فهرست مطالب سامان جوادی

The purpose of this study was to investigate the water quality condition of Sarabrud River using Iran surface water quality index and biological value index. To achieve this purpose, five sampling stations were selected along the Sardabrud River based on limnological principles and establishment of contaminant sources and sampling of water and benthos was done by three replications in both cold and warm seasons. 11 water quality parameters including: BOD5, COD, Ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, pH, faecal coliform and electrical conductivity were measured and analyzed using standard methods. Based on the results, in cold season, biological value index was lower than warm season. This index, at upstream station was 1 and 2/43 in cold and warm seasons, respectively. On the basis of saproby table, in cold season, all the stations were in oligosaprobe condition and middle was in betamesosaprobe condition. Also in warm season, downstream was in oligosaprobe and the others were in betamesosaprobe condition. IRWQIsc index was decreased in both seasons and its amount in cold season was higher than warm season. This value, in cold season ranged from 58/5 to 90/7. Downstream station was in relatively good quality condition in both seasons and two upstream stations had a very good condition in cold season. Also, in warm season, IRWQIsc index ranged from 55/26 to 90/38. The upstream stations of Sardabrud and Kelardasht were in very good and good condition, respectively, middle station and Najjarkola were in relatively good condition. Municipal, agricultural and domestic sewages, could lead to increase contamination and reduce the quality of water from upstream to downstream. In order to manage the quality condition of the river, compilation of a complete protection plan for Sardabrud River with the approach of maintaining the existing conditions is recommended.

Dez dam has an essential role in controlling the floods and water supply in Khouzestan. Accurate and reliable prediction of the flow input to the reservoir is crucial to make decisions about the exploitation and management of this reservoir. In this research, a novel WAVELET-ARIMA-NARX model was developed to predict the monthly inflow to Dez dam reservoir. The WAVELET method was used to break down the time series into sub-series and better analyzing, the ARIMA model was used to model the linear component of the analyzed series, and the NARX model used to model the error resulting from WAVELET-ARIMA model. The NDVI index was also used to measure the accuracy change of the WAVELET-ARIMA-NARX hybrid model. The results showed that the prediction performance of the WAVELET-ARIMA-NARX hybrid model has improved significantly compared to the ARIMA model. In such a way according to the RMSE criterion, the prediction accuracy in the verification and training stages has decreased by 74% and 82%, compared to the ARIMA and WAVELET-ARIMA model, respectively. The NDVI parameter with average temperature and rainfall of the basin as an input of the NARX model has increased the accuracy of the model. In the model with 10 neurons in the hidden layer, compared to the two-parameter model of rainfall and NDVI with 15 neurons, in evaluation section, the MAE values have decreased from 27.2 to 18.5 and the RMSE from 0.45 to 0.26. These values indicate the importance and impact of simultaneous consideration of three parameters on forecasting accuracy.

Agriculture, especially rainfed agriculture, is one of the branches that is largely affected by the effects of climate change. The previous studies regarding the estimation of the length of the dry season wheat growth period in the country are mainly related to the length of the growth period of the past years or based on the growing degree day method, which is not very realistic. The purpose of this research is to estimate the length of the average growth period of rainfed wheat for the Tabriz Plain for the past 20 years (1993-2017) and the future conditions under the simulation of GCM models, for the next 50 years (1394-1444), using the meteorological parameters of temperature and rainfall. is. In the first step, the state of future conditions was evaluated under the GCM models of the sixth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.6 scenarios, and then with the proposed method of the ecological zoning guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the length of the growth period of each period has been estimated and compared with each other. According to the FAO method, the length of the growth period is equivalent to the period of time when the rainfall is more than 50 percent of the potential evaporation and transpiration. It has been done. The results of comparing the length of the growth period of the base period and the state of future conditions under the simulation of GCM models showed that in the Tabriz Plain, the length of the wheat growth period has increased by an average of 16 days for the next 50 years, and the end of the growth period by an average of It will happen 12 days later.

