زهرا سلیمانی

Leadership in Islamic thought is based on the macro-theory of "nation" and it has defined the horizon of governance in the Islamic societies. Therefore, the issue of nation and nationalism has been specifically considered in the conduct of the Messenger of God (PBUH) and Imams (PBUT). The present research is to answer the question on what are the requirements for the realization of nationalism from the perspective of Imam Hassan Askari (A.S.).Taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical method, the article investigates the requirements for the realization of nationalism as a central and constant thought in the interaction with various currents from the perspective of that Holiness. The findings of the research clarify that the essential components for realizing the process of nationalism in the conduct of that holiness include "peaceful coexistence along with affection and tolerance", "no obvious divergence with the caliphs", "developing solidarity and internal discourse among Muslims based on common Islamic principles", "Prohibition of heretics", "Negation of violence" and "acquittance of the extremists" led by the Divine Imamate. Imam’s emphasis as a religious leader on the issue of nationalism, theoretically and practically, can be considered as a strategic paradigm in developing a united nation in the current situation of the Islamic world.

This article deals with the strength evaluation of concrete obtained by adding different percentages of three types of nanominerals, including nanocalcite, nanobarite and nanofluorite. To measure the velocity of ultrasonic waves and compressive strength of concrete, 15×15×15 cm cube samples were prepared with 7-, 28- and 90-days curing. 10 types of mix  designs with 0.39 water-cement ratio, including the control sample (without additives) and the samples with 0.5, 0.75 and 1% nanominerals were subjected to the mentioned tests. The results showed that the addition of nanocalcite, nanofluorite, and nanobarite with values of 0.75%, 1%, and 0.75%, respectively, have the highest compressive strength compared to the control sample. Although these do not have pozzolanic properties, they play a positive role in increasing the concrete strength by filling concrete voids and due to their high specific gravity, increasing concrete density.

Persian literature is mostly characterized by a reflection of moral (individual-social) themes in its poetic and prose works. Ibn Yamin is one of the prominent poets of the Mughal period, who tried to revive the moral norms in the Iranian society that was severely affected by a moral decline in this period. This study sought to examine the components of social ethics in Ibn Yamin’s poetry using a theoretical design and library techniques. The scope of the study was Ibn Yamin’s poetry that addresses social moral values following a descriptive-analytical approach. An exploration of Ibn Yamin’s poems indicated that the poet has paid attention to the themes related to both social and individual ethics which were further divided into social virtues and vices. The results also indicated that the components of moral virtues such as humility, justice, humanity, self-control, spending money on charity (Infaq), serving the people, etc., and the social vices such as cruelty, ignorance, hypocrisy, arrogance, the absence of meritocracy, blind imitation, envy, etc. are reflected in Ibn Yamin’s poetry, especially in his stanzas.

Analyzing tourists' photos' visual content proves to be an effective method for understanding their behaviors and preferences in tourism destinations. This approach can serve as a valuable tool for precision marketing of tourism destinations, including tourist villages. The present study employed a novel methodology by conducting visual analysis of data. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos, describing the observable appearance of themes and specific features within the collection. Subsequently, the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories were identified and the relevant items were coded. For this study, a sample of 548 uploaded photos of Iranian villages on Flickr was selected and analyzed. Through the photo analysis, 21 dominant scenes in villages were identified and further classified into 5 attractions and 9 types of tourism. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis to examine differences in tourists' perceptions and behaviors. The study findings revealed that attractions, such as landscapes, infrastructure, and scenes of rural houses had captured the interest of tourists visiting Iranian rural destinations. These attractions were perceived more frequently compared to others. Additionally, among the various types of tourism, rural tourism emerged as the predominant perception among tourists. 

Understanding of competitive advantages, tourist behavior, and local attractions that appeal to tourists is crucial for effective tourism planning and management. In recent times, various types of data have been utilized in destinations to gain insights into tourists' behavioral patterns and develop competitive advantages. One prominent type of data that has gained popularity is tourist-generated photos taken at different destinations and tourist attractions. As visitors explore a destination, they capture photos that reflect their personal interpretation of the natural, social, physical, and cultural attractions they encounter. These photos and videos serve as a valuable source of information about diverse tourist destinations and sharing them on the internet and public virtual platforms allows for the dissemination of beauty, cultural richness, destination value, lifestyle, and specific activities. In the age of the internet, many tourists share their travel photos on social media and online galleries to document and share their experiences with friends and family. The choice of photos for uploading and sharing reflects their personal opinions about the visited destinations, which directly influence other travel and tourism enthusiasts, as a picture is worth a thousand words. In other words, photos or images play a vital role in conveying the image of a tourism destination and nowadays, travel destinations are predominantly promoted through captivating photographs. Therefore, the photos shared by tourists have the potential to disseminate their experiences related to the lifestyle, cultural aspects, activities, livelihood, and natural attractions of local communities.

