زهرا همتی

Today, environmental issues and problems have become many challenges and concerns for society. Many believe that these problems stem from cultural weakness. Bourdieu sees the root of environmental crises in the Western worldview, which has a hegemonic view of the environment. In fact, without the formation of environmental culture, the formation of a society with high environmental responsibility is not possible. Therefore, in the present study, a qualitative study of the determinants of environmental culture was performed. Using qualitative method and semi-structured interviews with 15 experts, data were collected and then content analysis was performed. Finally, two comprehensive themes and five organizing themes were achieved. Regarding the components of environmental culture, 7 basic themes were obtained, which could be divided into comprehensive and organizing themes. These basic themes were divided into two general categories: subjective and objective. Regarding the factors affecting environmental culture, 12 basic themes were mentioned, which could be divided into comprehensive and organizing themes. These basic themes were divided into three general categories: socio-cultural factors, motivational factors and economic factors. Finally, in order to check the content validity of the model, the CVR index was used, the results of which indicate the approval of the model designed by experts.

Exercise is a promising non-pharmacological option to potentially delay the onset or slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this research seeks to find the possible mechanism of the connection between muscle and hippocampus under the influence of swimming exercise in rats with Alzheimer's disease. The significance level was 0.05.

Thirty-two 6-week-old rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham (SH), Alzheimer's control (AC), training (T) and Alzheimer's training (AT). Alzheimer's was induced by injecting beta-amyloid into the hippocampus. The training program consisted of 20 swimming training sessions with increasing time. After the end of the intervention, the tissue of the Gastrocnemius muscle and hippocampus was removed and the expression of the desired proteins was measured by immunohistofluorescent staining method. A correlation test was used to check the changes of the studied indicators.

The results showed that the expression of neuron cell adhesion molecule, SEMA3A and profilins proteins had a significant positive relationship with NACHRa7 (P=0.001) and a significant inverse relationship with NLRP1 (P≥0.05) and Dead Cells (P≥0.05).

It seems that the induction of Alzheimer's causes the destruction of the neuromuscular junction and motor neurons. It can be effective in increasing hippocampus inflammation, on the other hand, swimming exercises is an effective intervention to improve axonal regeneration and neuron plasticity in motor neurons, and therefore it can be an effective intervention to prevent and control the complications of Alzheimer's disease in old age.

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a significant pathogen to induce food poisoning in humans. This bacterium possesses the ability to produce heat-resistant enterotoxins. This investigation examined the prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns, and frequency of enterotoxin coding genes in MRSAisolates obtained from ready-to-eat foods. One hundred and twenty-five samples of ready-to-eat food were collected and transported to the laboratory on ice. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated using microbial culture, and MRSAisolates were confirmed using cefoxitin and oxacillin discs. The antibiotic resistance patterns and frequency of enterotoxin coding genes were determined through disc diffusion and PCR methods, respectively. The prevalence of MRSAwas 68.42%, 66.66%, 62.5%, and 28.57% in pounded kebab, grilled chicken, hamburger, and sausage samples, respectively. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains exhibited the highest resistance to penicillin (100%), doxycycline (80.64%), tetracycline (77.41%), and erythromycin (70.96%). The isolates exhibited the lowest resistance against vancomycin and rifampin (22.58%). The prevalence of enterotoxin genes, SEA and SEG, was reported as 58.06% and 61.29%, respectively. The simultaneous presence of multiple enterotoxin coding genes and resistance to various antibiotics in MRSAstrains isolated from ready-to-eat food samples highlights a significant health concern within this food category. Preventing the indiscriminate use of antibiotics can mitigate the risk of methicillin-resistant enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat foods.

The increasing importance of antibiotic resistance shows the need for determining indices of the epidemiology of infection.

This study aimed to determine the virulence genes and antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis cases.

A total of 200 cattle were selected based on California Mastitis Test (CMT) results, and the samples were cultured in the laboratory. Grown colonies were examined by conventional phenotypic methods and confirmed using PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene. The prevalence of the virulence genes was also defined. The results of phenotypic and molecular tests were compared using SPSS software by McNemar test. Then, the confirmed isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the disc diffusion method.

