in plant protection and harvesting operations, there is a need to reinforce and import more machines. The level of rice mechanization was higher in the south region than the central. From the above-mentioned reasons, the level of mechanization of rice in the southern region can be attributed to the multiple usage of the driving machines for paddy fields and other crops, the low area under rice cultivation and the large number of tillers and tractors, the lack of companies providing mechanized services, and little time available to farmers to carry out land preparation, transplanting, protection, and harvesting in these regions. The findings also showed that tractors and tillers, which were the most important sources of power supply, were not evenly distributed across the central and southern regions. In some cases, tractors and tillers were used in irrelevant tasks such as transportation and handling. According to the results, in the stages of tillage and spraying, the number of available machines is more than the estimated ones in the studied regions. According to the results, the number of machines available in the central areas in Tillage (Primary tillage, Secondary tillage, Puddling, Leveling) is 77.1% and Plant Protection (spraying and weeding) 55% more and in planting 35.6 and harvesting (Rice reaper, rice combine harvester, baler) 41.2 percent less than the estimated number. The number of machines available in the southern regions in tillage is 79.7% and harvesting 25.8% percent more and in planting 56.4 and Plant Protection 2.3% percent less than the estimated number. The comparison of the current conditions of these areas with the estimate shows that there is no proper planning in the supply and distribution of agricultural machines according to the cultivated areas. This shows the necessity of planning to establish more balance to create appropriate and homogeneous conditions for the distribution of agricultural machines in the studied regions.

To realize the current state of mechanization, defined and meaningful indices and standards are needed. Evaluation of these indices can be used for correct estimation and optimal use of agricultural machines. In this study, by collecting data through questionnaires and available statistical sources, the indices determining the status of rice mechanization (including the degree, level and capacity of mechanization, executive level), working days and farm productivity were calculated. The number of agricultural machines needed to perform mechanized operations in different stages of rice production were estimated using the time opportunity method. The results showed that in the eastern and western regions the degree of mechanization was 74.8 and 66.9%, the level of mechanization was 3.95 and 3.54 horsepower per hectare, the average mechanization capacity was 390.48 and 391.80 horsepower per hectare, respectively. Also, there were a tractor for every 29 and 27 hectares, a tiller for 3 and 4 hectares, a transplanter for 29 and 25 hectares, a weeder for 81 and 189 hectares, and a combine for every 39 and 77 hectares, on average. The number of machines available in the eastern regions in tillage are 81.5%, Transplanting 2.5%, spraying 71%, and harvesting 38.5% more and in weeding 9% less than the estimated number. the number of machines available in the western regions in tillage are 80.6%, Transplanting 15.9%, spraying 70.8%, weeding 42.3% and harvesting 51.5 % more than the estimated number.

Anthrax is a biological killer and bioterrorist that can be used as a weapon in biological warfare. It is a spore-forming bacterium that can cause severe illness and death in humans and animals when inhaled, ingested or in contact with the skin. Anthrax spores are highly resistant to environmental conditions and can lie dormant in the soil for years, making them a potential long-term threat. The use of anthrax as a biological weapon has been documented in the past, and its potential to cause widespread casualties and disrupt critical infrastructure makes it a serious national security and public health concern. Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis and is a deadly disease that was used as a biological weapon by the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War. Anthrax spores can easily spread through the air, making it a very dangerous biological weapon. in 1979, the Soviet Union is said to have accidentally released anthrax spores during a military exercise, leading to deaths and illnesses. In response, the United States also developed anthrax as a biological weapon and planted large quantities of spores. In 2001, anthrax was allegedly used as a biological weapon in attacks in the United States. All stockpiles of anthrax spores in the United States are currently stored in secure facilities under tight security. Research continues to develop more effective treatments and vaccines against anthrax infections, but concerns remain about the long-term persistence of anthrax spores in soil.

