زینب براتی

 Sand dunes are one of the most important landforms created by wind deposition. They are wide, flat desert areas with wind-swept sand and little or no vegetation.

 For this purpose, the statistics and meteorological data of 19 synoptic stations of the province were used to determine the prevailing wind and the origin of wind deposits, as well as the drift potential (DP), the resulting drift potential (RDP), and the resulting drift direction (RDD) caused by the sand from each sand obtained.

 According to the study, the rate of erosion and change in area in the erg of Qomtape was higher than in the erg of Maghsudlu, and the distance of 37 years was estimated at 72.41 percent for the erg of Qomtape and 26.95 percent for the erg of Maghsudlu. The potential/direction of sand Drift also showed that the origin of the sands of  Maghsudlu reg is from the side of Mount Sahand, and the origin of the sands of the reg of Qomtape is from the side of Lake Urmia.

 The origin of the region's wind Sands due to the prevailing wind direction, which is predominantly northern, can also be expressed as the presence of fine sediment at the end of the region's cone deposits and the place where plate floods spread. The place where plate floods spread supplies most of the area's sands, and the end of the fine sediment deposits provide the fine sediment.Innovation:  In this research, an analysis of the sand drift potential and its paths helps us interpret the formation of the ridges elsewhere.

The analysis of some geological features and structures can be used to determine Quaternary developments. Analyzing the types of landslides, their density, and scale is the key to identify the evolution of landforms. Based on this, the current research was carried out with the aim of spatial analysis of landslides that occurred in different lithologies of Mo’alem-Kelayeh basin, a part of eastern Alamut basin, between the longitudes 50°26'00″ to 50°31'20″ and the latitude 36°22'00″ to 36°30'00″, based on topographical, geological conditions, vegetation, the condition of waterways, and the proximity of different rocks in the area. According to the results, the Karaj, Rute, Shamshek and Neogene and destructive sediments are the most erodible formations in the studied area, which are the most important factors involved in the occurrence of mass movements on a micro and macro scale under the Mo’alem-Kelayeh basin. The nonresistant lithology is more extensive in the geographical levels downstream of the rivers. In such areas, in addition to the loosening of the lithology in wide sections, the material and energy flowing in the river also increases, if due to the lower slope of the slopes, the effect of the river on movements of the slopes becomes more limited. In the terrestrial levels close to the ridge line, matter and energy are less and lithology is more resistant; But due to greater slope of the slopes and the involvement of physical weathering in the porosity of rocks, the effect of river on the occurrence of surface slope movements increases.

Recently, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted significant attention due to their various applications, particularly as slow release fertilizers for essential plant nutrients. Several studies have reported the release of nitrate and phosphorus from LDHs. Additionally, micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) can be structurally incor porated into the metal hydroxide layers. Recent research indicates that LDHs have considerable potential for releasing these micronutrients. However, further studies are needed to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms and reactions of LDHs under diff erent conditions. Currently, there is a lack of information regarding the divalent (M 2+2+) to trivalent cation (M 3+3+) ratios in LDHs and the influence of malic acid on the release of Zn, Mn, and magnesium (Mg) from these compounds. This study aimed to investi gate the effects of malic acid and the ratio of M 2+2+/M 3+ on the kinetics release of Zn, Mn and Mg from Mg Zn Mn Al LDH intercalated with nitrate nitrate.