Of the 200 positive CMT cattle, 24 animals were positive for S. aureus and confirmed using 16S rRNA gene amplification. Statistical analysis showed that the phenotypic and genotypic tests of hemolysin genes were not significantly different (P>0.01). PCR analysis revealed the presence of coa and clfa genes in more than half of the cases. Overall, nine genetic profiles of virulence factors were found among S. aureus isolates. The highest and lowest resistance rates were against penicillin and gentamicin, respectively.

Our findings showed a high rate of antibiotic resistance. So, accurate and fast diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility tests should be considered before prescribing the drugs.

Drought stress can have many effects on the agronomic and physiological characteristics of plants. Corn is used in human and animal nutrition. It has 60-72% starch and 8-11% protein (Darrah et al., 2019). The high water requirement of corn is one of the most important effective factors in preventing the development of its cultivated area. Therefore, It is very important to introduce new corn hybrids that tolerate drought (Corcoles et al., 2019: Rudnick et al., 2017). Selenium is an essential and rare element, which has many effects on human health and physiological characteristics of plants (Rayman, 2017). The research results have shown that the use of selenium fertilizers is a suitable solution to increase the tolerance of plants to environmental stresses such as drought stress. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of selenium spraying on the electrical conductivity of cell sap in corn cultivars under drought stress conditions.

This experiment was conducted in 2011 in the twice split-plot arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a training-research farm. Payam Noor University of Central Province (Arak city) was implemented. Drought stress (I0= Control irrigation, I1= Irrigation about 80% plant requirement water, I2= Irrigation about 60% of plant requirement water, were assigned in the main plots, maize cultivars (V1= KSC 500, V2= KSC 520, V3= KSC 700) in sub plots and foliar treatment of selenium in two levels (Se0= Control, Se1= 20 g ha-1) in sub-sub plots. In this study characteristics such as: ear height, panicule length, number of ear m-2, stem height, forage yield and un-stability of cell membrane were assessed.

The results showed that the effect of water stress treatment on the traits of stem height (5%), forage yield and cell membrane instability (1%) was significant. Also, the difference of maize cultivars was significant in terms of the number of ear m-2, forage yield and cell membrane instability. The highest and lowest values of cell membrane instability with an average of 1759 and 1456 µs cm-1, respectively, belonged to the irrigation treatment based on 60% of the water requirement of the plant and the control irrigation treatment. Among the maize cultivars, the highest and lowest values of cell membrane instability with an average of 1675 and 1587 µs cm-1, belonged to KSC 700 and KSC 500, respectively. Selenium consumption had a positive effect on reducing the amount of cell membrane instability, so that the average cell membrane instability in the treatment without selenium consumption decreased from 1687 to 1601 µs cm-1, in the treatment with selenium consumption.

The results of this research showed that by changing the irrigation regime from normal conditions to irrigation based on 60% of water requirement of maize, forage yield decreased by 23.35%. The response of maize cultivars was also different in terms of forage yield, so that cultivar KSC 700 was superior to the other two cultivars. The use of 20 (g ha-1 of selenium) increased the forage yield by 64.4%.

Divorce is one of the most important social harms at the individual, interpersonal, and social levels. One of the important psychological functions is metacognitive beliefs. Aggression is also one of the most important causes of requests for separation from couples. A cognitive–behavioral therapy program based on stress management is organized to pay attention to issues such as lack of personal control, confrontational demands, social isolation, and anxiety and depression, all of which are prominent in couples applying for divorce. Although the usefulness of traditional cognitive–behavioral therapy has been confirmed in research, following criticisms of this approach, other combined methods have been presented to treat individual and interpersonal problems. One of these integrated methods is psychotherapy based on the quality of life, which belongs to the positive psychology class. The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral therapy based on stress management and quality–of–life therapy on metacognitive beliefs and aggression of referred couples seeking divorce in the welfare organization of Ilam City, Iran.

This quasi–experimental study employed a pretest–posttest and follow–up (three months) design with a control group. The study's statistical population included all couples seeking a divorce in Ilam City, from which 45 people were selected using the available sampling method. Of these 45 couples, 15 were randomly assigned to the quality–of–life therapy group, 15 to cognitive–behavioral therapy based on stress management, and 15 to the control group. The control group received no intervention. The inclusion criteria for the couples were as follows: age 20–48 years, literacy in reading and writing, and a history of living together between 2 and 15 years. The exclusion criteria were not participating in more than two treatment sessions, unwillingness to continue participating in the research, and concurrent use of psychiatric drugs during the research. Cognitive–behavioral therapy based on stress management was implemented in a group setting during ten sessions for one experimental group, and quality–of–life therapy was implemented in a group setting during eight sessions for the other experimental group. The cognitive therapy based on stress management was conducted based on the practical guide of cognitive behavioral therapy of stress management by Antoni et al. (2007). Quality of life therapy sessions were implemented based on Frisch's quality–of–life therapy (2006). The tools used in this research included the Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire (Wells and Cartwright–Houghton, 2004) and the Aggression Questionnaire (Bass and Perry, 1992).