One of the methods for groundwater monitoring is the calculation of the water balance, which provides important information about the status and changes of aquifers. However, estimating the components of the groundwater balance is challenging, which can reduce the accuracy of the results. This study aims to improve the accuracy of evapotranspiration estimation in the groundwater balance using remote sensing, which leads to better estimation of return flow and infiltration from rainfall. Consequently, the groundwater balance is calculated with higher accuracy. For this purpose, data from observation wells, precipitation, withdrawals, rivers, and aquifers in the Qomsheh study area between 1992 and 2016 were used to evaluate the groundwater balance. A conceptual water balance model and the WaPOR remote sensing product were used to estimate ET. Finally, the observed water balance was compared with the calculated water balance. The results showed that during the study period, 40.54 million cubic meters (MCM) of water infiltrated into the aquifer through precipitation, irrigation, and surface flow. In contrast, 262 MCM of water was withdrawn from the aquifer, of which 105.53 MCM returned to the aquifer. Also, 10.21 MCM of water entered as lateral flow and 0.73 MCM of water exited the aquifer. The groundwater balance was estimated to be 120.02 and 119.09 MCM using the computational and observational methods, respectively. Comparison of these two water balances shows that using WaPOR remote sensing products in estimating the components of the water balance reduces uncertainty and increases the accuracy of calculations in the Qomsheh study area.

In this study, the accuracy of estimating shallow aquifer recharge values in Astane-Kouchsefahan using two models: SWAT (a surface water hydrological model) and MODFLOW (a groundwater flow model) was evaluated. Then the need for using SWAT in the modeling of groundwater flow, which is typically done by MODFLOW, was evaluated. For this purpose, the simulation of the Astane-Kouchsefahan aquifer was done by MODFLOW using GMS graphical user interface. Then the SWAT model was built for the Astane-Kochsefahan watershed and calibrated by the SUFI2 algorithm in SWAT-CUP software. In the following, after determining the two models' common spatial and temporal range, the aquifer recharge amounts were compared according to the outputs of the two models. MODFLOW results showed that the total aquifer recharges including recharge from the river in 1391-1392 were equal to 102.71 and 23.71 million m3, respectively. The highest and the lowest amounts of aquifer recharge occurred in December and April, respectively. The results of SWAT showed that the amounts of aquifer recharges including recharge from the river are estimated to be 138.34 and 35.09 million m3, respectively. So, the highest and the lowest recharge amount occurred in December and September, respectively. Based on the regional circumstances, SWAT offers more dependable estimates of the groundwater recharge parameters by considering surface water parameters and factors like the influence of dams and water transfer channels, soil characteristics, land use, climatic and meteorological data, and information regarding agriculture and irrigation management. Consequently, integrating the precise recharge results from SWAT into groundwater models such as MODFLOW leads to enhance and more reliable evaluations of the aquifer's state.

Rapid urbanization is responsible for impervious area increases and more runoff generation in urbanized catchments. Higher runoff volume in urbanized catchments leads to higher flood risk. One of the methods of runoff management is low impact development (LID). Bio-retention cell (BRC) is one of the infiltration-based LID practices that allows restoring the pre-development hydrologic cycle. However, the overall hydrologic performance of BRCs can vary depending on different urban environments. In this study, the hydrologic performance of BRC in terms of runoff and flood reduction was investigated in a highly urbanized area in the east of Tehran, Iran. The SWMM model was used to evaluate the performance of BRC. The results showed that BRC for rainfall with a return period of 2 to 50 years reduced the total runoff volume by 76.2% to 70.2% and the peak discharge by 65.9% to 36.4%, respectively. Also, for rainfall with a return period of 2 to 50 years, BRC resulted in 15.2% to 27.5% infiltration of rainfall in the study area, respectively. This study demonstrates that BRC can help restore the natural hydrologic cycle of urbanized catchments by reducing runoff and increasing infiltration.

One of the important factors in the sustainability of a region's development is the availability of adequate and suitable water resources for various uses, which, in addition to quantity, should be suitable from a qualitative point of view. Groundwater resources are one of the most reliable sources of water supply, which has suffered in recent years due to increased harvesting. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of groundwater in Sari-Neka study area and zoning of this area for agricultural use. In this study, 65 water wells in this area were chemically analyzed in year 1392-93. The samples were examined for the effective parameters in agriculture including chlorine (Cl), electrical conductivity (EC), acidity and alkaline (PH), sodium carbonate (RSC) residue. Finally, the water quality status was evaluated using the Wilcox index and the qualitative zoning map was considered. The results showed that more than 90% of the quality water test samples of wells used for agriculture in the C3-S2 and C3-S1 classes are located.