The objective of this study was to identify tourist categories from various countries and analyze their perceptions and behavioral patterns in rural tourism destinations in Iran. The analysis was conducted through visual content analysis of the photos taken by tourists. All rural areas of Iran with photos published on Flickr by tourists were included in the study. In the past, accessing such images presented methodological challenges. However, in the digital age, many tourists willingly share their photos online and provide geotags, making it relatively easy to access a representative collection of photographs for a specific destination. Building upon the work of Zhang et al. (2019), visual content analysis was employed in this study. The systematic and observational method was utilized to explore how this phenomenon was represented. This method enabled the categorization of observable content into distinct groups. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos. Initially, the visible themes and specific features of the collection were described followed by the identification of the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories. Subsequently, the relevant items were coded. 

In total, 21 distinct scenes were identified from the analysis of the photos. The analysis of photos shared by tourists from different countries revealed variations in their perceptions of rural scenery. European and North American tourists primarily focused on rural houses and landscapes. Asian tourists showed a greater interest in religious buildings and rural houses. Historical sites and rural houses attracted more North American tourists. Similarly, tourists from Oceania expressed a strong interest in historical sites and wildlife. Moreover, the analysis of differences among various continents in terms of the 21 scenes perceived by tourists indicated that most tourists from four continents perceived scenes, such as historical sites, rural houses, traditional attire, and rural lifestyle. These scenes were found to capture the interest of tourists from different continents and cultures. However, scenes depicting cooperation among villagers, music, rivers, and transportation routes were primarily noticed and appreciated by European tourists. The spatial distribution analysis of foreign tourists' trails in rural destinations provided insights into their overall behavioral patterns. According to the ArcGIS output, European tourists had the most extensive trail coverage. Meymand Village in Kerman Province and Abyaneh Village in Isfahan Province were the most observed trails for European tourists. Notably, both villages are UNESCO World Heritage sites in Iran and boast unique and distinctive architectural styles compared to other villages. In terms of trail distribution, North American tourists ranked second with a majority of their trails observed in Abyaneh and Nazarabad villages, both located in Isfahan Province. Asia ranked third in terms of trail distribution after Europe and North America with most trails observed in Chak Chak Village. This village located in Yazd Province holds significant religious importance as one of the holiest places of worship for Zarathustra's followers.

This study aimed to investigate and analyze the perceptions and behavioral patterns of foreign tourists in rural destinations. The findings highlighted the diverse range of tourist attractions in Iranian rural areas, which offered significant tourism opportunities for foreign tourists and served as a competitive advantage for rural destinations. These attractions had a direct impact on tourists' interest and engagement. Considering the varied preferences and perceptions of foreign tourists towards rural destinations, the management organizations responsible for rural tourism can adopt tailored marketing strategies to effectively promote rural tourism destinations. For example, specific rural tourism packages can be designed and marketed to cater to the preferences of tourists from Asian and Oceanian countries, aligning with their perceptions. Furthermore, based on the observed behaviors of tourists, it is evident that greater emphasis should be placed on promoting rural tourist attractions that offer captivating landscapes and historical and ancient sites, as well as social and cultural experiences. These elements are the key factors in attracting and engaging foreign tourists in rural destinations. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlighted the importance of understanding tourists' perceptions and behaviors in rural tourism destinations. By leveraging the diverse attractions and adopting targeted marketing strategies, rural destinations in Iran can enhance their appeal and competitiveness in the global tourism market.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most important endocrine disorders affecting about 5-10% of women in reproductive age. Betaine is a bioactive peptide that has an anti-inflammatory activity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of betaine on insulin resistance indices and inflammatory cytokines markers and histology alteration in rat ovary with experimental PCOS. This experimental study was performed on 48 female Wistar rats (170-200 g). PCOS was induced by administration of testosterone enanthate (1 mg/100g/day during 35 days). PCOS rats were treated with betaine (1% in drinking water) for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, the insulin resistance markers (serum insulin and glucose concentrations the homeostasis model assessment of basal insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and inflammatory cytokines were measured. The ovaries were also processed for histological study. PCOS induction resulted in insulin resistance, impaired E2, P4 production and elevation of tissue TNF-α, IL-1β levels. Moreover, a significant increase of ovarian cysts and atretic follicles and also a significant reduction in the early corpus luteum were observed in the ovarian tissue of the PCOS groups. Betaine treatment could reduce the inflammatory cytokines and improve steroid productions in PCOS rats. Betaine also restored normal Folliculogenesis by reducing atretic and cystic follicles. Our findings showed the beneficial effects of betaine in PCOS rats by improvement of folliculogenesis, suppression of inflammation in ovary.