The results showed that the effect of time on both variables of metacognitive beliefs (p<0.001) and aggression (p<0.001) and the impact of the group on both variables of metacognitive beliefs (p=0.012) and aggression (p=0.016) were significant. Regarding the variables of metacognitive beliefs and aggression in both groups of cognitive–behavioral therapy based on stress management and quality–of–life therapy, the difference between the average scores of the pretest with posttest and follow–up was significant (p<0.001). Also, in both research variables, the difference between the average posttest and follow–up scores in the two experimental groups was not significant, which shows the stability of the treatment effects over time (p>0.05).

According to the findings, both treatment methods are effective, but cognitive behavioral therapy based on stress management is better than quality–of–life therapy. Therefore, in dealing with the problems of people applying for divorce, cognitive behavioral therapy based on stress management is more effective compared to quality–of–life therapy. 

In order to determine the effect of different levels of nitrogen on some traits of quinoa (Giza1 genotype) under salinity stress of irrigation water, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in a greenhouse at Shahed University of Tehran. Nitrogen as the main factor including 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1 was applied at planting time and before flowering stage. The salinity of water including 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 dS m-1 was considered as a sub-factor in the irrigation of pots. The initial soil salinity was 13 dS m-1. Results showed that nitrogen fertilizer and water salinity had a significant effect on the measured morphological and physiological characteristics. The highest yield was obtained in the control treatment. Increasing nitrogen up to 200 kg ha-1 decreased grain yield by 8% and increased 1000-seeds weight by 13%. The highest yield (8.79 g pot-1) was obtained in the control treatment of irrigation water. Also, the salinity of irrigation water at 15 dS m-1 reduced grain yield and 1000-seeds weight by 30 and 24%, respectively. The relative water content, sodium and chloride contents of the plant increased with increasing water salinity, and plant height, potassium content and K/Na ratio of the plant decreased significantly. Increasing the salinity of irrigation water up to 15 dS m-1 caused a 6% decrease in potassium and a 9% increase in quinoa sodium. According to the obtained results, quinoa can be recommended in the areas where salinity of irrigation water and soil as well as low soil fertility are limiting factors.

This study mentions that most of Iran's industrial spaces have been created in the absence of architecture theories. There is no alternative but to make minor improvements to adapt the existing units to scientific theories; since complete demolition and rebuilding costs a lot of money. The mental fatigue of workers, which affects their safety and efficiency, is another problem for these units. As a way to minimize mental fatigue, presence in natural environments is mentioned. The efficacy of nature in restoring industrial workers' attention, however, has not been studied. Therefore, the present study seeks to analyze this problem and aims to provide strategies for using nature in these units' landscapes. Ilam paper recycling factory, located in Ilam industrial zone, is a case study of this research. In this job, a combination of three methods is used. The first method is analytical and draws conclusions based on logical reasoning from previous studies. The second method assesses the components of attention restoration theory in industrial units directly. In the third method, (in a case study), observation is used to provide operational strategies. This observation is of two kinds: systematic and non-systematic. It is performed on the patterns of people's movement, the environmental features around the factory, and its physical characteristics. The study results present nature as a restorative factor in indoor and outdoor industrial spaces (in real, virtual, direct, and indirect ways). Using these observations and the research carried out at the Ilam Paper Recycling factory, some strategies are proposed for the use of nature in the landscape of existing industrial units.

The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on stress management and quality of life therapy on Hope and Spiritual health of couples Referential to divorce at behzisti of Ilam Material&

This semi experimental study was conducted based on a pretest, posttest, and follow up design with two experimental and one control groups. The statistical population of the study included all couples seeking divorce in the city, Ilam, from which 45 people were selected by available sampling method. Of these 45 members, 15 were randomly assigned to divided into two groups of quality of life test group and stress management group, as well as one control group. Quality of life treatment and stress management therapy were performed in 8 sessions of experimental groups. And the members of the control group were on the waiting list and did not receive any intervention. The tools used in this study include the Hope Questionnaire, and the Spiritual health Questionnaire, in which participants answered questions in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. Descriptive statistical methods, analysis of covariance and repeated measurement analysis of variance were used to analyze the results

The results show that there is a significant difference between experimental and control groups in terms of variables of Hope and Spiritual health (P <0.001). Also, the level of Hope and Spiritual health in the experimental groups in the post-test phase was significantly different from the control group.