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the issue of human health due to the continuous consumption of nitrate-contaminated underground water among people of different age groups in the vicinity of Lahijan depot. Therefore, in this study, 34 groundwater samples were collected during the wet (November) and dry (September) seasons, and the main ions were analyzed in the laboratory. Nitrate concentration in the wet season varied from 18 to 30 mg/L with an average of 24.2 mg/L and in the dry season from 8 to 24 mg/L with an average of 14.5 mg/L. The amount of NPI nitrogen pollution index showed that in the wet season, 23% of the samples are healthy and 77% of the sample locations have low pollution, and in the dry season, 82% of the samples are healthy and 18% of the samples have low pollution. The noncarcinogenic risk assessment model showed that health issues are among different age groups, including infants, children, youth, adults, and the elderly. The results of the carcinogenic risk showed that in the wet season, 65% of the underground water samples and in the dry season, 18% of the samples are unsuitable for drinking by the age group of 6 to 12 months. Identified sources of nitrates include nitrate sources found in the study area, anthropogenic activities such as Lahijan landfill and village residents' waste. Therefore, periodic water inspection, health check-up and common treatment plant in rural areas are corrective measures that should be taken to reduce the severe effects of nitrate-contaminated drinking water in the study area.

With the aim of increasing water, food and energy productivity, this study was carried out in two stages to develop and validate a tool for evaluating agricultural management strategies in relation to the link between water, food and energy security (NEXUS). In the first part, using the WA+ water accounting framework, with the aim of analyzing the parameters of hydro climatology, the four worksheets of basic resources, evaporation and transpiration, harvesting of water resources and productivity of the Plasjan watershed were calculated and management scenarios were determined to increase productivity, and in the second part, management scenarios with The NEXUS approach were evaluated and prioritized. The results of WA+ showed that in the Plasjan basin, the high volume of evaporation and transpiration was useless. In the second part of this research, among the 4 main scenarios (48 sub-scenarios) introduced to improve productivity, the scenarios of cultivar change and irrigation treatment, change of cultivated area and rainfed cultivation with supplementary irrigation had a positive effect on water, food and energy productivity index. After prioritizing the influential sub-scenarios with the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model, the sub-scenario of wheat variety 6 with full irrigation treatment had the most positive effect on water, food and energy productivity and was identified as an indicator scenario for evaluating productivity in agricultural management.

Nitrate is one of the pollutants that affects groundwater in most aquifers of the country. In order to investigate the behavior of hydrogeochemical parameters of groundwater in the Ardabil plain aquifer, the results of qualitative data of 139 wells that were measured in both wet and dry seasons during the water year 2012-2011 were used. Using XLSTAT software, contamination was identified and samples were classified using principal factor analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering (HCA). Factor analysis method led to the extraction of five factors affecting groundwater quality with a total variance of 68.09 percent. Also, the results of factor analysis showed that the first, fourth and fifth factors are due to geogenic processes and the second and third factors are due to anthropogenic processes. The results of the hierarchical clustering method divided the samples into three groups, each group having two subsets. The set related to cluster one is spread in the northern, eastern, southern and parts of the center, west by mix(agriculture-garden), medium pasture and dry farming as well as urban areas. The set of the second cluster is often spread in the central, western and urban areas of the aquifer, with mix(agriculture-garden) and residential areas. The set of third cluster has been expanded to southwestern and urban areas. Generally, the existence of dissolution and ion exchange processes on the one hand, as well as leaching of fertilizers and incomplete development of the sewage system in the aquifer on the other hand has provided the groundwater pollution.

In order to carry out the appropriate program for agricultural operations and to know the appropriate planting time of dry wheat crops, the length of the growth period and its beginning and end are special. The studies carried out during the growing period of dry wheat in the country are based on the growth degree day method, which does not exist for dry or semi-arid regions. In this study, the length of the dry season wheat growth period for a statistical length of 30 years (1371 to 1400) for 38 sinopic stations of the country by taking meteorological temperatures and precipitation, with the help of the proposed method of the ecological zoning guidelines of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and By finding the intersection points of the graphs of precipitation and 50% potential evaporation and transpiration, the beginning and the end, the length of the growth period has been estimated, which corresponds to the results presented for the length of the growth period in the ecological classification publication of the FAO organization. Results of the obtained results, Astara station with 301 days of growth period and Isfahan, Saravan, Tabas, Semnan, Zahedan and Kerman stations with 0 days of growth period are respectively the most and the least. to give have given. Also, the results showed that the use of the FAO method to estimate the length of the growth period in arid regions obtains more realistic estimates than the growth degree day method.