The aim of the current research was to identify the factors affecting marital turmoil using thematic analysis.

The current research is of a qualitative type and it tried to collect, analyze and interpret the research topic using thematic analysis method. Therefore, the collection of articles published inside and outside the country related to the last 10 years, which were in the field of marital turmoil, were examined. Reliability data was checked with Holstei's reliability coefficient, validity with Guba and Lincoln's (1994) four-part criteria, and model reliability with focus groups using the fuzzy Delphi method.

The analysis of the articles indicated the extraction of 116 components in the form of 13 psychological, cognitive, sexual-physical, communication, family, educational, social, economic, cultural, religious, environmental, love and roles factors that came together and caused marital turmoil. A sign of confusion is emotional distress, which manifests itself in the form of emotional divorce. As a result of this phenomenon; Behavioral, emotional and cognitive disorder has appeared as the consequences of marital turmoil, which unfortunately results in the inability to solve the problem for the couple, and after that, we will witness the dysfunction of the family. With the occurrence of dysfunction in the family, proper upbringing of children is not done and the result will be damage to the society.

It is suggested to experts in psychology and family and marriage counseling, as well as those in charge, to pay attention to the factors identified and the pattern obtained in this research in their effectiveness programs; In this way, a step can be taken to improve the marital life of couples and prevent damage to the society.

The aim of the present study was to explain the causal model of marital turmoil based on communication patterns, marital relationships and depression among couples with children under 10 years old.

In terms of the purpose of the present research, and in terms of the method, it is one of the descriptive researches of correlation with the application of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research was couples with children under 10 years of age applying for divorce who in the second half of 2023 referred to counseling and family therapy centers licensed to operate or family counseling centers authorized by the judiciary in Shiraz, and among them 250 couples (500 people in total) The title of the sample size was considered. The research tool is the communication patterns questionnaire (1998); Beck depression questionnaire (1988); Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989) and Marital Turmoil Questionnaire (1979).

The findings showed communication patterns in the form of expectation/withdrawal communication, mutual constructive communication and mutual avoidance communication; Depression and marital relations in the form of marital relationship, conflict resolution and sexual relations affect marital turmoil, and the effect of these factors was in a positive direction (i.e. increasing marital turmoil) and in a negative direction (i.e. reducing marital turmoil). The effect of communication patterns and marital relations is also negative according to the sign of the obtained coefficients, that is, these factors reduce marital turmoil, but depression is a factor that increases marital turmoil (P<0.05). The achievement of structural equation modeling also confirmed the fit of the developed model.

According to the findings; Providing solutions that improve communication patterns, marital relations and reduce depression can lead to reducing marital turmoil among couples and as a result, improve family functioning and raising children

Return migration is a reaction to the attractiveness of rural areas. This type of migration can have many and varied effects on rural area reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the effects of return migration on the reconstruction of rural settlements in Neyshabur. The research method is descriptive-analytic and a questionnaire based.  In this study, 37 villages in Neyshabur that had returning migrants were surveyed. And 55 effects of returning migrants on rural areas reconstruction were identified, that the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.942 indicates the optimal reliability of the research instrument. The indices were evaluated under three social dimensions with 18 indices (α = 0.925), economic with 21 indices (α = 0.891) and physical-environmental with 16 indices (α = 0.852). Exploratory factor analysis was used because t-test showed that there isn't significant difference between the three dimensions except social dimension. The results showed that 55 effects identified return migration can be classified as 14 main effects with 78.79% variance.  Accordingly, 1- increasing cohesion and solidarity among residents with 25.21% of variance, 2- improving service and welfare infrastructure with10.52% of variance, 3- boosting rural economy with7% of variance, 4- activating of capacities with 5.4% of variance, 5- developing Non-farming activities with 5% variance are the most important effects of return migration on the reconstruction of rural settlements.

