فهرست مطالب زهره جوزی

The reign of Hormizd IV Sassanids (579-590 AD) should be considered a period full of wars and conflicts with other governments and tribes. Here the coins can be considered a valuable document in archaeological data that were not created like the texts for the purpose of re-reading, hence the elemental analysis of coins of this period, especially using the PIXE method, can provide valuable information about the political-economic situation to provide a better analysis of the situation at that time. Since the city of Bishapur is an important and stable city in that era and has one of the most active mints, it was selected as a sample in this study. The coins of the Hormizd IV were Issued in Bishapur in 10 different years, so from each date, 2 coins were selected for testing, and in addition, 2 coins from Khosrow I (531-579 AD) and 2 coins from Khosrow II (591-628 AD) was also added for comparison. The main questions of this research are: 1- Elemental analysis of the coins of Hormizd IV, multiplied by Bishapur, what analysis of the elemental structure of the coins provides? 2- How was the economic power and monetary policies of the Hormizd IV period compared to the reigns of Khosrow I and Khosrow II, relying on Bishapur coins? As a result, it was found that the average amount of silver purity of these coins was 95.25% and the amount of 3.08% copper was added to the metal of the coins to grade it, and also due to the presence of lead (0.05%) and gold (0.90%) in These coins indicated that the silver mines used were in fact lead mines of the Cerussite type. In addition, the lower purity of silver, the high amount of copper and the greater elemental diversity of the coins of Hormizd IV, showed that the quality of coins of that period was lower than the coins of Khosrow I and Khosrow II.

When Shamshi-Adad V, the powerful king of Assyria and the successor of Shalmaneser III, overcame his brother's revolt, a new world of people and eastern settlements appeared before him and his army. Among these peoples, the Medes and their royal city, Sagbita, have determined one of the most interesting martial fates in the history of the western plateau of Iran. With the victory over this city, the king of Assyria was able to gain a great territory and thus, after his father, he became the founder of the era of plunder of Median people in the next two centuries. What happened to the royal city of Sagbita in the ninth century BC, and whether there was a connection between it and Ecbatana in the Greek texts and Hagmatāna in the inscription of Darius I in Behistun, is the aim of this research. Also, the relationship between the historical and mythological content of texts related to the emergence of this city is a topic that this study has addressed. The present article shows that although geographically there is no similarity between Sagbita and Bitī-Sagbat with Hagmatāna, the name and memory of the two, as well as the proximity of their geographical boundaries, gave rise to Hagmatāna or Ecbatana in the next century.

One of the important features of the southern part of Baluchistan, Iran, is that this part is pristine and more unknown from the point of view of archaeological studies. This environmental diversity has led to the behavioral diversity of human societies in the past and present in this region. Dambigan site is one of these ancient sites that is located on the banks of the Kajo River in Makran. The present research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and the main part of this research includes field activities, intensive and systematic survey. In this city and archeological site, before this research, little archaeological studies have been done. In the southeast of Iran, human habitation and livelihood have continued from prehistory to the present day. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the settlement status of the area and to present a relative chronology based on surface findings. In a survey study, it was found that the area consists of two hills close to each other. The cemetery dates back to prehistoric times (third millennium BC). Based on the surface findings, it can be acknowledged that this area was first inhabited in the third millennium BC and the scattering of various pottery species on the hill surface indicates the continuation of life in historical periods. On the other hand, statistical analysis and comparison of pottery in Dambigan area in Makran, Iran with discovered samples from contemporary sites in Bampur, Helmand and Kerman basins, Kech and Rud Dasht basins in Makran, Pakistan showed that this site has extensive connections.

Based on the data extracted from Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions, this is a famous fact that the report of Shalmaneser III is the earliest text, which has mentioned the political presence of a group of people named Parsuans as the league of 27 rulers" in the second half of the 9th century B.C. Archaeomythology is an integral part of the analysis of culture and historiography of historical nations. The information provided by Greek-speaking authors about the roots of the name of Persians (Πέρσαι) may be one of the basic data used in the background of Archaeomythological research. In this article, based on the components of this archaeological approach, the possibility of dealing with older evidence of the identity and political presence of Persian ancestors or people of Parsua was investigated. The present study showed that a solution could be proposed to establish a connection between the mythological data in written sources and those archaeological written documents obtained from excavations and obtain an older trace of their presence based on this method.

