فهرست مطالب زهرا بختیاری

One aspect of nurses' working life that is affected by head nurses management styles is job satisfaction, It can change the quality of nursing services. The present study has been conducted with the purpose of  investigating the relationship among head nurses’ authentic leadership style and nurses' job satisfaction and the quality of nursing services at the educational-therapeutic centers of  Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.

The present study is a correlational descriptive study. 295 nurses and 885 patients were selected using stratified random sampling method, Data collection tools including demographic information questionnaires, Walumbwa Authentic leadership style, Minnesota job satisfaction, and SERVQUAL service quality. The data were analyzed using version 24 of SPSS software.

The level of application of the authentic leadership style by the head nurses, the level of job satisfaction of nurses and the quality of nursing services indicated the averages of 3.75, 3.45 and 3.83 at a medium level. The relationship between supervisors' authentic leadership style and nurses' job satisfaction, supervisors' authentic leadership style and perceived quality of services provided by nurses and the relationship between nurses' job satisfaction and the quality of services provided by them, respectively(understood), with values (P = 0.002 and 104/ r = 0), (P = 0.001 and r = 0.115) and (P > 0.001 and r = 0.167) are significant and weak.

 considering the weak but significant results between the variables, the authorities can take steps to improve job satisfaction and the quality of nursing services.

 Due to the wide range of drug contracts and medical equipment available today, legislators must pay close attention to the formation of such contracts in order to ensure justice in this area. This amplifies the significance of the current study›s examination of such contracts. The goal of this article is to examine drug contracts and medical equipment contracts and show how the principle of justice affects these types of contracts in this field.

This research was organised using the descriptive-analytical method, which involved reviewing different sources, including books, papers, statutes and legal documents.

According to the study›s findings, Iran›s current laws do not include a comprehensive definition of pharmaceutical products and medical equipment. Furthermore, the regulations and organisations that govern pharmaceutical product advertising are lax, resulting in a slew of issues and difficulties in supporting and protecting drug and medical equipment consumers and vulnerable parties.

An examination and evaluation of the law of the Organization of the Medical System, as well as other relevant laws and regulations, reveals that information and insurance services are governed by provisions in Iranian law. A comparison of Iranian and US law in this area concludes that we can protect the weak side of the contract, ensure suppliers’ interests, and comply with justice in such contracts by accepting contract amendments, considering development risk rules, accepting the strict liability theory and anticipating the creation of a fund such as the Bodily Injury Fund to Special measures in Iranian law, among other basic steps.

Despite the prominent role of the research phase in the graduation process of doctoral students in the allowed years, less has been done to evaluate this phase and the reasons for its prolongation and postponement in the graduation process of students. The aim of this study was to determine the reasons for postponing the graduation of specialized doctoral students based on their experience in the implementation of the research stage.

The present study is quantitative. The statistical population included 127 PhD students and graduates of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences between 2020- 2022, who had not defended their thesis during the permitted academic years and were selected by census sampling. Demographic questionnaire and PREQ (Postgraduate research experience questionnaire) were sent to them, and finally 75 questionnaires entered the study. Data were analyzed in SPSS-21 software using descriptive statistical methods.

In this study, 68% of the participants were women and 32% were men. Most of the respondents had a favorable experience of all the sub-components of the supervision dimension. On the contrary, the majority of the participants had unfavorable experiences in the sub-components of the fields of research development of the faculty. The experiences of the majority of respondents in developing scientific skills during the research period were optimal.

It is necessary to allocate funds for research, especially in the field of graduate education, to improve the conditions and fields of research development of the faculty, as well as the level of its infrastructure and financial support for research projects in the country's higher education system.

The wide range of medical equipment and its widespread use, on the one hand, and the growing trend of injury to patients, on the other, redouble the need for research on the responsibility of physicians and medical staff. The present article has been written with the aim of analyzing the Islamic Penal Code on the responsibility of medical staff in the field of medical equipment and showing its challenges in this field.