The climate change effect on future precipitation (2040-2021) of Iran is investigated in this study. For this purpose, the results of three general circulation models (GCM) named GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES and IPSL-CM5A-LR were analyzed for two scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. CCT model and daily precipitation data of the base period (1986-2019) were used to downscale and bias correction of future daily precipitation data. According to the annual results, the weighted average of annual precipitation of rain gauges due to all scenarios except RCP8.5 in the IPSL-CM5A-LR model was increasing. The weighted average of seasonal precipitation in winter increased in all of the studied climate change conditions, but in other seasons the amount of precipitation decreased or increased. The highest increase in the weighted average of seasonal precipitation was in winter due to the RCP2.6 scenario and GFDL-ESM2M model (23 mm). The highest decrease in the weighted average of seasonal precipitation was in autumn due to the RSP8.5 scenario and IPSL-CM5A-LR (10.5 mm). Slight changes in mean precipitation, on the other hand, a sharp decrease in minimum precipitation (446 mm due to G3S4) and a sharp increase in maximum precipitation (233 mm due to G2S1), indicate the occurrence of severe extreme events (drought and flood) in the future.

Considering the not very suitable state of the country's water resources as well as the phenomenon of climate change and its effects, simulating the state of climate change in the future and evaluating its effects in order to reduce vulnerability and deal with it can be very important in future decisions. In this regard, in order to reduce the negative effects of climate change and benefit from its possible positive effects in watersheds, various adaptation strategies are presented.In this research, adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector under the CMIP6-SSP climate change scenarios has been investigated and evaluated. Considering the characteristics of the Hashtgerd region and the risks that threaten agriculture in the region, this research tries to have a comprehensive view of this system. For this purpose, adaptation strategies to reduce the negative effects of climate change in the agricultural sector were evaluated.

 In this research, the SWAT model was used to simulate and evaluate the adaptive strategy in Hashtgerd region in 2018. To model climate change conditions in the region, the NorESM2-MM climate model related to the 6th IPCC report and different SSP scenarios (SSP1.26, SSP2.54, SSP3.70, SSP 5.85) were used and minimum and maximum temperature data and the precipitation were downscaled for the years 2020 to 2049. After calculating the changes in temperature and rainfall compared to the current conditions, the values ​​of these changes were applied to the SWAT model in order to investigate its effect on the water resources of Hashtgerd region. Finally, the values ​​of water stress and crop performance were estimated under the conditions of climate change.

The results indicated an average increase in water stress and also a decrease in yield of crops other than corn in all SSP scenarios. After evaluating the effects of climate change in the region, in order to adapt to these changes in the agricultural sector, two adaptation strategies were used 1) The strategy of changing the cultivation pattern from tomato and alfalfa crops to wheat and barley and 2) Changing the cultivation pattern from tomato and alfalfa to corn. These strategies were evaluated with criteria such as changes in water stress and yield of crops compared to BAU conditions.

The results showed that changing the cultivation pattern to wheat and barley has reduced the water stress of regional crops. In general, in the strategy of changing the cultivation pattern, the yield of all three crops, wheat, barley and corn, was increased compared to the BAU strategy. In the strategy of changing the cultivation pattern to corn, a significant reduction in water stress was estimated and, accordingly, the yield of this product was acceptable. This increase in performance is due to the reduction of water stress caused by the increase in available water.

This study aimed to estimate groundwater recharge along with other balance components (runoff, evapotranspiration, and transpiration) in Hashtgerd plain, using the WetSpass-M distribution model in the conditions of climate change and land use in the next 30 years. To study the effects of climate change, the output of five models under four emission scenarios, i.e., RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5 of the Fifth Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) was utilized. The LARS-WG model was also used for the downscaleing of the climatic data. Land-use mapping was performed using Landsat images in 1990, 2005, and 2020 processed in ENVI 5.3. The Markov chain method in TerrSet software was used to predict land-use changes for 2050. In the end, the effect of climate change and land use on underground water supply and other water balance components was simulated using the WetSpass-M distribution model for the period 2050-2020 and the effect of climate and land use scenarios was applied on it. The climate change results showed that the annual temperature will increase by 1.2 and 3.2 degrees Celsius until 2050 for the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, and the annual precipitation will decrease by 1.95 and 4.47 Percent for both scenarios. The results of land use change show an increase of 105, 41, and 8 percent for residential, barren, and agricultural land, respectively, and a 94 percent decrease in pastures. With the increase of residential and barren uses and the decrease of pastureland, the permeability of the land will decrease, and as a result, the amount of surface discharge of the aquifer will decrease. Estimates, in general, showed that climate change has caused a decrease, land use change has increased the feeding of the aquifer in such a way that in the most critical scenario the amount of feeding will reach 220.6, and the balance of the aquifer will reach 115.9 million cubic meters per year. Because of climate and land use changes, the share of evaporation and transpiration has increased and the share of rescharge and runoff from precipitation has decreased. In general, in the highlands due to more rainfall and in agricultural areas due to irrigation return water, the contribution of underground water supply has increased.