KURPár-su-a-a was a land located in the west of the Iranian plateau on the way of the Assyrian army into the settlements of "A-ma-da-a-a" or Western Medes regions close to "māt Úrarṭu", "Mannai", "Zamua", and "Gizil-p/bunda". The first document referring to the Assyrians' approaching to the Persians was the third paragraph of the fourth column written by Šalmanaser III (A.0.102.6) (Luckenbill 1926: 206; Grayson, 1996: 40). It referred not to a land or a country (KUR or māt), but to a city (URU) by that name. After the reign of Šalmanaser, a land with the same name or in the form of KUR.par-su-áš with the same geographical area was mentioned in the inscriptions of his successors until the 7th century BC. We encountered KUR.par-su-áš in the South Zagros near Anshan (Grayson, 2014: 194, 335), which created some challenges.

In this article, two types of components were considered to analyze the data. One of them was historical nomens (geographical  and ethnical toponymies), which were related to political-ethnic groups and their lands of residence. The other one included the names derived from the mythological justifications in the old texts that were mentioned later in relation to the events or subjects. For example, there was an awareness that the geographical descent name of Pārsa appeared both in Mesopotamian texts (Component A1) (old Persian (comparative evidence of Component 1)) and in Greek texts. In the contents of these Greek texts, there was mainly an explanatory narrative (Witness Component B1) as to why an event occurred or why a name was given to a population based on Greek mythology. In this case, the origin of the Persians nomen in Herodotus's text (Πέρσíς) was also traced back to the myth of "Πέρσης" (Component B1). Herodotus spok of an older historical name for the Persians (Component B2) and its mythological roots (Witness Component B2) (Herodotus, VII: 61), which formed the basis of the study. This article sought out the historical written form (Component A2=unknown) that was associated with the older name of the Persian population.

According to a mythological view that seemed to have prevailed among the Greeks and that Herodotus wrote in his work, the Persian and Persian names had their roots in "Perseus" (Περσεύς), the Greek mythological hero. Herodotus wrote that the Persians were formerly called "Cephenes" (Κηφῆνες) by the Greeks and "Artai" (plural: Ἀρταῖοι) by themselves, as well as their neighbors. When Perseus, Andromeda, (δρονδρομέδα), a son was born to them, who was named "Persis" (Πέρσης). It was from this child that the Persians got their new name (Herodotus, VII: 61). Although Herodotus's reference was clearly derived from an ancient worldview and classical view of demographic etymologies (naming an ancestor after a city, country, or population), it contained a point that was very important from the point of view of the present article. In the report of Aššr-nāṣir-apli II, son of Tukulti-Ninurta II, which related to his campaign in the first year of his reign (883 BCE), he wrote that he left Kalhu (modern Nimrud), crossed the Tigris and down to the other side of the Tigris coast (south), and reached a land called "K/Qipani" (Kipani; KURqi-pa-ni). In a city called "Ḫuzirina" (URUḫu-zi-ri-na), its rulers took tributes (Luckenbill, 1926: 127; Grayson, 1991: 219). The present village of "Khazraniyah" (coordinates of39.36° 35' N and 26.264° 43' E) located in the eastern part of Sharqat in the province of Salahiddin in Iraq.

Based on the analysis of the geographical data of Assyrian texts, as well as the mythological roots presented for the demographic letters in Herodotus's text, an anonymous comparison was made between the 4 components mentioned in this article. In the Assyrian texts, a demographic identity was sought in the coordinates related to the Assyrian neighbors to see if a suitable case could be found to determine the original form of the ancestral name of the Persians before the time of Shalmaneser III from the phonetic, geographical, and temporal points of view. In the era of Aššr-nāṣir-apli II, the father of Shalmaneser, "Kipani land" was seen. From all the three perspectives, it was appropriate to introduce the historical equivalent of the ancestor of the Parsuan people in the mythological narrative of Herodotus, as well as the issue of Cephenes and Persians.

