سارا احمدی

The concepts of smartness and informality are seen as two opposing concepts and functions in urban discussions. However, the mentioned concepts may be more similar than different. For example, the development of informal settlements and their public spaces follows self-organizing and daily patterns, similar to what is found in smart developments. Smartness is evolving in the third generation of definitions and components, which, in addition to technology and well-being (present in the first and second generation), puts more emphasis on social concerns that seem to have similarities with the way of life in informal settlements. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to consider the opportunity to conceptualize smartness by referring to public spaces in informal settlements based on an interpretive approach and using the qualitative content analysis method, in which data collection is also based on the library method and document study. The results indicate that the concept of smartness in the public spaces of informal settlements with the components of flexibility, social and ethnic pluralism, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, mobility and dynamism (slow progress), transparency, participation, social capital, social cohesion and unity, local communities Active, bottom-up performance, collective awareness, social trust, supportive systems and networks, social power and sense of belonging are recognized.

Urban landscape is one of the essential elements of daily urban life and the most important part of cities, and they are considered an important part of public spaces and representation of modern urban life and environments for recreation, leisure and social and cultural life. Therefore, paying attention to the visual and aesthetic qualities of these landscapes can have an effective role on the vitality and mental health of citizens and ultimately lead to achieving the urban landscapes sustainability. In the meantime, color as one of the most important visual elements can have an active and effective expression in the aesthetic qualities of a city's landscape. Color qualities in urban spaces can create a distinct and powerful identity and give people the ability to easily separate spaces and to separate different spaces from each other. Therefore, it can be claimed that the improvement of aesthetic qualities requires harmonious, diverse and meaningful use of the element of color. Unfortunately, today our cities are suffering from color poverty and the fundamental use of this powerful and valuable element in urban landscapes has been largely neglected. In this regard, the Narges Park in district 18 of Tehran municipality was selected as a case study in this research and the purpose of this research is to review the color qualities of this park in order to improve its aesthetic qualities.

This research studies and examines the main components related to color theory, which includes color attributes, color contrast, and color composition, in order to determine the effectiveness of each of these factors on the improvement of aesthetic qualities in Using these factors, the environment should redesign the Narges park with the aim of improving its aesthetic qualities. The research method is a descriptive-survey type, and its data collection tools are library and field (questionnaire and survey), and the data collected in the stage of knowing the scope of the study by using the SWOT technique and the data collected through a questionnaire from It will be analyzed through SPSS version 21 software.

The results show that the composition of colors with a beta coefficient of 0/31, the use of contrast with a coefficient of 0/22, and the appropriate use of color attributes with a coefficient of 0/19 can influence the improvement of the aesthetic qualities of Narges park and can add space to the space and give unity and make it distinct and identity from the surrounding spaces.

Finally, based on the results, it has been tried to provide suitable solutions for redesigning and finally a strategic plan in this park, and according to the results of this research, it has been tried to focus more on the arrangement and combination of colors and their use together in the proposed plan.
 

In this research, a new and environmentally friendly chemical sensor was introduced using Bromopyrogallol red (BPR) to determine trace amounts of aluminum and fluoride ions in dimethyl sulfoxide/water (5.5, v/v) solvent. The results showed that the color of BPR changes from red to violet under the influence of visible light in the presence of aluminum ions. This chemical sensor can selectively detect aluminum with a detection limit 2.21×10-7 and quantitation limit 7.37×10-7 mol L−1. Upon addition of aluminum ion, the absorbance signal of [Al-BPR] increased linearly in the concentration range of 1.60×10−6 - 8.06×10−5 mol L−1. In addition, [Al–BPR] complex can be used for the determination of F-. The signal of [Al-BPR] upon addition of F- decreased linearly in the concentration range of 4.0×10-5 - 8.80×10-4 -. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 5 times of measurement (n=5) in two concentrations of 1.87×10-5 and 3.07×10-5 mol L−1 of aluminum are 2.9% and 2.1% respectively. To determine the stoichiometry of the reaction between BPR receptor and aluminum ion, the molar ratio method was used. According to the experiments, this ratio was determined to be 1:1. BPR can also be used to detect aluminum ions in different water samples with high recovery percentage.