The clinical course of COVID-19 is influenced by various factors. This study aimed to investigate the frequencies of ABO blood groups and their relationship with clinical, and paraclinical findings, severity, and outcomes of COVID-19 in Kashan, Iran.

In this retrospective study, medical records of COVID-19 patients admitted to Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan, Iran, between 2020 and 2022, were reviewed. Demographic data, ABO blood groups, disease severity, clinical course, and outcomes were analyzed.

Among 350 COVID-19 patients, 36% had blood group O, 31.4% A, 25.4% B, and 7.2% AB. Only the frequency of cough showed a significant difference among blood groups (P<0.05), with the highest frequency in blood group B (76.4%). Patients with blood group A had lower mean SPO2 levels compared to other groups (P<0.05). The mortality rate was highest in blood group A (10.9%) compared to AB (8%), O (4.8%), and B (1.1%) (P<0.05). Laboratory findings, disease severity, imaging results, hospitalization duration, and ICU admission did not differ significantly among different blood groups (P>0.05).

Despite a higher frequency of blood group O among COVID-19 patients, those with blood group A exhibited higher mortality rates. Clinical symptoms, laboratory results, imaging findings, and other outcomes did not show significant associations with ABO blood groups in COVID-19 patients.

Tourists are looking for memorable experiences while traveling, and often their decisions are influenced by the same experiences they have gained from the destination. For this purpose, the main goal of the current research is to identify the factors influencing the creation of memorable experiences for tourists from rural destinations.

Design/methodology/approach:

 In order to collect data, both the librarymethod using documents and the field method through questionnaires have been used. 384 questionnaires were completed by tourists who had traveled to the tourist villages of Mashhad, Neyshabur and Torghabeh-Shandiz counties.

In general, 8 factors affecting the creation of positive memorable experiences and 2 factors affecting the creation of negative memorable experiences were extracted. The most effective factor in creating positive memorable experiences was the authenticity and credibility factor, as well as the inappropriate environmental management factor, the most effective factor in creating negative memorable experiences.

In general, these factors can have a significant impact on attracting tourists and creating memorable experiences for them. Providing platforms for culture and basic hospitality of local residents and preserving rural identity and authenticity are among the suggestions that can be made.

Originality/value:

 the theoretical literature on factors influencing the creation of positive and negative memorable experiences of rural destinations is very limited, therefore this study provides a new understanding regarding the factors influencing the formation of memorable experiences of rural destinations, which are used by managers of rural destinations to increase loyalty and attracting more tourists.

In Persian literature, there are many works with the titles of " Majma 'al -Qasas", " Majma 'al-Nawadir "and so on. Valuable and influential works that, along with popularity and acceptance, have played a significant role in the formation and consolidation of stories and storytelling in Persian literature. Among the anecdotes of these books, there are less anecdotes created by the author himself, perhaps most of the authors took the anecdotes from previous sources or the works of his contemporaries and translated them according to the desired theme with artistic ability and in accordance with the common style of his time.Majma 'al-Nawadir is a collection of anecdotes, narrations and parables written by Faizullah ibn Zayn al-Abidin ibn Hussam Banbani, known as Sadr Jahan (d. 907 AH) during the reign of Mahmud Shah Bigara (863-917 AH). In this work, Banbani has used his contemporary or previous sources. One of these sources is Baharestan Jami (with 28 common anecdotes and narrations). The main source of these anecdotes in Arabic and Persian texts was also found in the previous studies of these two authors. Such as books of nathr aldur fi almuhazarati, Tazkerat al-Hamduniyah, muhazarat al'udaba'. Persian sources have a smaller share of this frequency. Despite the commonalities of these two works, Banbani did not pay attention to brevity and Jami to simplification. There are many differences in the expression of the concept of anecdotes.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause characterized by polyarthritis and extra-articular symptoms. Rheumatoid arthritis has been investigated in patients suffering from COVID-19 infection in several studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of COVID-19 infection in the intensity of rheumatoid arthritis.