Mannheimia haemolytica primarily causes pneumonia leading to heavy morbidity and mortality in the domestic livestock world-wide. Recently, lipoproteins have emerged as targets for inducing protective immunity against the Pasteurella infection.

This study was aimed toevaluate recombinant outer membrane lipoprotein E (PlpE) from the isolate of ovine M. haemolytica, as potential vaccine candidate’.

Recombinant PlpE was constructed using pET26 (b) expression vector in Escherichia coli. Expressed recombinant PlpE was purified and injected subcutaneously in the mice. Protection index of the vaccine was evaluated by challenge of mice intraperitoneally.

Anti-PlpE antibody responses in the immunized mice was significantly increased which provided effective protection, when challenged with strain of virulent M. haemolytica.

Recombinant PlpE from ovine M. haemolytica isolate had potential to be used as ‘vaccine candidate against M. haemolytica infection in sheep flocks.

Many studies have investigated the influence of exercise on diabetes-related factors. The main purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of endurance training with different intensities on hba1c in patients with diabetes mellitus, a systematic review, and meta-analysis of articles in Iran.

For the present study, databases from ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, the science of the Web, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar from years 1381 to 1398 were searched with keywords After initial screening, the full text of the articles was evaluated and the articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. 21articles were reviewed, of which 11coincided the criteria for systematic review and meta-analysis.  381 diabetic patients divided into two groups of 169 and 237, respectively, in the experimental group (99 females, 134 males) and the control group (57 females, 81 males). The mean age of the subjects in this study was 52.62 years. Intervention effects were evaluated as mean difference (MD) with a random effects model.

The results of the meta-analysis showed that both moderate and moderate aerobic exercise decreased HBAIC percentage. Endurance training in general reduced HBAIC levels significantly.  In the subgroup analysis, endurance training was moderate (P = 0.001, SE = 0.27, V = 0.07, CI = -1.51 -0.44 Z = -3.58) and high intensity (P = 0.001, SE = 0.22, V = 0.05, CI = -1.33 -0.46 Z = -4.05)

Different intensities of endurance training had a significant effect on HBA1C levels in type 2 diabetic patients. However, further studies of higher quality are still needed to investigate the differences between intensities.

Since industrial units are in line with various accidents and demand that the workers have high awareness and cognitive processing, then this paper aimed to find out whether the use of nature can be effective in regaining workerschr('39') attention in industrial environments. Therefore, in the form of a survey research, it has measured the four components of attention restoration theory (including being away, fascination, extent, and compatibility) as well as the general restoration of outdoor and indoor environments in industrial units. The subjects of this study were the workers of Ilam industrial zone and they were asked to measure the restorative rate of different industrial spaces (with and without nature) on the Likert scale. The Analysis of collected data showed that the lowest rate of attention restoration is related to the interior space without a view of nature (with a value of 2.56). The next ranks were related to the following spaces, respectively: outdoor area without nature (with a value of 3.77); Interior space with a view of nature through the window (with a value of 4.95); outdoor area with nature (with a value of 5.12); Interior space with a view of the sea poster (with a value of 5.31) and interior space with a view of the plain and forest poster (with a value of 5.63). The results confirm that the use of nature, whether in industrial outdoors or indoors, can be considered a restorative factor.

Takab watershed basin is one of the most important basins of Lake Urmia. The basin is quite hilly and mountainous, and the runoff from its snow melting is of substantial significance. Snow accumulation in winter is considered to be crucial in the spring of the following year, and the water from snow melting is especially important for water facilities in a way that it results in serious floods when the snow melts with warm spring rain. Therefore, the prediction of snow melting seems necessary. Furthermore, managing water resource and reservoirs as well as planning of rivers hydrology would not be possible without considering this factor. The SRM snow melt runoff model was used to simulate the flow considering the 83-84 water years. Furthermore, to test the validity of the model, the 84-85 water years was used. Due to the fact that the MODIS images have the appropriate time resolution, such images have been used to estimate the underlying snow area. Results of the study showed that the use of snow cover maps, derived from MODIS images, is useful in predicting the runoff of the basin. The findings also show that the model has the ability to simulate the snowmelt runoff. To evaluate the model, two indexes, namely, the coefficient of determination and volume difference were used which were obtained as 0.75 and 27.84%, respectively. The obtained values indicate that the model has high accuracy in estimating the runoff from snow melting in this basin and represents the applicability of the model to other basins in the region.