With the rise of digital tools, education has moved away from its traditional form and is advancing towards non-physical learning modalities. Distance learning leads to flexibility and easy access through digital media. Thus, the purpose of this study was to understand the lived experiences of students, teachers, and professors regarding the effectiveness of assessment in distance education.

This qualitative research was conducted using a phenomenological approach. The method of data collection involved semi-structured interviews. For this purpose, data were collected through interviews with 30 students, teachers, and professors and analyzed using the method of Streubert and Carpenter (2003).

The analysis of the interviews revealed four main themes including support and backing components, content, infrastructure and ethical, and 22 subthemes such as technical support, enhancing the motivation of teachers and students, continuous training of teachers and students, improving computer literacy of students and teachers, overcoming teachers' resistance to virtual assessment methods, using interactive methods, focusing on learners' depth of thinking, timely and rapid feedback, attention to individual differences, familiarity with virtual assessment methods in teachers, adapting to virtual assessment methods in teachers, availability of electronic infrastructure, ensuring security of assessment in the virtual space, providing high-speed internet, quick and easy access to mobile or computer for students, digitalization of the entire assessment process, promoting the culture of virtual assessment among teachers and students, avoiding cheating due to anonymity, providing agreed-upon criteria and standards in assessment, considering students' backgrounds in virtual assessment, perceiving the student as the core of assessment, and connecting assessment to the student's environment.

Given the above results, it is clear that performance assessment in non-physical education requires adherence to specific principles and components. Neglecting them can lead to the sterilization of this type of assessment.

The concept of dwelling is complex and dynamic. Therefore, the existing theories and views on the concept of dwelling, often presented in formal housing conditions and structures, do not have the necessary effect in other settlements. Based on the subjective and interactive nature of the concept of dwelling, its experience and perception among different residents can be different from conventional and universal theoretical perspectives in the field of dwelling, which are often expressed in the context of formal housing. Therefore, given the expansion of informal settlements and the importance of studying them accurately, as a basis for any action, can be contemplative. The purpose of this study is to understand dwelling’s perception and experience of dwelling and how to conceptualize and conceptualize it in the context of informal settlements and its related concepts by investigating the case study of Mortezagerd. Because any action in the field of informal settlements requires not only an understanding of the physical aspects of the settlement, it also requires conditions that are not purely objective and require its discovery to understand the meaning of dwelling from the perspective of its inhabitants. This research falls under the paradigm of interpretivism, and from the cognitive point of view, it emphasizes the researcher's interaction with the research subject and the least objective separateness with the research participants. This study uses manifest inductive qualitative content analysis as a research method to interpret contextual data obtained from in-depth semi-structured interviews and field observations.

The concept of dwelling is complex and dynamic. Therefore, the existing theories and views on the concept of dwelling, which are often presented in the conditions and structures of formal settlements, do not have the necessary effectiveness in other settlements. Due to the mental and interactive nature of the concept of dwelling, its experience and perception in different residents can be different from the universal and conventional theoretical views in the field of dwelling. Therefore, considering the development of informal settlements and the importance of studying and recognizing them accurately, as a basis for any action in the environment of informal settlements, which are recognized with different characteristics, can be thought-provoking. The purpose of this study is to identify the perception and experience of residents of dwelling and how its meaning and conceptualization in the field of informal settlement and related concepts and by examining the case study of Mortezagerd informal settlement. This research falls into the category of interpretive paradigm and from the epistemological point of view, emphasizes the researcher's action and interaction with the research subject and at least an objective separateness from the research participants. In this research, manifest inductive qualitative content analysis has been used as a research method in order to interpret the textual data obtained from semi-structured in-depth interviews and field observations. The data were analyzed through a systematic process with the aim of classifying concepts up to four levels of abstraction. The selection of participants in this study was purposeful and in line with the development of concepts to achieve saturation. The findings of this study indicate that in informal settlements, the dynamic concept of dwelling and its defining components such as peace, tranquility and security in different stages of dwelling is interpreted differently and its transformation is observed. Once (phase and first stage of residence) through living within large families and a sense of collective belonging and another time (phase and second stage of residence), through intra-group competition and contradiction, promotion of capital and quality of life. In other words, this study, through the interpretation and analysis of the content of residents' perceptions, shows two different and metamorphic stages in the concept of dwelling: First, "meaningfulness of living within large families", and then, the rotation of the concept and "intra-group competition and contradiction" with the aim of promoting capital and occupying space. Also, the development of previous research in order to achieve the concept of dwelling in informal settlements with a focus on Morteza Gerd informal settlement is considered; Concepts that express how to achieve the components of housing in the general sense, such as peace, habitation, construction, nurturing, etc., but in different ways. The novelty of the present article is to show the difference in the meaning of dwelling in formal and informal settlements and to refine the mentioned concept and the defining components of each in different stages of informal settlement.