In this retrospective cohort study, the medical files of 104 rheumatoid arthritis patients with COVID-19 infection were reviewed. Patients were evaluated in terms of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity in the first two weeks of COVID-19 infection based on DAS28 criteria and compared with their disease activity index before COVID-19 infection. Anti-CCP test was used to differentiate the activity of rheumatoid arthritis from the symptoms of viral infection.

The mean age of the patients was 53.3±13.6 years and 84 (80.8%) were women. The mean duration of rheumatoid arthritis in the patients was 95.09±84.05 months. The severity of the COVID-19 disease was severe-critical in 19.3% of patients. The disease activity of 76.5% of the patients did not differ before and after exposing to COVID-19, and only in 14 (13.5%) patients the disease activity intensified after contracting COVID-19. All patients with intensified disease activity had positive Anti-CCP, which was significantly lower in the other two groups. Also, the percentage of mortality in patients whose disease activity was intensified was significantly higher than the other two groups. In terms of outcome, the mean length of hospitalization in patients was 7.3±3.5 days and 10 patients (9.6%) died.

The findings of the present study show that infection with COVID-19 does not have a significant effect on the intensity of rheumatoid arthritis disease, however, it is necessary to conduct more studies in this field.

It is necessary for the narrator to take advantage of techniques that help him write the novel and find consistency and coherence between form and content. The more consistent this is, the more successful the writer will be. Hoda Barakat utilizes the art of correspondence to outline the exciting and tragic plot in "The Barid Al-Layil". The narration is obscure and lacks clarity, as the reader never sees a known name for the protagonist. Everything is shrouded in darkness and separation, much like the night of vagrants - a story of those who have no time, place, or possessions. What captures the recipient's attention is how all textual elements such as titles, colors, cover, and other thresholds harmonize with the plot and serve its content. The writer's ingenuity is evident in this consistency that we see between form and content in her novel, creating an integrated fabric. This research, using a descriptive-analytical approach, studies the appropriateness between textual elements and the plot to unravel the mysteries of this correspondence novel and guide critics towards a more accurate and thoughtful review process. The textual elements studied in this article include the cover, colors, headline, sub-headings, and introduction. The research findings reveal that through a complex and disjointed plot without a clear resolution, Barakat alludes to complex crises in Arab countries that are not easily resolved. The reader must analyze the unsolved riddles presented by Barakat, fostering interaction between writer and reader while reducing the author's dominance over the text.The title of the novel, the cover, and the colors used on the cover all guide the reader to what will happen in the letters of disappointment. Barakat utilizes the duality of disappointment and hope in both the threshold and the plot to achieve her goals in writing "The Barid Al-Layil". It is as if she wants to confirm that there is no impact of dialogue and interaction in such a society. Those who reside in this society do not desire communication, not even through a message..

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune, chronic and multisystem disorder. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the prognosis of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 241 rheumatoid arthritis patients with covid-19 who had referred to medical centers in Kashan and Tabriz cities, Iran, in 2021. Rheumatoid arthritis disease activity score was measured based on the DAS28-ESR system. The prognosis of Covid-19 was calculated based on the CALL scoring system.

The mean age of the patients was 53.06±13.37 years and 82.2% were women. Based on the disease activity score, most patients (61.8%) were in the remission phase at the time of Covid-19 diagnosis. The underlying diseases of diabetes and hypertension and DAS28 score had a significant relationship with the prognosis of patients (P<0.05). Moreover, 92% of patients who were in the active phase of rheumatoid arthritis at the time of Covid-19 diagnosis had a poor prognosis, this percentage was significantly lower in patients who were in other phases of the rheumatoid arthritis disease (P<0.001).

The results of the present study show that the prognosis of COVID-19 in rheumatoid arthritis patients with severe activity was worse than those whose disease was inactive or had mild or moderate activity.

In late December 2019, COVID-19 has been reported in China. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological findings and clinical outcomes of patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory connective tissue diseases infected with COVID-19 omicron variant.

In this cross-sectional study, the medical files of 159 connective tissue patients infected with COVID-19 Omicron variant referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan, Iran, were examined from winter 2021 to spring 2022. A checklist containing the epidemiological characteristics and clinical outcomes of the patients was completed and data analysis was done by SPSS software.