Mammals are as one of the important species of arid environment and play a significant role in their stability and function in the ecosystem. Touran Biosphere Reserve is one of the representative reserves of cold winter deserts that has a high biodiversity of mammals. In this study, which lasted between 2018 and 2021, the mammal diversity and threats of Touran National Park, which is part of the Touran Biosphere Reserve, were investigated. According to the surveys, at least 29 mammal species are inhabiting the national park. Among the identified mammals, Asiatic Cheetah is critically endangered, Persian Wild Ass and Persian Leopard are endangered, Persian Goitered Gazelle, Wild Goat, and Urial Wild Sheep are vulnerable, and Sand Cat and Striped Hyaena are near threatened in the IUCN red list category. Four species of mammals in the national park, Persian Wild Ass, Asiatic Cheetah, Persian Leopard, and Caracal are in the Cites Appendix I, and Urial Wild Sheep, Wolf, Blanford’s Fox and Sand Cat are in the Cites Appendix II. According to the Department of the Environment laws, four mammals of Touran National Park are endangered and five species are protected. Touran National Park is one of the most important and few remaining habitats of Asiatic cheetah and Persian Wild Ass in the country, both of which are among the species with high conservation priority in the country due to their high evolutionary distinction. Therefore, more efforts are needed to study and protect this national park.

The development of health and protection of environment is depended on the provision of safe and clean water. The turbidity of water comes from the suspended and colloidal matters contained in it. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the efficiency of natural coagulant chitosan with poly aluminum chloride (PACl) in the removal of water turbidity. Chitosan is a cationic biopolymer with high molecular weight that is produced from the crust of crustaceans like shrimp and crab.

This investigation was performed، in the laboratory scale، on water samples containing synthetic water turbidity by applying kaolin in high، middle، and low turbidities. The first phase of tests aimed to determine the optimum concentration of the coagulants chitosan and poly aluminum chloride and the efficiency of turbidity removing. The second stage of experiments aimed to determine the optimum pH and the effect of coagulant on the water pH.

Optimum dosages of chitosan for removing the turbidities 1000، 500، 50 and 10 NTU were 10، 6. 5، 1. 5 and 1 mg/L، respectively and the optimum PH values were also 8، 8، 7. 5، and 8، respectively. Optimum dosages of PACl in the respected turbidities were 28، 18، 15 and 12 mg/L، respectively and the optimum PH values were also 8، 7. 5، 7. 5، and 8، correspondingly. Discussion &

The results showed that only in the turbidity 10 NTU، the efficiency of poly aluminum chloride was better than the efficiency of chitosan. In other turbidities، chitosan showed better performance. Chitosan had a lower effect on the water PH، while PACl had a noticeable effect on the water PH. The optimum dosage of chitosan was less than that of PACl in all turbidities. At different levels of turbidity، the optimum concentration of chitosan was significantly lower in comparison with poly aluminum chloride. Coagulant dose reduction decreases the cost of water treatment. This subject is one of the advantages of the bioorganic polymer، chitosan، to the inorganic coagulant، poly aluminum chloride، in the refinement of water with considering the economic aspects. Chitosan، in contrast to poly aluminum chloride، had little effect on the water pH.

Coagulation, Flocculation and Sedimentation are essential processes in water treatment plants. The purpose of this study was to consider the efficiency of natural polyelectrolyte chitosan as a coagulant in water turbidity removal. Chitosan is a cationic biopolymer with high molecular weight that is produced from the crust of crustaceans like shrimp and crab. This investigationwas performed on water samples containing synthetic water turbidity by applying caoline in high, middle, and low turbidities in the laboratory scale. Optimum dosage of Chitosan in turbidity removal of 1000, 500, 100, 50 and 10 NTU were 10, 6.5, 2, 1.5 and 1 mg/L respectively. Efficiency of turbidity removal were 99.77, 99.25, 94.84, 90.96 and 57.50 and optimum pH values were 8, 8, 7.5, 7.5 and 8 respectively. Chitosan has insignificant effect on water pH and its efficiency in high turbiditie's removal is more than its efficiency in lower turbiditie's levels.