As research is the building block of education development, the study of research methods is important for improving the quality of research. Among different research methods, content analysis has gained particular significance; however, it has not yet been clearly examined in terms of its features and techniques. To fill this gap, the present article was an attempt to seek experts’ views on this issue.

This study was a non-systematic narrative review article. First, books and searches of previous studies were used in scientific information databases abroad: PubMed, Scopus Web of Science, Science Direct Google scholar, between 1940 and 2022 with the keywords Content, Analysis, Qualitative content analysis, Quantitative content analysis and also used, Keyword content analysis, qualitative method, qualitative content analysis, quantitative content analysis in databases, MagIran, SID, Iranmedex, Irandoc. Then, 21 related articles were identified and reviewed.

Based on the findings of the current study, there are particular techniques for conducting content analysis research distinguishing it from other research methods. Besides, findings of the study revealed that challenges among experts about the content analysis research method is partly due to its history and its evolution over the time and also it is related to the very highly flexible nature of this research method.

Content analysis is an independent scientific research method in which the researcher makes use of qualitative processes to describe and summarize data for making inferences and finding a conceptual framework and finally formulating a theory.

Differences in the estimation of an earthquake body-wave (mb) and surface-wave (Ms) magnitudes, and the possibility of magnitude saturation, can lead to incorrect measurements of the energy released during an earthquake. In the present research empirical regional relationships for conversion between earthquake magnitude scales in Iran have been studied. The magnitude values of 622 earthquakes reported in both the ISC-EHB and GCMT databases during the period from June 1976 to the end of December 2019 have been used. The moment magnitudes of these events are from 4.7 up to 7.8. The least-squares linear regression method was used to obtain relations for conversion of Mw-Ms, Mw-mb, and Ms-mb magnitudes, in six major seismotectonic provinces of Iran: Zagros, Kopet Dagh, Alborz, Azerbaijan, East-Central Iran, and Makran. These relations are very useful tools in regional homogenization of earthquake catalogs. The conversion relations between body wave and surface wave magnitudes and moment magnitude are important in correct energy estimation and as well as immediate earthquake damage assessment. Although the results for the conversion of Ms to Mw in different regions of Iran show a good agreement with the global model, the differences in the regression lines for the mb to Mw conversion may indicate different patterns of the body wave attenuation in the seismotectonic regions of Iran.

Information structure (IS) investigates the relationship between linguistic forms and mental referents of different utterances. Information structure, on one hand, is concerned with formal aspects of language and, on the other hand, it deals with functional aspects of language. This rather abstract approach, however, has received less attention comparing with tangible aspects of grammar such as morphology and syntax. Furthermore, those dealing with information structure were not consistent in terms of methodology and terminology that they employed. Accordingly, Prague School scholars employed “Functional Sentence Perspective” to refer to information structure. In the same vein, Halliday (2004) called it “Thematic Structure”; Chafe (1976) employed “Information Packaging”; and Vallduvi (1994) referred to this component of grammar as “Informatics”. Another issue to be dealt with in this study is “argument dislocation”. It is intended to investigate the effect of information structure on argument dislocation in Southern Kurdish. A dislocated structure is composed of two parts: detached part and propositional part. In propositional part, there is a pronoun which is co-referent with the dislocated noun phrase. Information structure may be among the key reasons why noun phrases are dislocated and appear as detached NPs in the left and right of sentences. In other words, for any NP, being topical or focal may alter the argument structure of any given clause. Lambrecht (1994: 188) used the term “topic” to refer to the dislocated NPs in the left side of the clause. He also referred to detached NPs in the right side of the clause as “anti- topic”.  