Today, due to widespread land use changes, including increasing urban population and drinking needs, industrial and agricultural growth of communities on the one hand and further reduction of surface water resources on the other hand has increased the use of groundwater resources. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of land use change on aquifer vulnerability. Since the potential for pollution in different parts of an aquifer is different in terms of contaminants reaching the groundwater, predicting the extent of vulnerability changes in aquifers by predicting future land uses. In this study, for the first time, the effect of the future land use changes on the vulnerability of Hashtgerd aquifer for the periods of 2025, 2035 and 2045 has been investigated and compared with the current situation in 2018. In this regard, first, using the Markov chain method in TerrSet software, land use changes for the three periods of 2025, 2035 and 2045 were extracted. Land use mapping was performed using Landsat satellite images for 1998, 2008 and 2018 in ENVI 5.3 software. The generated maps were added as a parameter to the DRASTIC vulnerability method and finally DRASTIC-Lu was predicted for three periods. This study shows that the vulnerability in high and very high class in 2045 will increase by 34% and 83%, respectively. Furthermore, the increasing trend of vulnerability in the classroom is very high for three incremental periods and will increase from 14% in 2025 to 20% and 83% in 2035 and 2045. This study shows that in the coming years, in order to preserve groundwater resources, it is necessary to consider special monitoring measures in the northern and northeastern regions of the aquifer.

Groundwater is the most valuable water resources in any region and in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran, is the main source for drinking and agricultural needs. In recent years, with the increase in population and as a result of increasing withdrawals from aquifers and climate change, many of aquifers are in poor condition, and these conditions continue or are deteriorating. In this study, in order to determine the effect of climate change on groundwater drought on the aquifer of Shahrekord plain, the output of CMIP6 models and SPI and GRI drought indices have been used. Simulations of GFDL-ESM4 model show that the average rainfall by 2050 in Shahrekord plain, under scenario SSP1-2.6 will increase by 4.85 mm and under scenario SSP5-8.5 will decrease by 21.34 mm. In order to determine the effect of climate change on the aquifer of Shahrekord plain, a regression relationship between the two indices of SPI and GRI in six selected piezometers has been used. The results show that droughts with higher intensity and duration will occur in the region and more than 60 percent of the future period of Shahrekord plain aquifer will be in drought conditions and the most severe drought under SSP1-2.6 scenario will last 52 months and its severity will be 59.32 and under the SSP5-8.5 scenario the most severe drought will last 70 months and its severity will be 86.59.

Exploitation of karst water resources has become very important due to supply and demand tensions and water shortage problems. Utilization of these resources without management and planning causes severe pollution. One of the important tools for this issue is the use of vulnerability indicators and determining the degree of risk of exploiting it. In this study, the dependence of spring appearance as the output of karst catchment and its catchment is investigated by combining vulnerability indicators. VESPA is one of the most important methods to calculate spring’s vulnerability using effective parameters such as salinity, discharge and water temperature. Moreover, in this study we applied EPIK method to assess vulnerability of karst watershed. Then, by ranking the effective parameters and combining it with the vulnerability index, it determines the level of risk in the basin. Accordingly, Perikdan and Sarabtaveh springs are in a very high class in terms of vulnerability with VESPA index and have a high correlation with EPIK index in assessing the vulnerability of the catchment basin. After determining the vulnerability, the risk of exploitation was determined by ranking the slope parameters, geological formations, natural features and land use. The results showed that the highest risk rate of 74% is located in the southern parts of the region. This area has a large number of sinkholes and permeable karst formations. By combining the risk map and vulnerability index, the risk of the basin was assessed, which showed that about 90% of the basin is in medium and low risk.