All chemicals used in this study including malic acid (C4H6O5), KCl, Zn(NO3)2.6H2O, Mn(NO3)2.4H2O, Mg(NO3)2.6H2O and Al(NO3).9H2O were of analytical grades, purchased from Chem-Lab or Merck Chemical Corporations. The solutions were made with the decarbonated ultrapure water (electrical resistivity = 18 MΩcm). The LDHs were synthesized by co-precipitation method at constant pH=9.2-9.6. Two types of LDHs were synthesized with varying the M+2(Zn+Mn+Mg)/M+3(Al) 3:1 and 4:1 in the precursor solution while being stirred vigorously in a nitrogen atmosphere. The pH was kept at 9.2-9.6 by adding volumes of 3 M NaOH. The crystals of LDH were ripened in the mixture for 2 h and after that, the precipitates were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 min and washed several times with distilled water and placed in an oven at 70 °C for 8 h to dry. The chemical composition of the synthesized LDHs was determined by furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SavantAA, GBC) after acid digestion. The physical, chemical, and morphological characteristics of the LDHs were determined using X-ray diffraction analysis (Panalytical x Pert ProX-ray diffractometer), Fe-SEM (Sigma VP), FT-IR (Nicolet iS10 spectrometer), and BET (BELSORP Mini II) techniques. A batch study was done to determine the effect of different ratios of M2+/M3+ in LDHs and the effect of malic acid on release of Zn, Mn,and Mg from LDH (3:1) and LDH (4:1). Briefly, 0.01 g of synthesized LDH were put in a centrifuge tube mixed with 10 ml background electrolyte (KCl 0.01 M) and 1.25 mM malic acid in initial pH=6-7 and constant temperature (25±0.5 °C). Blank samples (without ligand) were also considered. Suspensions were shaken at periods ranging from 5 to 720 min agitation (180 rpm). Then, the supernatant solution was separated using a centrifuge at a speed of 4000 rpm for 20 min. Zn, Mn, and Mg concentrations in supernatants solutions were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The effect of pH in the range of 5 to 10 on the release of Zn, Mn, and Mg from LDH was also studied. Two equations (pseudo-second-order and Elovich) were used to fit the kinetics data.

The results showed that the calculated molar ratio of divalent cation to trivalent cation was similar to their molar ratio in the solution prepared for the synthesis of LDH samples. The X-ray diffraction patterns of LDH (3:1) and LDH (4:1) samples showed the existence of strong and sharp peaks for 003 and 006 plates. Accordingly, the reflections of the 003 and 006 plates revealed the layered structure of the synthesized LDH materials. Two bands of FT-IR spectrums around 3480 and 1620 cm-1 for all synthesized LDH materials designated stretching vibrations of the O-H group of hydroxide layers and the interlayer water molecules. The sharp characteristic band around 1382 cm−1 in LDH (3:1) and band around 1354 cm-1 in LDH (4:1) was attributed to the antisymmetric stretching mode of nitrate anion in LDH. The specific surface area of LDH (3:1) and LDH (4:1) were 5.50 m2g-1 and 16.54 m2g-1 respectively. The average pore diameters in LDH (3:1) and LDH (4:1) were 1.92 nm and 2.55 nm, respectively. Time-dependent cumulative release of Zn, Mn, and Mg from LDH (3:1) and LDH (4:1) in the presence and absence of malic acid was investigated. Time-dependent Zn, Mn, and Mg release from LDH (3:1) and LDH (4:1) was accelerated in the presence of malic acid. The Zn, Mn, and Mg release from the LDHs was likely to be separated into two stages. In the initial stage from 0 to 60 min, the release rate of Zn, Mn, and Mg was rapid, then either remained constant or slightly enhanced during 60–720 min. In this research, among the non-linear models used to determine the release kinetics of Zn, Mn, and Mg, the result with the highest R2 values was chosen. The R2 values were 0.91–0.99, 0.93–0.99, 0.93–0.99, 0.89-0.99, and 0.55–0.86 for pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, power function, and parabolic diffusion, respectively. So, pseudo-second-order and Elovich models were used to analyze kinetic data. The amounts of release of Zn, Mn and Mg were higher from LDH (4:1) than from LDH (3:1) because of greater specific surface area, volume, and pore diameter in LDH (4:1). A comparison of metal release versus time profiles exhibited that dissolution was greatly dependent on the pH.

The results of this research indicated that the release of Zn, Mn, and Mg from layered double hydroxides (LDHs) was influenced by factors such as time, ligand, solution pH, and the type of LDH. According to the kinetics models fitted to the experimental data, the release rate of Zn, Mn, and Mg from LDH (4:1) was higher than that from LDH (3:1). In both types of LDH s , the presence of malic acid significantly increased both the rate and amount of Zn, Mn, and Mg release compared to the absence of malic acid. While this study demonstrated that varying the ratios of divalent to trivalent cations can influence the amount and rate of Zn and Mn release, further greenhouse studies are required to confirm the effectiveness of LDH as a slow release fertilizer in calcareous soils.