Leading research has been compiled by descriptive-analytical method and by collecting information in the form of a library and referring to laws and legal articles.

Ethical Considerations:

 In all stages of writing this article, while respecting the rights of others, honesty and trustworthiness have also been observed.

The findings indicate that in Article 319 of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1991, the principle was the absolute responsibility of the medical staff However, Article 495 of the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1392 provides for liability based on fault, which will create problems for proving the fault of medical staff in prescribing and using medical equipment for patients.

Analysis and evaluation of the new Islamic Penal Code shows that although our legislator has approved articles on the responsibility of medical staff, but in practice with serious challenges, including guaranteeing the responsibility of the patient and the nurse deprived of specialized medical courses Facing and ignoring other medical-related words. Also, in accordance with the laws and regulations of the United Kingdom and the United States regarding medical equipment, the patient's right to information should be taken into account when drafting laws.

Due to the complexity of the production and distribution of medical equipment, the consumers are often unaware of the composition of these items and how to use them, which increases the possibility of harm to them. Lack of knowledge or lack of information of consumers and their trust in medical products may infringe their rights by the producers and distributors. This fact reveals the need for the present study. This study examines the current laws and regulations on how the Iranian legal system approaches the protection of consumers of non-standard medical equipment.

This Research is of theoretical type, and the research method is descriptive-analytical and conducted using library resources such as documents, books and articles.

To Organize this Research, While Observing the Authenticity of the Texts, Honesty and Fidelity Have Been Observed.

By studying the international provisions on the fundamental rights of the consumer, the study results show that there are shortcomings in the law on the Protection of Consumer Rights (2009) that the negative consequences of such a thing directly affect the consumer. In addition, due to the need for transparency and explicitness of the law and taking this point into account when drafting the law, we should say that such a thing is not observed in Article 526 of the Islamic Penal Code (2013) on determining the guarantor and the same lack of explicitness in the Consumer Protection Law. It is clear. Also, the Eatable and Drinkable Material, Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Products Law (1968) has spoken only about guaranteeing the implementation of the import and illegal manufacture of drugs and has remained silent about medical requirements.

By making amendments to the above laws as well as the Anti-Smuggling of Goods and Currency Act (2013) (such as the legal obligation of detectives to undergo the required training courses as well as the criminalization of the purchase of smuggled medical goods) Consideration of the principles of the Constitution and Consideration of comparative law, including the United Nations Consumer Rights Guidelines and the EU general product safety Regulations, has taken steps to protect the rights of consumers and patients.Please cite this article as:Bakhtiari F, Bakhtiari Z, Hosseini M.Analysis and Evaluation of Iranian Law in Protecting Consumer Rights against the Manufacturer and Distributor of Non-Standard Medical Equipment. Medical Law Journal. 2022; 16(57): e30.

The claim of any legal claim is the most basic element of it and therefore it is necessary to be careful in determining the claim, because it is necessary to determine the type of claim in terms of financial or non-financial and its price in financial claims, in terms of court costs, jurisdiction The review authorities and the ability to appeal or appeal the sentence are very important. In cases where multiple claims are brought in one legal petition, the judge will separate the different claims that are filed in one legal petition or in other ways in one case and will consider each one separately and if it has jurisdiction. The question arises as to when the separation of claims should take place and what the consequences of the separation of claims of a single origin will be. This article examines an opinion in which the claim for the obligation to prepare an official document from another claim, claiming damages for delay in fulfillment of the obligation (contractual obligation), arguing that the second claim is not related to immovable property and about the violation The person is a contractual obligation, separated from other demands, and according to its calendar to less than two hundred million rials, the decision of disqualification has been issued and it is considered within the competence of the Dispute Resolution Council. Separation of claims, if both claims have a contractual origin, will be processed in several branches and the proceedings will be delayed, which is not in line with the components of economic analysis.