Medical error is one of the most important ethical and legal issues that sometimes occur when a variety of health care practices are provided by healthcare professionals. Due to the necessity of medical error disclosure and lack of adequate personal and organizational support in this field, this study investigates strategies for facilitating error disclosure as well as increasing the variety of supportive measures from the perspective of residents. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with statistical population including all residents of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was obtained using Morgan table as 248 participants. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire (with descriptive and valid reliability) and analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistics. In this study, increasing support facilities for medical error disclosure (mean 4.38) was the most important factor, and increasing the lawfulness and transparency of activities in the medical setting (mean 4.32) was the second factor affecting the promotion of medical error disclosure. Also, medical liability insurance (mean 4.80) was the most important supportive measure. The fear of legal and judicial consequences was reported as the most effective factors on the error concealment and having experienced lawyers and cultivation effects of mass media declared as the way out. In the present study, although most residents agreed with medical error disclosure, but due to the wide range of risk management problems that affect error disclosure, they found it necessary to establish a support system. Given the teamwork in health-care delivery, support should be given to all members of the treatment team.

Maturation in vitro technique that can reduce costs and eliminate the side effects of the use of gonadotropins for in vitro fertilization. Development and improvement of oocyte maturation in vitro culture for progress in human and animal infertility is in vitro. Research in the field of human biology is very difficult. The use of the most advanced and highest system model animals for studying the maturation of immature follicles in the laboratory has provided. Due to the active ingredient in the alkaloid harmine with multiple pharmacological effects, including anti-free radical, and immune and etc .., so in this study the effects of alkaloid harmine on bovine oocyte maturation is assessed. In this study, at least three layers of cumulus oocytes aspirated from 2-8 mm follicles obtained from bovine ovaries from slaughterhouses after three wash in the washing environment maturation with different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5) µg/ml of the alkaloid harmine at a temperature of 38.5 ° C with 5% carbon dioxide incubated for 22-24 hours Shdnd.ps from surrounding cumulus incubation time for the eggs were removed and the release of polar corpuscle (maturity) Results evaluated using ANOVA software were analyzed. The results show the positive impact of the alkaloid harmine at 1 µg/ml (p <0.05) so that the maturity of groups treated with doses of 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 micrograms per milliliter, respectively (59.85, 72.65, 64.34, 37.22) percent in the control group (56.93) percent. Maturity environment by adding 1 µg/ml of harmine enhance the maturation of the bovine oocytes that can be used as a supplement in environments maturity.

In the present study, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) was investigated in goats slaughtered in Shiraz abattoir using histopathological examinations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ilium and mesenteric lymph node samples from 66 suspected goat carcasses to Johne’s disease were collected. Among 66 examined slaughtered goats, nine (13.63%) goats were positive for MAP in both histopathological and PCR examinations. Eight goats were positive in PCR method while no lesion related to Johne’s disease was observed in their histopathological sections. All positive goats in histopathological examination were also positive in PCR. Based on the results of PCR, the detection rate of MAP in Shiraz abattoir was 25.80% (17 goats). According to the present findings, although both histopathological and PCR methods are appropriate for detecting Johne’s disease, PCR is more sensitive than histopathological examination.

In recent years, environmental education has become a priority growing locally, nationally and internationally. United Nations decade of education for sustainable development (2005-2014), invites all member states to attempt to increase the commitment for educate people, about the need to establish a sustainable future and create capable citizens to perform its. Therefore, the environment as well as one of the main components of sustainable development requires training. Since from 1970s, many meetings and conferences been held in this area, some of which are quite important due to influence legislation, design and implementation of environmental education programs throughout the world. Many countries have done appropriate efforts in this regard, although some of these countries are in the early stages.
This study is a documentary research review status of environmental education in Iran in comparison with other countries. First, legislation and development programs were considered in order to investigate the status of environmental education in national laws and then, programs and activities related to environmental education by various organizations were studied.
Finally, it was concluded that environmental education in Iran is in the beginning of the path, although limited efforts, but effective have been done in this area. Also some recommendations are provided to improve position of Iran in terms of environmental education.