In the book of Ilal as-shra’ye’ a narration is quoted from Imam Sadiq (as) with the theme that "God the Almighty did not create a creature more hated than a fool because He took from him the most beloved things that is the intellect…”. There is a contradiction in the text of the hadith, and that is: How can God the exalted hate a foolish person when he himself has created him a fool?! The analysis of the hadith’s chain indicates that the hadith chain is severed and Mo’an’an and the authenticity of one of its narrators is also unknown. Also, the study of the content and analysis of the words of the hadith indicates a different meaning from its common understanding and indicates that: "Stupid" means someone who does not utilize his intellect and not someone who has not been given the intellect. The meaning of the word "deprivation" is an indication as well, because taking away something is meaningful after that thing is given, not before it, in addition, "hate" for no reason is incompatible with God's justice and Qur'anic verses, and common sense does not accept it. So, God the exalted has a reason for hating the fool, and that reason is he did not use the intellectual blessing God has given him and ruined it with lust.

The public opinion is that in the landform-topographic study, the drainage system, and the drainage pattern, by using geomorphic indicators one could assess the performance of active tectonics (Maghsoudi et al., 2011). This is true if we do not consider the primary structure of the earth, rock type, and local factors determining the microclimate (Abedini et al., 2015; Jafari and Barati, 2018). Considering these factors, the results question the geomorphic indicators. In this paper, the researchers study the role of various factors in the drainage asymmetric index of 117 sub-basins in the Alvand mountainous of Hamadan. A subject not considered in the drainage asymmetry index of areas such as the Alvand mass of Hamadan is the shape of the magma lies between the sedimentary layers at the time of cooling. In relation to the drainage symmetry index, this paper tries to study the physical properties and the effect of local factors in the watersheds of the Alvand Hamedan Batholith. Although the drainage networks asymmetry of is analyzed with morpho-tectonic indices, the basic land structure, lithological and erosion properties can also affect the asymmetry of the basin.

For this purpose, parameters of the dominant slope, average slope, average height, the area of the right and left of the river, main river .length, river airy length total length of the rivers, distance of the source of the dividing line, and rock types in different parts of sub-basins were determined. These parameters were used in calculation and analyses of Gravelius coefficients (compactness coefficient), elongation ratio, drainage density and asymmetry index. For the phenomenological investigation of the drainage network index status, with the help of topographical maps 1: 50000, the outlet point of the Alvand Batholith sub-basin was identified in the mountainous area. Accordingly, 13 sub-basins were classified in the Alvand Batholith. Class B subclasses are located inside the subclasses of class A and subclasses of class C are located inside class B subclasses. To separate sub-basins in each of the 13 sub-basins, the longest river was considered as the main river. All the streams connected to it are separated as subclasses of Class B. In the next step, the main river basin in the sub-basins of class B was also determined and the rivers entering it were designated as the sub-class C. Accordingly, a total of 117 sub-basins was identified.

 In order to investigate the factors affecting the asymmetry index (tectonics, lithology, microclimate and physiography's characteristics of sub-basins); at first the status of sub-basin rock was studied. The largest area lies in the cordierite-Gabbro Stone (15.4%), and the smallest area lies in the Granite- Schist- Gabbro and cordierite-Gabbro (0.69%) groups. Investigating the elongation coefficient the sub-basins in which the dominant stone is granite shows a very low elongation ratio of these sub-basins. They lie in a group that is less elongated than the rest of the sub-basins in other rocks. In terms of the Gravelius coefficient, it can be said that the more symmetrical the basins tend to be circular in shape, as the mean Gravelius coefficient of the stable sub-basins for the asymmetric index is 3.35 vs. 2.64 in the relatively stable sub-basins, which fully confirms this point. The ratio of bifurcation of unstable sub-basins is very high, and according to the rocky area, the drainage density in the unstable sub-basins is inversely related to the slope of the basin.