In order to investigate the applicability of using male Leghorn chicken powder for laying hens, the experiment was performed with two hundred 50weeks old Bovans laying hens during three periods of 28 days in a completely randomized design, with 5 treatments, 5 replications, and 8 laying henper each replication. The dietary treatments were 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 percent chicken powder. The results showed that during the whole of the rearingperiod, egg weight was increased when the hens were fed with 4 percent chicken powder, in comparison to 8 and 16 percent levels (P < 0.05). Withincreasing the level of chicken powder in the diet from 12 to 16 percent, feed intake significantly decreased during 50-53 weeks period and wholerearing period (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio, hen-day egg production, egg mass and egg shellthickness. The highest yolk color index was observed in hens fed with 12 and 16 percent chicken powder in comparison to the control and 4 percenttreatments (P < 0.05). Consumption of 16 percent chicken powder increased shell resistance in comparison to the control (P < 0.05). Using chickenpowder, up to 12 percent level, significantly decreased feed cost to produce one Kg egg. In conclusion, chicken powder up to 12 percent level does notseem to have an adverse effect on laying hens performance, but further researches are needed to evaluate the effects of chicken powder at 16 percentlevel.

Financial health in the sense of profitability and continuity of activity of the economic unit is of great importance for all shareholders and stakeholders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of revaluation of fixed assets on the relationship between managers' distrust and financial distress in companies listed on the stock exchange. In terms of the type of purpose, the research is part of applied research and the research method is correlational in terms of nature and content. The research was conducted in the framework of deductive-inductive reasoning and panel analysis was used to analyze the hypotheses. To collect information, data from 142 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 1391-1397 have been used. The results of this study show that managers' overconfidence has a positive and significant effect on the company's financial distress. Also, revaluation of fixed assets has a negative and significant effect on the relationship between overconfidence and managers and financial helplessness of the company.

Present study aimed to determine the effect of resilience training on anxiety components in primary school children. This study was quasi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design with a control group. The research population was male students referred to education counseling centers of 5 and 6 districts of Tehran city in 2019-20 academic years. The research sample was 40 people who were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned into two equal groups. The experimental group trained 9 sessions of 60 minutes (two sessions a week) with the resilience training method and the control group didn’t received any training. Data collected with using the demographic information form and revised child anxiety and depression scale (Chorpita and et all, 2000) and analyzed by methods of chi-square and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-21 software. The findings showed that the in the experimental and control groups didn’t significant difference in terms of educational level, age and education of parents (P>0.05). Other findings showed that resilience training reduced the components of separation anxiety, social phobia, generalized anxiety and obsessive-compulsive in primary school children (p < 0.05), but hadn’t significant effect on their panic (P>0.05). According to the results of this study, planning to use the method of resilience education is necessary to reduce anxiety of primary school children.

Depressed children are in a worse health and well-being situation than non-depressed children, and there are many ways to reduce their psychological problems, including drama therapy and resilience training. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of drama therapy and resilience training on anxiety and aggression in children with depression.

This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The study population was male students with depression who referred to educational counseling centers in the fifth and sixth districts of Tehran in the academic year 2009-2010. The research sample was 60 people who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly replaced in three groups (20 people in each group). The intervention groups were trained in 9 sessions of 60 minutes (two sessions per week) with drama therapy and resilience training, respectively, and the control group was placed on a waiting list for training. Research instruments included; demographic questionnaire, “Childrenchr('39')s Depression Inventory”, “Spence Childrenchr('39')s Anxiety Scale”, and “Aggression Questionnaire”. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS. 21.

Drama therapy and resilience training methods reduced anxiety in children with depression compared to the control group (P <0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two methods in reducing their anxiety (P> 0.05). Also, drama therapy reduced aggression in children with depression compared to resilience training and control group (P <0.05), but there was no significant difference between resilience training and control group in aggression variable (P> 0.05).

Drama therapy reduced both anxiety and aggression in children with depression, but resilience training only reduced their anxiety. Therefore, planning for the use of drama therapy by child psychologists and therapists to improve the mental health of children with depression is suggested.