As stated above, the present study is intended to gauge the role of information structure (IS) in the formation of dislocated sentences in southern Kurdish (Kalhori) in Iran. Accordingly, the topical and focal arguments were identified and the possibility of dislocation of these arguments was, also, assessed. Information structure is among the main factors which can affect the syntax of sentences. The present study is theoretically based on the framework presented by Lambrecht (1994, 2001). Methodologically, it is a descriptive- analytic study in which linguistic intuition, observation, targeted interviews and consulting with authentic library sources were employed tools to collect the data. Moreover, the researchers of this study are both native speakers of southern Kurdish (Kalhori) which was an advantage in their judgments and decisions. In some cases, to ensure to make a right decision, a given structure was presented to many native speakers. The data were gathered from southern Kurdish (Kalhori dialect) spoken by people in the city of Eivan in the west of Iran. Kalhori Kurdish is mainly spoken in some parts of Ilam and Kermanshah Provinces in cities such as Kermanshah, Eivan, Gilan-e-Gharb, and Eslam Abad Gharb.

Information structure or information distribution across different sentences may result in syntactic variations and formation of various linguistic forms. All language components including, morphology, syntax, prosody and lexicon can be affected by information distribution. In the present study, an attempt was made to shed light on the role of information structure in the formation of so-called dislocated structures based on data from southern Kurdish in the west of Iran. The results indicated the topical subjects and objects (as the main arguments) are appropriate candidates to undergo left/ right dislocation, while their empty place (in argument structure of the clause) is filled with resumptive pronouns (pro and object enclitics). In contrast, focal arguments (left/right) dislocation would result in an infelicitous discourse. In other words, the detached NP in so-called dislocated structures must have degrees of identifiability to be placed at the beginning of the sentence as a possible topic. Overall, based on the results, two syntactic patterns are possible in southern Kurdish. First, in the presence of focal arguments, an inflexible sequence of (S O V) will be the only syntactic pattern in southern Kurdish. Second, if the arguments are topical, then a more flexible word order and a lot of syntactic dislocations are more probable. The Separation of Role and Reference Principle (SRRP) was proposed by Lambrecht (1994: 184) to refer to so-called dislocated structures. This principle is rooted in a pragmatic rule which states that if you introduce a new referent in a clause, do not talk about it in the same clause (lambrecht, 1994: 185). For our interlocutor, it is easier to process a clause whose new referent is located outside of the clause as a detached NP, because identifying the topic (detached NP) and interpretation of the related proposition take place independently. On the other hand, in terms of articulation, producing such a structure in which a new and non-identifiable topic is introduced independently from its related clause would be easier for the speaker.

In dislocated structures, detached NPs are “reference- based” due to their semantic content, while the resumtive pronouns which fill the empty position of detached NPs in the argument structure of the clause are “function-based” (Lambrecht, 1994: 187). Unlike left dislocation (LD) which places topical elements in the beginning of the clause (pre-posing), right dislocation (RD) or anti-topic post-poses the topical elements at the end of the clause. Like LD, this process enables the language users to follow “the Separation of Role and Reference Principle” (SRRP) in the appropriate communicative situations. The obtained results based on southern Kurdish proved that the detached NP in RD (unlike RD) would not be new topic or is not indicative of topic discontinuity. The findings of this study proved, also, that the detached NP in LD and RD would be different in terms of their relative identifiability. It was found that the detached NP in RD is more identifiable comparing with the detached NP in LD, while LD is mainly used to introduce possible topics which have not been established as topic in that given context.