In general, sub-basins of the northeast slopes are more asymmetrical than sub-basins in the southwest slopes, which it can be due to the zhizman form of the Alvand Batholith, the differences in the physiographic properties, and finally the dominant sub-basin rocks. In the wider sub-basins of the slope and the varying direction of slope, are vectors that can have a significant effect on the drainage network asymmetry. The further elongation ratio of drainage of the basin with low drainage density, in granite rock, affects the drainage network asymmetry of the basin. Investigating the conditions of slope values in different classes of the asymmetric index in sub-basins other than granite rocks indicates that the difference between the value of the left and right slopes of rivers is not a significant effect in the basin asymmetry. By decreasing the sub-basins area, the effect of direction and slope value, elongation ratio and bifurcation coefficient on asymmetric basins decreases. The study of the Gravelius coefficient indicates that the shape of the more stable sub-basins is closer to the circular shape. The bifurcation ratio of most unstable sub-basins is very high. The drainage densities of unstable sub-basins have an inverse relationship to the basin slope. The difference between the rock types on the left and right and the river's position on the boundary between the two rocks have an important role in the basins asymmetry.

In the verse 71st of Surah Maryam “…there’s none of you, but will come to it…”; that the interpreters due to one main challenge which is determination of the audience in the phrase of “none of you”, have been divided in different views. Mostly have regarded all jinn and men, while others according to the narrations regarded all human beings as the audience of the verse. Consequently, they believe that all including faithful and sinful will undoubtedly be entered into the Hell, but this view is on the opposite side of other verses. Some others have only considered deniers of the Resurrection and the infidels as the audience of this verse; which is incompatible with the most of the interpreters’ view and those narrations noted that all human beings would be entered into the Hell. it’s necessary to dissect the verse again. It seems that in respect of disregarding for the verses in the same meaning and being disable of understanding the context of the verses, the different viewpoints have been raised. In this article by the comparative-analytical method, after doing a study on the exegeses of two major Islamic denominations; based on the verses of Quran and making use of their forms, this fact is pointed that people are divided into two groups by verses describing their destiny; at first infidels along with their followers and then faithful ones.“you” is referred to the polytheists and deniers of the Resurrection, not all human beings or all jinn and men..

One of the most important factors to affect artworks throughout history is religion. The territorial integrity of Islamic lands is one of the factors that influenced Islamic pottery. Islam has had a considerable impact on all aspects of Muslims’ lives, including art and specifically pottery. During the 3rd and 4th centuries AH (9th and 10th centuries AD), coinciding with the Abbasid dynasty, similar practices were observed in Islamic pottery. With the discovery of pottery in regions like Nishapur and Samarra, different theories have been raised. This article aims to study the characteristics and techniques of the pottery of each of these areas by studying them in the mentioned time period. The research explains as well the variable techniques, differences and similarities between the pottery produced in Nishapur and Samarra during the 3rd and 4th centuries in addition to the impacts other cultures have had on them in terms of techniques.
This study adopts an analytical-descriptive approach by using library resources to achieve the intended objectives. The research seeks answering some questions relating to features such as the qualification of Nishapur and Iraq pottery variation in techniques of manufacture and glazing, as well as the similarities and differences among such products, and the investigation of the influence of external techniques and styles on Persian tradition of pottery. The results of the study confirm the fact that the variation of shapes in Nishapur pottery mostly consists of bowls, punch bowls and plates with flat and occasionally flattened elongated bodies and ring bases. The pottery herein is decorated with mud coating techniques, white enamel painting, as well as those of underglaze white and ultramarine, splashed, engraved and luster. Samara pottery at the same time is often produced in the form of plates, bowls, vertical walled cups, and no-pot pitchers with vertical handles, using mud coating techniques, white-brown and ultramarine paint, matt white glaze imitating porcelain, and the glaze sprinkled with luster. Differences in body composition of the Samarra and Nishapur pottery are evident, and the base ring is one of the features that could not be copied, displaying its own characteristic in each region.  Examples of similar pottery in Nishapur and Samarra show the influence of Sassanian art, Chinese art, and pottery in Iraq, being the unique features of the Abbasid pottery. Politics, commerce, family relations, and the gathering of craftsmen and artists in Baghdad as well as the possibility of trading on the sea have also had a considerable effect in creating such works.