By the so-called Silk road, Iranian goods entered the Far East and in this case Japan, but due to the closeness of Japanese culture, artifacts did not reach Japanuntil the Sassanid era, and after that communication was almost completely cut off and only a few geographical records in The Islamic world remained about Japan. With the beginning of the era of exploration and colonization, Western countries, including Portugal and the Netherlands, traveled to Iran and Japan, and their products, although limited, were transferred to the two countries, including Safavid carpets and fabrics. The question of the present article is which areas or ports of Japan have been used for the transportation of artifacts used in foreign / international trade since the beginning of the colonial age, whether the designated areas had a background and what factors were involved. Have been influential. The answer to the article is that Sassanid-type products are more of a show of Koreabeing some Client states than of Japan's trade or political ties with Iran, but locate areas in Japan that became major trading centers in the Safavid era, such as the port of Osaka to Kyoto and Nara domains, the port of Nagasaki and the ports of Kanagawa Bay. However, the trade has always been influenced by the culture of Japan and has been discontinued after a short period of time.

Pottery is one of the main documents that is widely used in the analysis of archaeological findings. According to the analyzes made on pottery, it is possible to get chronology in ancient sites, how social organizations evolved in past societies, compare decorative styles, and also understand the cultural and commercial relations of ancient societies. The Pehreh region is located in the interior of Balochistan, which Greek geographers refer to as Gedrozia. Archaeological excavations of this area have identified a large number of ancient sites. In this research, the main purpose is to analyze the pottery characteristics of the historical period and to understand how the cultural interactions of this region. This article tries to answer the question: what were the characteristics of the Parthian pottery index of inner Balochistan and what were the cultural interactions of the seminary with the neighboring regions and outside the political borders of Iran in the historical period? The present study is based on field and library studies and tries to explain the pottery findings in the field of Pehreh with a descriptive-analytical approach. Statistical analysis of pottery and comparison of index samples of the center of Baluchistan of Iran with neighboring regions showed that the internal parts of the area of communication within the region and beyond the area with areas located in southeastern Iran such as Guri Hill, Sam Castle, Yahya Hill, Sarasiab and areas located in Afghanistan has Nad Ali, Shamshir Ghar and areas in Pakistan including Charsada.Keywords:Gedrosia, Pahreh, Interaction, Pottery

 there are several rock motifs have been found in different parts of Iran, each of which has many hidden secrets.The petroglyphs  are important in terms of archeological, historical, art and anthropological studies and their study and analysis can be beneficial in recognizing the culture of past societies. Sistan and Baluchestan province Is one of the rich regions, where the existence of rock motifs collections such as the rock motifs of Qasr Ghand, Gwargatan , Bandik , Mil color paintings in khash, shows the ancient cultural and historical background of this region. This research is based on library and field studies, and a descriptive-analytical approach has been used to introduce, study, and determine the date of the petroglyphs of Gwargatan(Nikshahr). Then the petroglyphs of Gwargatan are compared with those of Bandik valley in Gosht to achieve the following goals: 1. Typology, classification and relative dating of Gwargatan petroglyphs . 2. Comparison of Gwargatan and Bandik petroglyphs and the identification of their common features.Studies show that Gwargatan petroglyphs include various anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, plant, geometric and symbolic figures. These figures are comparable to the Bandik ones in terms of the type of motifs and iconography and the technique of creating motifs and thematic scenes. In addition to formal and role-sharing with Benedict, in terms of the type of subjects depicted, such as scenes from everyday life, hunting scenes, nature scenes, as well as in terms of the technique of creating their drawings, which in both areas are mostly Of carved work; It is the same and comparable to each other. These common features indicate that both works belong to people with the same cultures, suggesting that at least some of the designs in both collections were created in a common time frame.