In order to evaluate the comparison of different methods, to evaluate of wheat cell sap electrical conductivity under water deficit stress with spectrophotometer unit, this study was carried out in field of Arak Payam Noor University in 2009. A split-plot arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Water stress (I0= Control irrigation, I1, I2, I3 = Irrigation about 85, 70 and 55% plant requirement water, were assigned in the main plots and different levels of zeolite application (Z0= without zeolite application, Z1, Z2, Z3, 3, 6 and 9 ton ha-1) in sub plots. Each sub plot consisted of 4 rows, 5 m long with 50 cm between rows space and 5 cm between plants on the rows. In this study characteristics such as: grain yield, absorption of spect in control treatment, absorption of spect in methanol treatment, absorption of spect in asetone treatment, absorption of spect in manithol treatment, absorption of spect in 50 degree water and absorption of spect in 60 degree water were assessed. Results indicated that (Irrigation about 70% of plant requirement water without zeolite application) with average rate of absorbtion by spectrophotometer (67.90%) and (Irrigation about 85% of plant requirement water 9 ton ha-1zeolite application) with average (33.67%) were significantly superior to the other treatments.

In recent years, the environmental crisis is considered as one of the major challenges that human is faced. Many scientists have proposed technological solutions to reduce or prevent environmental crises, however, some of them have suggested the necessity of new relation and interaction between nature and human, and also, the need for a new environmental culture. This study aims to explore the environmental culture and its influencing factors in Shiraz city. Research was conducted by using survey method, cluster sampling and questionnaire. In total, 402 completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Research findings indicate that environmental culture had positive and significant relationship with opportunities and facilities offered, feeling efficiency and environmental education. However, environmental culture had no significant relationship with environmental knowledge and social norms. Also, multivariate regression results show that opportunities and facilities offered and feeling efficiency are significant with environmental culture.

Water deficit is one of the most importance of environmental tensions that has affected crops production and causes reduction in quality and quantity of agricultural production. In order to investigate the effect of water tension and application of different amounts of zeolite, two experiments were carried out as split plots in randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Payam Noor University of Markazi province in 2009-10 cropping years. Water tension as the main factor in four levels include: irrigation on the basis of plant water requirement (control), irrigation to the amount of 85, 70 and 55 percentage of plant water requirement were assigned in the main plots and different amounts of zeolite application as the sub factor in four levels include: without zeolite consumption (control), consumption three, six and nine tons per hectare zeolite in sub plots. The results showed that the effect of water tension treatment was significant on traits biological yield, number of unfertile boll, water saturation deficit, plant height, stem diameter and leaf eternity water. The effect of zeolite application was significant on traits number of unfertile boll, water saturation deficit, plant height, stem diameter and leaf eternity water, too. Plant biological yield was significant at one percentage level. As the highest amount of biological yield 8186 kilogram per hectare was related to control irrigation treatment and the lowest amount 6756 kilogram per hectare was due to sever water tension treatment (irrigation one the basis of 55 percentage of plant water requirement). Generally, increasing water tension severity, caused reduction in the amount of biological yield, plant height, stem diameter and leaves eternity water of safflower. But with increasing levels of zeolite consumption, the adverse effect due to water tension treatment on mentioned traits decreased.

Among the various aspects of cultural consumption, consumption of cinema is one of the most pristine areas of research in the sociology of art. The present study aims to review the status of cinematic taste of citizens. Research have been done using survey method, questionnaires and multi-stage cluster sampling method among 410 citizens of Mashhad. Findings show that average of watching movies among citizens is five hours and nine minutes per week. Artistic values of cinematic tastes average for 69/5% of people are in intermediate level or lower. The results indicate: First, the high interest of viewers from a movie or a director is not necessarily indicative of its high artistic value. Second, audit and banned for some films should not cause high interest of viewers. Third, other factors except artistic value are effective on high interest of viewers from a movie or sell it at the cinema box office.