Neo-tectonic has a very important role in the morphological evolution of each drainage basin. The tectonic history can be retrieved by morphotectonics quantitative indicators in each region. Hamedan batholith masses valleys with NW-SE direction in the South, South East, and West of Hamadan, have been influenced heavily by the geomorphological, tectonic and other eroding factors. The core of tectonic geomorphology is the study of the frequency of tectonic processes that tend to topography and surface processes. By studying Morphotectonics indexes can be assessed valleys an unstable. Evaluation of Morphotectonics indicators in the northeastern and southwestern slopes of the mountain front sinuosity Hamedan according to different heights of mountain front is purpose of this study Evaluation of tectonic activity in Alvand mass range, have been estimated by using Morphotectonics indicators in 28 sub-basin, topographic maps with scale 1:50000, satellite images, field visits and software. The results of slope length of the river (SL), asymmetric factor (Af), integral hypsometric curve (Hi), valley floor width-to-height ratio (Vf), Mountain-front sinuosity (Smf), transverse topographic (Tp) and sinusoidal of river (Sr) indicators were assessed by using IAT index. According to this index, 50% of Northeast Slope sub-basins and 37.5% of southwest slope sub-basins have gained class 3 activities which imply a more active tectonics of the southwest toward the northeast slope. Due to the erosion and geological factors, south-west slopes tectonic activity is more evident than north-east slopes. The northeast slopes Mountain-front sinuosity is 200 meters higher than south-west slopes, according to the higher density of faults on the southern slopes of Alvand can say that the lower altitude mountain-front has provided favorable conditions for reflection Morphotectonics area.

Alvand batholith is located at thr  South, south East and west of Hamedan with the North West- South East direction. Mountain valleys are formed by initial structure, tectonic and geomorphologic processes of erosion over time. Result of geomorphology processes has impacted the form of counter lines during the quaternary. The contour lines curvature coefficient has obtained from dividing the spatial distance to real distance of counter lines in 1/50000 topography map. The number of contour lines curvature coefficient can show the long-term effects of influencing factors. To achieve this purpose the study area was divided into 28 sub-basins. Morphometric parameters of curvature coefficient were estimated in four basin group according to the highest peaks (3500, 3400, 3200 and 2800). The linear Relations were calculated between the curvature coefficients and the height of contour lines. Subsequently, the calculated coefficients were evaluated in relation to direct of slopes. In the beginning the amounts of Curvature coefficients had a descending process from peak to valley afterward this process has begun to ascend near the mountains front sinuosity. Such changes have showed the glacier process transition to the sub-glacier process. Due to the mountains sinuosity differences in the north-east and south-west slopes of Alvand batholith, the lowest amounts of Curvature coefficients in the north-east slopes have higher elevation than the south-west slopes, whereas the curvature coefficient are lower in number in north-east slopes. These results have shown the influence of elevation and slope direction on the amount of Curvature coefficients. Additionally glacier processes have had more impact on north-east slopes than south-west slope.

Exist of Glacial cirque in northeast and southwest of Alvand Mountain and the presence of moraine an expressive glacial process in the Quaternary Period. Therefore the height of the permanent snow line on the slopes of this mountain mass was evaluated in this study. The estimated height of the snow line to the right, above the permanent snow line estimated in northeastern slopes (slopes towards the southwest) by the way, shows the persistence of snow and glaciers formed in these parts. Furthermore, a comparison between this method and the method of gradient and curvature coefficient was used. Although the difference in the gradient direction toward the snowline but it also seems reasonable (530 meters), according to field evidence seemed unlikely. Because of the curvature coefficient curves presented in this study are the first to estimate the height of the snow line is used. Coefficient of curvature of the curve with the distance from the dominant peaks in the foothills of the basin, the trend has been downward and then upward. The process of changing the curvature coefficient perigee height as the height of the graph is known. Due to the proximity of the height to the height of the snow line altitude was estimated as the previous method, it was concluded that the perigee height, curvature coefficient Quaternary basin can be considered as the height of the snow line. Three methods of estimating the height of the snow line, anddifference in the amount of quaternary cold different domains suggests that Significant differences in the slopes of the mountain front elevation Synuzyth can estimate the height of the snow line and the error effectively.