the glory and luxury tended to increase in the Sassanid period, and consequently, various ornaments were used that are unique both in terms of aesthetics and in terms of morphology and variety in species and details of the elements. Along with other cultural findings, jewelry can be considered as one of the most important sources for understanding the Sassanid civilization and culture, so that in many surviving works of this period such as: coins, reliefs, Gypsum busts, metalworking and stamping can be followed. The present research is based on descriptive-analytical method and based on library studies and field studies and visiting the findings of archeological excavations and objects in museums, tries to look at the ornaments left over from the Sassanid civilization. To study, typology and identity of these valuable works and in this regard pursues the following goals:1. Morphology and classification of Sassanid period jewelry2.Identity of individuals based on the type of jewelry or classification of these works based on gender
Studies show that the jewelry of this period is divided into 7 groups of earrings, necklaces, crowns, rings, bracelets, beards and brooches in terms of morphology. Some of these jewels, such as beards and crowns, were reserved for kings, thus indicating the unique position of power and glory of the Sassanid kings. Jewelry such as bracelets, bracelets, and bracelets have been used more by Sassanid women, and necklaces and earrings have been used for both men and women, in some cases, the gender of the people has been involved in their form.

Baluchestan as a natural gateway of the Indian subcontinent has long attracted attention. Pottery, as a characteristic of artistic and applied styles of different periods, in addition to determining the age of a settlement, can help to know the social conditions, historical developments and the quality of trade exchanges. Therefore, one of the most basic ways to understand cultural connections in different periods is to study pottery. So far, no research has been done on Parthian pottery in Khash city, so in this study, the authors try to study the relative chronology of the Parthian sites of Khash city and how the cultural interactions inside and outside of this region based on the typological results of pottery by descriptive-analytical study of potteries. In order to achieve the mentioned purposes and to understand the trend of its cultural currents in the Parthian period, the following questions were raised: ?- What is the predominant decoration of Parthian pottery in Khash city? The predominant decoration of Parthian pottery in Khash city is painting. ?- What have been the cultural interactions inside and outside the region based on the typological results of pottery? The results of typology show that Khash city during the Parthian period with cultural regions of South Baluchistan, Sistan, Kerman, Greater Khorasan, some areas of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, Afghanistan and Pakistan. As a result, by comparing the typology of pottery, a relatively clear situation of the pottery industry of Khash city in the Parthian period and cultural connections within and outside the region of this city was revealed.

During the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, there were multiple versions of silver Qirans. A version was struck in the northeast region of Astarabad. Although all versions nominally followed that of Tehran, as each city had an autonomous military system, in practice coins of most regions were struck with different amounts of silver purity. This article tends to gauge the economic power of Astarabad and compared it with other regions including Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan, and Shiraz, by measuring the silver purity of its coins.

Elemental analysis of coins of this period using the PIXE method was the main basis of this research and 22 coins on 22 different dates were elementally analyzed.Finding and

Changes in the purity of silver on average in periods between 1849-1857 AH. 90.10%, 1860-1871 AH. 86.56%, 1873-1876 AH. 84.20%. Overall, throughout the three periods, it multiplied by 87.42%. This explains the position of Astarabad coins to those of Mashhad (84%), Tabriz (82%), Tehran (90%), Isfahan (84%), And Shiraz (90%). This research showed how to change the grade of coins with copper and iron metals, and the type of silver mines used, namely Cerussite mines.