The present study aimed at investigating clitic doubling in Kalhori Kurdish. The implications of clitic doubling for Kurdish syntax were also investigated. In other words, it was attempted to find whether clitic doubling is a common feature of this language variety or it leads to some syntactic operations including (left or right) dislocation of NP arguments. Another implication of this study is to shed light on the distinction made between (inflectional) affix and clitic. The present study was a descriptive- analytic one in which many arguments were presented to deal with the nature of the relationship between clitic doubling and syntactic structure in Kalhori Kurdish. Theoretically, the present study was mainly based on the Spenser and Luis (2012). Observation, interview and field work were employed to collect the required data. The results indicated that clitic doubling is not a preferred process in Kalhori Kurdish. Instead, Kurdish speakers prefer to dislocate (to right or left) the relevant NP in the sentence to prevent both clitic and its related NP simultaneously.

type II diabetes is one of the chronic illnesses with various physical and psychological effects for patient. The purpose of the present research was to study the effectiveness of coping therapy on psychological markers (Stress, quality of life and coping strategies) in type II diabetic patients.

It was a semi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test, control group and follow up test. The population of the research includes all diabetic patients with registered medical records in diabetes center of Kermanshah in 2016. 40 individuals were selected by available and random sampling in experimental and control group (20 individuals per group). They have completed coping strategies questionnaire of Folkman- Lazarous, family life incidents and changes (FILE) and short form of diabetic patients' quality of life (DQOL-BCI).

Data was analyzed by SPSS-20 and the results showed that coping therapy significantly increases the quality of life, adhere to treatment, coping strategies, social support, planned problem-solving, positive reevaluation, stress reduction and continence in experimental group than control group (p<0.01, p<0.05). however, the results indicated that there is no significant difference in the variable of escape-avoidance coping strategies between experimental and control group (p>0.05).

according to the results, it can be said that coping strategies may reduce the problems of patients with chronic illnesses such as diabetes.

Horseradish has a male sterility that produces a small amount of seed with a low germination. It then propagates with root cuttings, which is also subject to a limited number of mother rootstocks. Therefore, the mass proliferation of this plant is important through tissue culture, especially somatic embryogenesis protocols. Somatic embryogenesis is a method to develop embryo via plant somatic cells during in vitro culture. The purpose of the present experiment is to find the best method for callus and somatic embryogenesis inducing horseradish, which is carried out in two B5 and NL media in both solid and liquid phases.
 

This research was carry out in the tissue culture lab of the department of horticultural sciences at gorgan university agricultural sciences and natural resources from 2016 to 2019. Calli are developed on callus induction media (B5 + 1 µM 2,4-D + 2 µM kin, NL + 1 µM IAA + 2 µM kin), and then transferred to somatic embryo induction phase (B5 + 3 µM 2,4-D + 4 µM kin, NL + 3 µM IAA + 4 µM kin) for 8 weeks. Elimination of IAA, 2,4-D and kin from induced calli done onto realization phase, and globular, heart and torpedo embryos observed 4 weeks later.
 

Based on the results, the best surface sterilization was achieved by 70% ethanol for 30 seconds and 70% aqueous sodium hypochlorite (v/v) for 60 minutes. The callus and somatic embryo were observed in both solid and liquid B5 and NL media. In the study of callus induction, according to the measurement of appearance quality and the process of callus formation, the growth and increase of callus in solid phase are higher than that of liquid phase. The highest callus induction record is seen in solid B5 medium containing 2 µM Kin and 1 µM 2,4-D. Generally, calli on embryo induction phase are bright green to yellowish and compact consisting of separate clusters of somatic embryonic cells. The results of somatic embryogenesis revealed that globular, heart, torpedo and total embryos in B5 containing 1 µM 2,4-D are more than NL containing 1 µM IAA.

Optimizing the growth of somatic embryos is important for mass propagation of plants that face problems in seed germination or have a long growth period. Due to the success of the production of horseradish somatic embryos, the results of this experiment can provide the possibility of production and propagation of horseradish plants in a short time. Further studies are required to determine the somaclonal variation of horseradish mature somatic embryos and plantlets.