Studies have shown that among the world's strategic sciences in the future, biology is the most important science today and will play an effective role in solving world's major problems; Therefore, its changes and equivalence can affect the fate of the country's science. One of the policies of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature is to institutionalize Persian as the language of science in Iran. In the meantime, second grade biology textbooks have undergone unprecedented changes since 2016; In 2018, 25 new words were included in the 12th grade biology textbook. The mass influx of words provoked reactions from its audience. The purpose of this article is to review the equivalent words of the Academy in biology textbooks with a review analysis of these words. According to studies on the vocabulary of biology books and the audience feedbacks, there were the highest popularity of words in the tenth biology book about 78%, 38% in the eleventh biology and 47% in the twelfth biology; For some words, according to the analysis, suggestions have been made to replace their Persian equivalent, and for others, the equivalent has not been seen in the reviewed sources.

The general rule in Common Law is that, any person may obtain different insurance policies for same subject matter and same risk and he is free to claim payment from all insurers in a way he thinks proper, however; the insurer, who has compensated damage and loss, can call on other insurers to bear their share of loss, this right is called the principle of Contribution. When an insurer is entitled to recover contribution from other insurers, there is a question of how that contribution is to be assessed, there is three methods of calculation. 1. Maximum Potential Liability 2. Independent Actual Liability 3. Common Liability

The main purpose of this Article is to provide an assessment for the potential use, outcomes and impacts of employing new media art technologies as one possible and viable instrument of effective teaching with particular emphasis on technical, vocational and skilled training in higher education. The researchers have specifically examined the five new media art technology-based teaching interface including: virtual reality, augmented reality, simulation, computer games; and sensitive multi-media environments with respect to their appropriateness and scope based on the model proposed by Bates and Poole in a bid to assess the effectiveness and influence of media-based education mapped by the framework used in SECTIONS model. The framework used is the SECTIONS model, which stands for: Students, Ease of use, Costs, Teaching functions, Interaction, Organizational issues, Networking, Security and privacy.
Made use of these eight major criteria as guidelines to select an instructional media-based technology through setting a set of appropriate questions and ensuing careful analysis, assessments and evaluations the result of which would lead to help inform an instructor/assessor when making decisions about which media or technologies to use. The outcome of this research study whilst illustrating the emphasis put on various factors and criteria influencing media selection and technologies for teaching and learning, puts forward propositions for the optimal use of media available.

Ḥadīth Silsilat al-Dhahab which is a Qudsi Ḥadīth includes discourse about monotheism and Imamate which alongside each other form the discourse of Shiite thought and all are put under the issue of resistance. This ḥadīth, in 200A.H was stated by the 8th Imam of the Twelver Shiite, Imam Riḍā (as), when he was called to Marv by Ma’mūn, ‘Abbasī Caliph, on route from Medina to Marv in Neyshabur, in company of some scholars.
This research tries, by investigating this ḥadīth through critical discourse analysis of Fairclough, to search why Imam chose that ḥadīth to state at that important and historical time and what was the significance of it and what were the consequences. Investigations showed that Imam Riḍā (as), by narrating this ḥadīth ratified, reinforced, and clarified the discourse of Shiite thought and he moved aside other discourse and rejected them.

The present study uses a descriptive method and library studies to compare the views of Imam Musa Sadr and Sheikh Mohammed Abduh as examples of Shi'ite and neo-Muʿtazila wisdom, the position of "reason" is clear in their view and attempts to show that their rational reasoning in the commentary of the Qur'an emphasizing social issues by referring to examples of Quranic verses. The main question of the research is this: What is the common stance of Imam Musa Sadr and Sheikh Muhammad Abduh about "reason" and its place in interpretation? In response to this question, it emphasizes the validity of reason as one of the documents of rational interpretation. Finally, by examining the opinions of these two people, we conclude that both are in agreement on the possibility of understanding and permission to interpret the Qur'an for all human beings. Also, both believe in the validity of reason in the interpretation of the Qur'an. In the end, both have used enough of reason in the interpretation of the Quran as a power of understanding axioms, expressing and explaining theoretical propositions and interpreting some of the appearances of the Qur'an.