Most of the patients were women (84.4%) and the mean age of the patients was 51.85 years. The most common underlying diseases were diabetes (18.9%) and hypertension (13.8%). Among the patients, 44.7% had rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis and lupus were in the next order with 15.7% and 10.7%, respectively. The most common clinical symptoms were myalgia (84.9%) and fever (78.6%). Also, 32.7% of patients had lymphopenia and 74.8% had high CRP. In addition, the results of chest CT scans were reported as moderate to severe in 42.7% of the patients. In addition, COVID-19 was severe in 41.5% of patients. Finally, Five patients (1.3%) died.

The clinical and laboratory findings related to the Omicron variant in the present study are similar to other variants of COVID-19. Nevertheless, the findings of lung CT scan images and mortality in the present study are higher than the delta variant of COVID-19.

The investigation of literary theories in Persian literature, especially poetry, has always been new. Undoubtedly, Persian poetry has the ability to be studied and adapted to modern theories. The theory of "anxiety of influence" followed by "creative misreading" by Harold Bloom, a famous American theoretician and critic, which is proposed in the field of poetry and emphasizes the dialectical relationship between poets and the militant relationship of late poets with past poets, with poetry Persian, especially contemporary poetry, has a strong connection. Simin Behbahani"s poems, as one of the most modern and different-minded contemporary poets, can be fully examined in elements such as language, structure and meaning with these theories. The author"s goal in this article is to prove the compatibility of Behbahani"s poems with Bloom"s theory, which will be examined at the levels of language, structure and meaning.

The study method in this research is analytical-descriptive.

The theory of anxiety about the influence and creative misreading is presented directly about poetry and tries to express and prove the conscious positions of new poets against old poets. These stances lead to the birth of a new way and style, which, while having the language and atmosphere of the poems of the past, sets a new and different way. Bloom"s theories are exactly and completely exemplified in Behbahani"s poems and can be examined and adapted.

Both of Harold Bloom"s theories can be generalized and investigated in Simin Behbahani"s poems. By fully expressing and introducing the theories and presenting significant examples of the poet"s poems, the author has shown their adaptation well and documented.

While traveling, tourists are looking for memorable experiences and often their decisions are influenced by the same experiences they have gained from the destination. With aim of extraction the memorable experiences of tourists from rural destinations, ZMET approach was used. Based on theoretical saturation, an interview was conducted with 35 tourists who traveled to the villages of Mashhad, Neyshabur and Torghabe-Shandiz counties and had more than 83 mental involvements with these destinations. 9 originator constructs and 11 destination constructs were extracted, the most frequent originator construct was "natural landscape of the village", which created memorable experiences like"silence and peace","feeling of freshness and liberation"and "pleasantness"in tourists. The theoretical literature in the field of memorable experiences from rural destinations is very limited, so this study provides a new understanding regarding the formation of memorable experiences from rural destinations, which is used by managers of rural destinations to attract more tourists and loyalty.

 Social sustainability, especially in rural areas, is one of the most important goals of policymakers, planners and managers. However, social sustainability in local communities, such as villages, can be challenged through environmental instabilities. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze the tensions and social dangers in rural areas of Neyshabur, one of the provinces of Iran.

Design/methodology/approach:

 In order to measure the relationship between the independent variable of drought and the dependent variable of social tension, 24 variables were identified in the context of drought, existing tensions and social damage caused by water scarcity in the study area. The required information was collected from documentary studies and also through interviews and questionnaires. One-sample t-test, Pearson correlation, single-variable regression, and VIKOR model were used to analyze the data.

 The results show that there is a relationship between water deficit deduced from drought and 22 social unsustainability variables. Based on the results of the regression test and the amount of obtained beta, respectively, the greatest effects of water shortages deduced from drought was on intensifying rural poverty (0.932), increasing living expenses (0.931), and the destruction of small crop and small cultivation (0.924). Also, the results of the VIKOR model showed that there is a difference between the studied villages in terms of the severity of social tensions.

Originality/value: 

This study has been promising to focus on the effects of drought and water scarcity as an environmental unsustainability in shaping and exacerbating tensions and social injuries. Therefore, the results of this study can be effective in recognizing the social impacts of environmental changes in geographical areas and countries facing environmental changes.