Groundwater is the most valuable water resources in any region and in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran, is the main source for drinking and agricultural needs. In recent years, with the increase in population and as a result of increasing withdrawals from aquifers and climate change, many of aquifers are in poor condition, and these conditions continue or are deteriorating. In this regard, regular monitoring of aquifers is always very important and by making appropriate management decisions, it is possible to prevent more damage to aquifers and reduce the damage. The purpose of this study is to determine the droughts of the future and to determine its impact on the aquifer of Shahrekord plain. In this study, using the output of CMIP6 models, climatic variables such as rainfall and temperature for the next period are simulated and the rainfall situation in the region until 2100 has been determined. Then, using the ANFIS model, groundwater depth in five selected piezometers in the plain is predicted by 2050. According to the results of this study, the aquifer condiotion of Shahrekord plain has been determined by 2050 and it has been determined that in some parts of Shahrekord plain, the groundwater depth will increase to 26 meters. Due to possible changes in the future in order to prevent the situation from deteriorating and increasing the damage, appropriate management decisions must be made in this regard.

The uncontrolled increase of population in the country, the limitation of surface water resources and the overexploitation of aquifers have caused irreparable damage to the country's natural resources in recent years. Integrated hydrological models have made it possible to analyze groundwater and surface water with high temporal and spatial resolution. The aim of this study is to understand the interactions of groundwater with surface water in the Shazand plain aquifer in Markazi province using the MODFLOW-OWHM model under the ModelMuse graphical user interface. In this study, SFR package is used to simulate river flow and its exchanges with the aquifer. The model is calibrated manually for September 2010 to September 2011. The simulation results of the model showed that Shazand plain rivers have a very small portion in feeding the aquifer and its discharge and the highest portion in feeding the aquifer in most months of the year is due to infiltration from rainfall. The highest discharge in the dry months of the year is due to wells exploitation and in the other months is due to the head dependent flux. Therefore, this study can be a strong basis for further studies to assess climate change on surface water and groundwater resources and water resources management strategies in the country.

One of the new challenges in exploiting groundwater resources is seawater intrusion. Unplanned increase in exploitation reduced the groundwater level, which reduced the hydraulic gradient of the shoreline and in some areas reverses the groundwater flow and leads to groundwater salinization. This study examine the seawater intrusion strategies in the Astana-Kuchesfahan coastal aquifer using numerical simulation. Examination of the current status of this aquifer using SEAWAT package was indicated the intrusion of 740 meters of seawater to the aquifer over a 5 years period showed that in order to manage this pressing matter, 19 management strategies (reduction of groundwater exploitation), structural and subsurface dam) and integrated (managerial and structural) to reduce the seawater intrusion was presented. The simulation results of different treatment strategies were evaluated using the aquifer qualitative stability index, which is based on the amount of saline water regression. The results showed that this index was calculated between 14% and 65% for the defined solutions. The highest relative aquifer improvement is related to S18 solution with 20% reduction in groundwater exploitation, artificial recharge and subsurface dam and the lowest relative aquifer improvement is related to S1 solution with 5% reduction in operation. The results showed that S1 solution was associated with 100 m water retreat and S18 solution was associated with 480 m saline water retreat. The results can be used for groundwater exploitation management in this coastal aquifer.

Groundwater modeling is the foundation for quantitative analysis of groundwater resources, the successful assessment of which depends on its stable and reliable simulation. Because groundwater models are an approximation of reality, it is impossible to quite determine a system's properties through modeling or to mathematically describe the complex properties of a hydrogeological system. Therefore, inherently, all models have a degree of uncertainty, and as a result, the existence of uncertainty in the groundwater model sets managerial decisions in relation to it at risk of failure. The purpose of this study is to explain a method for quantitative recognition of groundwater uncertainty and how model uncertainty can be used as a tool to better realize the modeled system and provide the information needed to help make more informed decisions. A quantitative investigation of groundwater modeling was performed in Najafabad located in Isfahan province. Three conceptual models were created for Najafabad aquifer by different geological settings, recharging, and model boundaries. Conceptual models were developed in steady-state for 2018-2019 and calibrated using observational data. All models were validated using available water level data of 2018-2019. The models reliably simulated the water level in the aquifer. To select the best model, the model selection criteria (AIC, AICC, BIC, and KIC) was used. The results showed that model number 1 with the highest weight and the least uncertainty was introduced as the best model.