The group of Fathiyyah who believed in the leadership of the eldest son of Imam Sadiq, named Abdullah Aftah, was among the Shiite groups of the age of Imam Ridha. This group itself was divided into some sub divisions; some of their famous jurists, without omitting the leadership of Abdullah Aftah from the train of their Imams, accepted the leadership of Imam Kazim as well. In this order, they regarded Imam Ridha as their ninth Imam. So, the most fundamental belief of them was the convey of Imamah from one brother to the other. Studying the interaction between Imam Ridha and the group of Fathiyyah is the subject of this research and it is trying to deal with this subject in a descriptive-analytic way. The result of this research is as follow: converting some of members of this group from their belief into Imamiyyah by Imam Ridha`s teachings and activities; In this way of antithesis, Imam Ridha was mainly thinking about the guidance of them and he was almost succesful.

The research is about water management of drinkable water crisis which is reflected in mass media (Iran and Jame Jam). Also the important goal is to raise public awareness through mass media. Analyzing is the method which is used in this research according to its nature and subject. The above mentioned subject, water .crisis is the issue that statically pointed out in Iran and Jame Jam newspapers during 3 months period in summer 2015. The software SPSS, resulting T tests and comparing were used for taking samples randomly in order to analyze them. Theories of the research refers to the essence of this crisis, also the difference functions of the two papers.

One of the affecting factors in disturbance process of spermatogenesis is chemotherapeutic-induced oxidative stress resulted from cyclophosphamide (CP) treatment which leads to diminished sperm quality via interference in spermatogenesis process.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) in reducing the CP-induced side effects on reproductive system.

24 mature male mice were randomly divided into 3 equal groups and were undergone therapy for 35 days. Control group received normal saline (0.1 ml/day, IP). CP group were injected CP (15 mg/kg/week, IP) and CP+EP group received EP (40 mg/kg/day, IP) as well as CP. In the end of the treatment period, the mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Then, the epididymis was incubated with CO2 in a human tubal fluid medium (1 ml) for half an hour in order to float sperm. Then, the number, motility, viability (eosin-nigrosin staining), DNA breakage (acridine orange staining), nucleus maturity, and sperm morphology (aniline blue staining) were analyzed.

The average (15.87±1.28), motility (35.77±2.75), viability (40±3.03), nucleus maturity (36±2.79) and sperm morphology (61.75±0.85) were decreased significantly in CP group in comparison with control and EP groups, whereas EP caused significant increase of these parameters. Also, the percentage of DNA damage was increased significantly in CP group (41.75±3.75) in comparison with control (2±0.71) and EP groups (22.5±4.13).

The results of this study revealed ameliorating effects of EP on sperm quality of CP treated animals.

Background and Oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide (CP)، a chemotherapeutic agent، causes vulnerability of sperm and declining the fertility power. Then in this study the effect of crocin (saffron extract) on amelioration of these side effects was investigated. In this study 24 adult male mice were divided in three groups (n 8). Control group received normal saline (0. 2 ml/day، IP)، CP group received cyclophosphamide (15 mg/kg/week، IP)، and CP+Cr group received crocin (200 mg/kg/day، IP) along with CP for 35 days. Then the animals were euthanized and malondialdehyde (MDA) in testis was assayed. After collection of sperm from caudate of epididymis، the rate of DNA damage was calculated by acridine orange staining. After stimulation of ovulation in 72 female adult mice، oocytes were collected and transferred in HTF medium that contained BSA. Then، in-vitro fertilization (IVF) was done with capacitated sperms. The rate of fertilization and primitive embryonic growth were evaluated for 120 hours. The results showed increase in fertilization، two cell embryos and blastocysts in CP+Cr group compared to those of the CP group (P<0. 05). Also، the crocin in CP+Cr group prevented the increase of total number of arrested embryos and percentage of arrested embryos type I، II، and III (P<0. 05). Decrease in MDA assay and sperms with damaged DNA were observed more in CP+Cr group (P<0. 05). This study showed the efficiency of crocin in amelioration of fertility and growth of primitive embryo in animals that received CP.