As research on different theories and hypotheses of different sciences unfolds, scientific research and its methods become more complex in its evolutionary path. The research method in any research can be very influential on the research results and their validity. One of the methods of qualitative research that uses inductive approach is grounded theory research method. This method starts from the raw data and goes towards forming the theory. At present, this method has been welcomed by various disciplines. What is important is how the underlying theory is implemented and operationalized during the research and its realization process. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to recognize the various aspects of the underlying theory and to apply it operationally by explaining the method in a sample so that the process of realization of the mentioned method can be clearly understood. First, some basic concepts, components, paradigms and epistemologies are introduced and then the research process based on this approach, including data collection and analysis methods, research tools, data analysis methods, model design and theory presentation, is presented. The methods of data management, validity, and usability and ethics of the research are also explained. Throughout this article and in each section, a case study with the theme of "Recognizing the Concept of Residence in Informal Settlements and Case Study of Mortezgerd Village" is introduced based on this method and is reviewed in detail by each specific section, until the practical realization of the theory method is investigated. The context is clearly understood. Finally, a summary of the implementation of the underlying theory approach is given in the last table. The most important steps in realizing the above method, emphasizing the research sample under consideration, assuming some overlap and their interactive properties as shown in Figure 6, are: theoretical background review, geographical clarification of the topic, in-depth research questions, conducting and coding of experimental interviews, Existence and Determination of Phenomenon, Initial Guide Formulation, Data Needed Sampling, Theoretical Sensitivity, Theoretical Sampling, Observation of a Process in Flow, Open Coding, Axial Coding, Selective Coding, Continuous Comparison, Data Query, Review of Analytical Notes, Presentation of the theory and its validation.

To dwell means belonging to a real place, with dwelling and its qualitative concepts being among prerequisites of humanity. One of the impasses of contemporary cities, however, is the influx of people incapable of acquiring proper, quality dwellings, and thereby altering existing spaces to suit their needs with their own dwelling styles prevailing. Because of the importance of the concept of dwelling and the increasing growth of self-grown dwellings, and in order to establish clear scientific bases for the realistic planning of such dwellings, it is necessary to study how dwellings are realised. The present text, therefore, is after identifying the characteristics and aspects of dwelling concepts and methods in self-grown dwellings based on research experiences in this field.
The paper is based on a fresh qualitative recognition of the aspects and styles of the lived experience of people living in these dwellings, using a descriptive-analytical method based on logico-scientific reasoning. It starts with a study of the concept of dwelling, its relation with culture, self-growing dwelling and its characteristics. It then continues with a thorough study of relevant researches in Costaricca, Indonesia, the Occupied Palestine, Spain, Egypt, Brazil, Mexico, and Pakistan, through which the concept of self-grown dwelling is introduced. The results show a consistency in dwelling-related behaviours and public spaces of these cases, which is based on their unique characteristics and limits, yielding social assets and collective identities, holding dwellers together like a big family with strong social solidarity, stimulating a sense of support, and helping individuals achieving their goals against the burdens imposed by the greater society.  The analyses of the research finds the following as implicating the concept of dwelling: the spatially oriented collective identity, spatial identification, collective wisdom based on consensus, domestic security, spatial isolationism, the collective social asset, the security of occupation, cultural fusion, higher dwelling satisfaction, social power, introvert collective space, the transparency of inter-group relations, social trust, cultural dynamism, and spatial association.

Among the theoretical approaches to stuttering, there is a general agreement that developmental stuttering is attributed to several factors related to speech, including emotional regulation. Accordingly, different theorists point to the importance of the role of negative attitudes toward speech and speech abilities in the onset, occurrence, and developmet of stuttering. Considering that the culture of a group can influence the attitude to speech, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the communicative attitude of 8-15 year-old students who stutter (SWS) in Babol city and studying the effect of age and sex on their attitude scores.

The current descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on 261 individuals. The participants were students with stuttering who were selected via multi-stage sampling from among students in Babol city. First, the teachers introduced SWS and then their nonfluency frequency analysis was carried out. After comfirmation of stutter detection, communicative attitudes test (CAT) was performed on each participant and the attitude score of each person was obtained.

The mean of attitude score of SWS girls and boys were 22.5±7.46 and 22.71±7.98, respectively. Attitude score of SWS had no significant difference between the two sexes and between eight age groups (p>0.05). Regarding the simultaneous effect of these two variables on attitude scores, there was a significant difference in the attitude score of male and female students in each eight age group (p=0.03).

According to the results, although the mean score of attitude score in SWS is in the middle class, attention to the aspect of communicative attitude in assessing, treatming, and planning of SWS, especially in 12-year-old students, is important and necessary.