One of the factors that lead to uncertainty in the mathematical model of groundwater flow is the uncertainty due to the complexity of the conceptual model that results from the increase of model parameters. Considering complexity in groundwater modeling can aid in selecting an optimal model, and can avoidmodel uncertainty and misleading conclusions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the uncertainty of the complexity of the mathematical model of the Najafabad aquifer. In this regard, six conceptual models with five different degrees of complexity with the number of calibrated model parameters (4, 16, 20, 22, 26, and 26 parameters) with the same observational data in Najafabad aquifer located in Isfahan province in a steady-state and for the year 2018-2019 were developed and model selection criteria (AIC, AICC, BIC, and KIC) were used to evaluate the probability of models. The results showed that model#1 with four parameters, which is the simplest model, was selected as the best model and has the least uncertainty. But models 5 and 6, which are the most complex models, have the most uncertainty and the least level of confidence. Therefore, it can be said that in defining the conceptual model of an aquifer, determining the optimal number of parameters will decrease the uncertainty of the mathematical model.

Water accounting is one of the important approaches to formulate the water cycle and quantitative changes in various dimensions. Therefore, a framework that can quantify the hydrological cycle as standard, as well as a framework that estimates the hydrological processes of the basin in such a way that managed and manageable flows include land use interaction are essential. WA + framework as one of the water accounting methods using remote sensing analyzes the various parameters at the level of a basin. The aim of this study was to analyze the parameters of the hydro-climatological balance using the WA + framework to calculate the three sheets of resource base, evapotranspiration and withdrawal of water resources. According to the volume of 604 MCM inflow, it was determined that 465.5 MCM is used for evapotranspiration and according to the return flow of the basin, 38.8 MCM is used for infiltration and 59.7 MCM is used for runoff in the region. The results obtained from the hydro-climatological balance using the WA + framework showed that due to the same consideration of precipitation, the rate of evapotranspiration in this framework increases compared to the computational method and constitutes about 74 percent of the output volume of the balance. The amount of infiltration and runoff obtained in these conditions is less than the computational method. The results obtained from the water accounting framework showed that this approach can reduce the uncertainty of the input parameters to the hydro-climatology balance.

In this study, the effect of climate change on future temperature (2021-2040) in Iran has been investigated. For this purpose, the results of three general circulation models (GCM) named GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES and IPSL-CM5A-LR were analyzed for two scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions of RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. CCT model and minimum and maximum daily temperature (1986-1986) were used for downscaling and bias correction. The weighted average annual temperature did not decrease in the studied scenarios. The highest increase in weighted average annual is equal to 3.1 °C, and the highest increment in seasonal temperature is related to summer (8.5°C) due to the RCP8.5 scenario in the HadGEM2-ES model. Also, the maximum temperature decrease occurred in winter (1.2°C) under the conditions of the RCP2.6 scenario and GFDL-ESM2M model. Due to the climate of Iran, most of which is arid, following this increase in temperature, even in optimistic conditions (RCP2.6), the country needs an integrated water resources management program and long-term vision of relevant managers and officials. Rising temperatures pose challenges in various fields such as agriculture, food security, social, economic, cultural, political, international, and so on.

Food production and consumption is one of the important dimensions of agriculture's impact on water resources. Therefore, changing the household food basket can directly affect the status of water resources. In this study, water and carbon footprint indices were used to determine the desirability of two Vegan and common food baskets in the community. The results showed that although the United Nations Water Crisis Index (UN/WCI) still shows a severe water crisis by changing the common food basket to a vegan food basket, the promotion and selection of vegan food baskets can reduce the pressure on Iran's water resources and environment. Vegan and common food baskets result in a water footprint of 56.3 and 62.7 BCM, respectively. With a production of 205.5 million tons of CO2 per year, the vegan food basket produces about 3.9 million tons less CO2 than the common food basket. In general, vegan food basket causes a 10% reduction in water consumption and about 2% reduction in carbon footprint compared to the common food basket. In the study of the share of the vegan food groups in water footprint, the group of legumes and nuts (38%) and in terms of produced carbon footprint, the group of vegetables (27%) have the greatest impact on water resources. The results of this study suggest that by changing the common food basket to a vegan food basket, fruit and vegetable food groups should have a greater share in meals. Instead, the consumption of meats, breads and cereals (especially rice) should be reduced.