According to the effects of cyclophosphamide (CP) as a current chemotherapeutic drug on the structure of testis, this study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of crocin on histological structure of seminiferous tubules, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and testosterone in CP treated adult mice. In this experimental study, 15 adult male mice were treated in 3 groups: control, sham control, and experimental group. The control group received normal saline (0.2ml/day), control sham group received cyclophosphamide (15 mg/kg/week, IP) and experimental group received crocin (200 mg/kg/day.IP) along with cyclophosphamide, respectively. Superoxidedismutase (SOD) and testosterone were measured in blood serum. Testicular samples also were used for histomorphometric studies and malondialdehyde (MDA) measurement. It was revealed that Tubular Differentiation Index (TDI), Republication Index (RI), thickness of capsule, the numbers of active Sertoli cells, amount of SOD and testosterone were increased significantly in control and experimental groups compared to sham control (p<0.05), and Spermiogenesis Index (SI) in control and experimental groups were increased in compare with sham control group,but that was not significant in experimental group. Also MDA was increased significantly in sham control group compared to other groups (p<0.05). This study showed that crocin increases antioxidant enzymes and testosterone. However, it reduced testicular histopathological changes in CP treated mice.

The side effect of cyclophosphamide is to reduce fertility or even sterility in men treated with these medications. This study was performed to improve these side effects. In the present experimental study, 15 male mice (20-25 g) were divided into three groups. The control group was treated with 0.1cc of saline daily. The sham group received 15 mg/kg cyclophosphamide once a week and the experimental group was treated with 200 mg/kg Crocin intraperitoneally along with cyclophosphamide. Five weeks after injection total antioxidant capacity of serum was measured. The testes were studied for histological and morphometric parameters. The collected data was analyzed by ANOVA. Histomorphometrical study indicated that epithelial thickness, diameter of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells of experimental group was significantly greater than sham controls (p<0.05). Mean distribution of mast cells in the sham group compared to the experimental group showed a significant increase (p<0.05). Additionally, positive PAS reaction, alkaline phosphatase and vegetable fat in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells of sham control were observed, whereas in the other groups not seen. In addition, total antioxidant capacity of sham group decreased significantly compared to the control and experimental groups with the sham control and experimental groups ((p<0.05). in general Crocin could significantly prevent the side effects of cyclophosphamide therapy.

Serum level of zinc، copper، β-carotene، vitamin A، and concentrations of Zn and Cu in hoof of 97 multiparous Holstein dairy cows with different locomotion scores (LSs) were evaluated. Simultaneously، Zn and Cu concentrations of close up، fresh and high yielding cattle rations were 77، 94، 75 and 31، 28، 22 ppm، respectively. Based on LSs، despite normal serum copper levels in all three groups، with increasing degree of lameness serum and hoof Cu concentrations of the severe lame group were significantly lower than healthy and moderate lame groups (P=0. 0178) and (P=0. 0002)، respectively. Serum β-carotene and vitamin A level of the three groups were sub-optimal. Significant negative correlations were observed between LSs with serum vitamin A level (r=-0. 246، P=0. 0145)، LSs with hoof Cu concentration (r=-0. 323، P=0. 0150) and serum Zn concentration and Cu (r=-0. 281، P=0. 032). The results suggest that the deterioration of hoof tissue may be associated with reduced copper hoof content. Our findings demonstrated that lame group was at risk of subclinical vitamin A deficiency، which could be established from the healthy stages. Possibly، excess consumption of Zn could conflict with Cu absorption and utilization. Furthermore، vitamin A supplementation may have assisted in reduction of lameness in experimental animals. In conclusion، the serum and hoof concentrations and dietary intake of copper، zinc and vitamin A can have an impact on degrees of lameness and their interactions should be considered.