The city and province of Kerman has always been of special importance due to its many economic and commercial opportunities, in addition to which it has had a high political position for the Qajar rulers; For these reasons, the mint has been active for a long time until 1878 AD. It was established in this city that during the period of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (1847-1895 AD) many silver qirans were written between the years 1848-1849, 1852-1855, 1860, 1863-1867, 1869-1871, 1873, 1875-1876, and 1878 AD. Had beaten. The coinage system of the Naseri period, although nominally following the system of Tehran, but in practice each city had an autonomous military and the coins of most cities were minted with different amounts of silver purity. These issues raise two questions for the Kerman Mint: 1- What is the purity of the main elements (silver, copper, iron, gold, and lead) of the coins minted in Kerman and how has it changed? 2- What is the purity of silver coins of Kerman city, in the position of important economic city, in comparison with other important cities of Iran, such as Mashhad, Tabriz, Tehran, Isfahan, and Shiraz? Therefore, in order to answer these questions, elemental analysis of coins of this period using PIXE method due to its non-destructiveness, speed and high accuracy, became the main basis of this research. In this study, 23 coins in 19 different dates and 4 coins were analyzed to measure the validity of the results and analyzes, which resulted in a trend of changes in the purity of silver on average in three time periods between 1848-1855 AD. He explained 90.09%, 1860-1871 AD 86.53%, 1873-1878 AD 84.17%, and in the whole multiplication period 87.16%, and its position in terms of the purity of silver in front of Mashhad mints (84%), Tabriz (82%), Tehran (90%), Isfahan (84%), and Shiraz (90%). Also, valuable information was obtained on the type of silver mines used, namely the Cerussite mines and how the coins were minted with copper and iron metals.

The Beginning of Ishaq Ibn Ahmad Samani's Emirate (301 AH) in Samarqand Based on Numismatics Evidence Abstract After the death of Ahmad ibn Ismail (295-301 AH), at the same time Ishaq ibn Ahmad (301 AH), the great of the Samani family and Nasr ibn Ahmad (301-331 AH), emir Ahmad's young son rose to claim Emirate, which eventually led to the infighting and victory of Nasr. Since historical books have been widely dispersed, coin science can provide researchers with valuable information to address these discrepancies. emir Ishaq is the name of the late emir, also known as Ismail ibn Ahmad (279-295 AH) and dates to 301 AH. He was beaten in Samarqand. The main questions of this study are: 1. How can a part of the history of that era be reconstructed by using the copper coin of emir Ishaq (issued by Samarqand in 301 AH)? 2. emir's name is dead, why has Ismail insisted on this type of coin, and what role did Ishaq have in legitimizing it? In addition to introducing this first coinage index, this paper seeks to reconstruct and identify the causes of some events along with the cognitive cointegration data along with historical texts, using a cognitive archaeological approach and a historical approach. The main result of this study was the issue of legitimizing the Emir of Ishaq from the Baghdad Caliphate, which can be concluded that this coin was minted during the process of legitimizing the Emirate of Ishaq by the Abbasid caliphate, and since the coinage was considered a sign of power. And his legitimacy for the Emirate was also in the offing, bringing the name of the emir down to the coins could guarantee Ishaq's legitimacy at that time. Keywords: Ishaq ibn Ahmad, Samarqand, Numismatics, Samanids, Nasr ibn Ahmad. Keywords: Ishaq ibn Ahmad, Samarqand, Numismatics, Samanids, Nasr ibn Ahmad.

With the vacuum created after the assassination of Ahmad ibn Ismail in the month of Jumada al-Thaniin 301 AH, dual fronts were formed to gain the Emirate: the Bukhara Front and the appointment of the eight-year-old son of Ahmad, Nasr, and the Samarqand Front The elder of the Samani family, brother of Amir Ismail (295-279 AH), Ishaq Ibn Ahmad; Eventually, this dispute ended in favor of Amir Nasr with the victory of Bukhara over Samarkand. Since Isaac ruled the emirate for a short time, he minted dinars and dirhams (Samarkand struck in 301 AH); So look for these coins in numismatic sources to find more information on this subject. Due to the fact that history books provide scattered and different information, especially the time of this event, these coins, which were struck at the height of the chaos, It can be placed as a valuable document alongside other books and archaeological data and shed light on some of the dark points of the history of this period. Therefore, the central issue of this research, in addition to introducing these important coins, is to reconstruct and determine the causes of some events in this period. This research raises two main questions: 1. How can the events of that era be reconstructed using the coins of Amir Ishaq (Samarqand dirhams and dinars minted in 301 AH)? 2. Why is the mention of the Abbasid Caliph coined on these coins and what effect did it have on the legal legitimacy of Ishaq Emirate?

the main basis of this article is coin data, especially two important coins of Amir Ishaq, which date back to 301 AH. They were built in the city of Samarqand. In this research, perceptual archeological approaches and historical approach were used to examine the ancient data, ie coins. Perceptual archeology is the study of the way of thinking in the past, which discovers mental products through the remnants of the past. The historical approach is the reconstruction of the human past based on the critical analysis of historical texts, which is finally evaluated with archaeological data and provides the final analysis. In fact, the use of perceptual archeology and historical approach in the Samanid era, which has left both material evidence and historical texts, can be the main and appropriate basis.