With increasing water deficit in agricultural production, quantity and quality of these products will be affected. In order to evaluate the response of wheat physiological and agronomic characteristics to water stress and zeolite application, this study was carried out in field of Arak Payam Noor University in 2009. A split-plot arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Water stress (I0= Control irrigation, I1= Irrigation about 85% plant requirement water, I2= Irrigation about 70% of plant requirement water, I3= Irrigation about 55% of plant requirement water, were assigned in the main plots and different levels of zeolite application (Z0= without zeolite application, Z1= 3 ton ha-1, Z = 6 ton ha-1, Z3= 9 ton ha-1) in sub plots. Each sub plot consisted of 4 rows, 5 m long with 50 cm between rows space and 5 cm between plants on the rows. Results indicated that un-stress irrigation (control irrigation) with average spike biological yield (36.51 g per 10 plant) and zeolite application (9 ton ha-1) with average (34.02 g per 10 plant) were significantly superior to the other treatments. The maximum and minimum of grain yield obtained of treatments (control irrigation + 9 ton ha-1 of zeolite) and (irrigation about 55% of plant requirement water + 3 ton ha-1 of zeolite), respectively. Zeolite application was positive affected on almost of agronomic and physiologic traits in wheat.

This paper seeks to examine the cultural consumption of classes and various groups of students in Mazandaran University. In the theoretical part, the view of Pierre Bourdieu has been employed. The research was conducted using survey method, questionnaire, and cluster sampling among 400 students of the University. Results indicate that despite the approval of class distinctions and differences between groups in some aspects of cultural consumption, low correlation coefficients and insignificant differences in other dimensions make class theory in Iran, or at least in Iranian academic community, ineffective. In fact, in the conducted research and among these university students, Bourdieu's theory of classification of cultural consumption failed to provide an appropriate explanation.

In the past، consumption was used as a topic of study in economics، but in recent decades it has become as a subject in social and cultural studies. Indeed، the late nineteenth and twentieth century scholars have emphasized on the cultural consumption and have deemed it as an important component of modern society. In the definitions، Consumption of cinema is one of the aspects of cultural consumption، but has been studied less attention than other aspects. According to above، this study sought to examine the cinematic tastes of different strata and groups of people، with emphasis on age، gender، education and occupational status variables. Theoretical Foundations: As theoretical Principles have been used from Pierre Bourdieu''s perspectives which spoken from consumption and class tastes. The method of research is survey; and it has been conducted with using questionnaire. According to Bourdieu''s theory، there is usually need two surveys. The first survey was done to collect data related to the variables and to measure cinematic tastes of individuals. The multi-stage cluster sampling method was used for gathering data. Finally، 410 questionnaires were distributed among citizens over 15 years of Mashhad as examples. Also، second survey was required to measure the status of cinematic taste. Due to some problems، a new method to achieve the status of cinematic taste was used in the present study. In fact، two indicators were used to measure the cinematic taste of individuals: Artistic and social values of cinematic taste and interest in various film genres. In this study، imdb site was used to evaluate the status of individual’s cinematic taste. Based on the findings، there is no significant relationship between age and artistic and social value of cinematic taste. However، whatever age of persons goes up، their interest in action and exciting genres، melodrama and psychoanalytical genres، Scientific - fantasy genres and Comedy genres are much less; But their interest in historical، documentary and heroic genres are much more. Also، gender، education، and employment status are significantly and positively associated with social and artistic values of the individual’s cinematic taste. Actually، the results show that artistic and social values of cinematic tastes for men and people with higher education and occupational status، was higher than artistic and social values of cinematic tastes for women and people with lower education and occupational status. Whatever education of individual are higher، their interest in historical، documentary and heroic genres، melodrama and psychological genres and academic - fiction and comedy genres are more. Whatever employment status of individual are higher، their interest in action and exciting genres، and historical، documentary and heroic genres are more. Of course، correlation coefficient of employment status variable and interest in action and exciting genres are weak. It seems that women in the «cinematic field and arena» - in Bourdieu''s concept- have fewer opportunity and ability to foster their cinematic taste. This limited «field of action» can continue from difficulties of attending in cinemas to structural constraints for renting and buying movies، and even social controls of watching foreign movies for women at home. Higher education and higher occupational status likely make people to feel a different class than the person who have lower education and occupational status. Also، they create the greater opportunity to increase cinematic awareness and knowledge. On the other hand، they can leads to an increase in Individual capital (economic capital، social capital and cultural capital). It seems that these factors lead people - with higher education and higher occupational status - to select transcendental movies and higher artistic and social value movies.