Initially, the purpose of creating coins was to facilitate exchanges and trade, but after a short time, coins became a symbol of ethnicity, sovereignty, independence, etc .; The Samanid Emirate and other contemporary Islamic emirates were not outside the scope of this argument; But it goes without saying that at that time, the permission of the Caliph of Baghdad was a prerequisite for minting coins. Each of the emirate's claimants presented letters to the caliph demanding the legitimacy of their emirate. Although the Caliph of Baghdad may have a positive and reciprocal view of either, he most likely first had a positive view of Isaac and affirmed his rule, because according to up-to-date historical texts The first of Muharram in the year 302 AH. It was reported that Nasr overcame Ishaq and took him captive, so the caliph sent a disgrace and a brigade to Nasr; Another example is that Ishaq in the second half of 301 AH. He started minting all kinds of coins in Samarqand (coins discussed in the article) and his son Mansur, who had the Emirate of Nishabur, minted dinars in Nishabur in support of his father; But Nasr struck coins only when Ishaq and his army were killed at the end of 301 AH. They had defeated and opened Samarqand. Eventually, Ishaq ibn Ahmad was captured and taken to Bukhara, until finally in the month of Safar in 302 AH. He died in Bukhara prison.

With the assassination of Ahmad ibn Ismail, two confrontations arose between Amir Ishaq in Samarqand and the supporters of Amir Nasr in Bukhara to seize power in the Samanid Emirate, and widespread unrest spread throughout the Samanid realm; Eventually, Samarqand's troops were defeated in this war, Ishaq was arrested and settled in Bukhara prison, and finally Amir Bukhara, Nasr became emir of all the lands of the Samani Emirate. Unfortunately, historical texts have provided different and scattered information about this, so the discovery and introduction of significant coins, also belonging to this time, was able to reduce the unknowns and provide a more coherent view to researchers. These two coins represent the dinars and dirhams of it by Ishaq Ibn Ahmad Samani, who died on the Samarqand front in 301 AH. Have been multiplied. But the main knot that was untied by these coins was the question of the legitimacy of the parties by the Abbasid Caliphate; Although the Caliph of Baghdad could have had a positive and reciprocal view of each of these claimants, it is almost certain that the Caliph initially preferred Isaac and affirmed his rule, because Isaac in The second half of the year 301 AH. In the most important cities of his influence (Samarqand and Nishabur), he minted all kinds of coins in his own name and the caliph of the time, Al-Muqtadir, while the most important purpose of minting coins in that era was to show the power of the coin owner. Has been in the area; However, history did not mention a coin called Nasr in Bukhara, and after the defeat of Isaac at the end of 301 AH. In Samarqand, dinars and dirhams were minted in his name.

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In Iranian archaeology, Sistan played an important role especially in the Parthian period. This region is well known since it was cross road for Greeksto reach the East, a place for Scythians arrival, the presence of powerful Suren Pahlav clan and the place of epic and heroic tales. During the Parthian era favorable environmental conditions of Sistan caused to arise many of towns and settlements in this region as from the total 1662 archaeological site discovered, 392 of which were assigned to be occupied by Parthians. Evidence of these settlements are scattered in the northern and especially southern half of Sistan which are nowadays remain a depopulated desert. Large Parthian sites were identified in each of the two parts so that we regarded them as the central places according to their ranking in Sistan. During this period of time, Sistan was a prosperous land and it was populated due to the abundance of water resources and suitable arable lands. This paper tries to explore the impact of environmental factors in the Parthian settlement patterns since our archaeological data derived from our fieldwork indicated that there has been a positive correlation between the environment and the sites occupation processes.