سعید ابراهیم زاده

The present research examines the impact of perceived service quality and electronic human resources management on customer satisfaction of the Red Crescent Society of Bushehr province. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of service quality and electronic human resource management systems (HRIS) on the satisfaction of the customers of this organization. To achieve the research objectives, data were collected through standardized questionnaires. The questionnaires included evaluation scales of perceived service quality, efficiency of HRIS systems, and customer satisfaction level. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical analysis. This research has investigated the effect of perceived service quality and electronic human resource management on customer satisfaction in the Red Crescent population of Bushehr province. The main purpose of this study is to identify key factors affecting customer satisfaction and analyze the role of electronic human resources management in improving the quality of services provided. In this research, service quality from the point of view perceived by customers and the use of electronic technologies in human resource management has been investigated. To conduct this research, research methods including surveys, data analysis and case studies have been used. Data were collected and analyzed through standardized questionnaires to determine the relationship between service quality, electronic human resource management and customer satisfaction. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is the employees of the Customs Organization of Bushehr province, who were selected using Cochran's formula, 192 people as a sample using available sampling method. In this way, by referring to the organization, random sampling was done from the employees and the questionnaire was distributed among them. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through convergent validity and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined through Cronbach's alpha, which was above 0.7. The research hypotheses were tested with the help of PLS3 and Spss26 software. The results show that perceived service quality has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction of Red Crescent population in Bushehr province. Electronic human resources management has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction of Red Crescent population of Bushehr province.

The present research examines the effect of perceived service quality and employee performance on customer satisfaction in the Red Crescent population of Bushehr province. The main purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the relationship between these two factors and their effect on customer satisfaction. This research used survey methods to collect data. Standardized questionnaires were distributed in order to evaluate perceived service quality, employee performance, and customer satisfaction, and the obtained data were analyzed using statistical analysis. The results showed that perceived service quality and employee performance have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of perceived service quality and employee performance on customer satisfaction of the Red Crescent population of Bushehr province. This research is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is the employees of the Red Crescent Organization of Bushehr province, who were selected using the Cochran formula, 192 people as a sample using the available sampling method. In this way, by referring to the organization, random sampling was done from the employees and the questionnaire was distributed among them. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through convergent validity and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined through Cronbach's alpha, which was above 0.7. The research hypotheses were tested with the help of PLS3 and Spss26 software. The results showed that perceived service quality and employee performance have a significant impact on customer satisfaction of Red Crescent population in Bushehr province. The results of the research clearly showed that: 1- Perceived service quality: The higher the quality of service from the customers' point of view, the higher their satisfaction. Improving various dimensions of service quality, such as reliability and responsiveness, can lead to increased customer satisfaction. 2- Employee performance: high and effective performance of employees, especially in terms of communication and professional skills, has a positive effect on customer satisfaction. Employees who are motivated and capable can improve service quality and increase customer satisfaction. Based on the results obtained, suggestions for improvement include strengthening training and development of human resources, upgrading service standards, creating and improving feedback systems, and using new technologies for human resource management. This research helps Red Crescent managers and other organizations to increase customer satisfaction and improve the overall performance of the organization by focusing on improving service quality and employee performance. Also, future proposals include examining long-term effects, cross-cultural analysis, and using new technologies to improve service quality and employee performance.

Aims: Based on the principles of physiology, the blood used in the system of point of care is the capillary blood that its biochemical contents are in equilibrium with the mediastinum fluid. In edematous diabetic patients, the first and second blood drops of the stick place are apparently different. In the clinical centers of the country, the first drop is used as a blood glucose test using point of care method. The aim of this study was to compare the level of glucose through first and second fingertip blood and venous blood samples of edematous diabetic patients in stroke intensive care units.
In this cross sectional, analytical descriptive study, 103 edematous diabetic patients were selected via available sampling method. The subjects were hospitalized in stroke ICU Qaem Hospital in Mashhad, Iran in 2012. Glucometry was performed, using first and second capillary blood drops and standard venous sample simultaneously. The data were analyzed by SPSS 17 software, using repeated meature ANOVA, paired t-test, and Bland–Altman plot.
Findings: There was no significant difference in glucose levels in the first and second fingertip blood drops (p=0.257), while there was a significant difference between glucose levels in the first and second fingertip blood drops with standard venous sample (p

In this study, the effect of audit quality on the forecasting accuracy of future operating cash flows of firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange has been investigated. Audit quality has been measured with auditor size, auditor industry specialization and auditor tenure. Similar to some previous researches done in this outline, forecasting accuracy of future operating cash flows have been estimated with using model Barth et al (2001). The results of review firms 97 in the years 2007 to 2014 show that size of audit firm and auditor industry specialization have significant positive relationship at the forecasting accuracy of future operating cash flows, and increase forecasting accuracy. while there is a significant negative relationship between forecasting accuracy of future operating cash flows and auditor tenure. These findings suggest that audit quality can influence the quality of accounting information and therefore effected over forecasting accuracy of future operating cash flows.

Investigating the knowledge and attitude towards reproductive donation procedures is one of the important steps in recognition of infertile problems in couples using assisted reproductive donation procedures as the only therapeutic option. Few studies have been carried out regarding this field; therefore, this study aimed to compare the knowledge and attitude towards reproductive donation procedures between recipient and non-recipient infertile couples at Mashhad Infertility Center. This descriptive/analytical study carried out on 115 infertile couples referring to Montaserieh Infertility Center in Mashhad through convenience sampling. Data were collected using questionnaire of measurement of attitude and knowledge towards donation procedures, and analyzed using statistical tests. There was a significant difference between attitude and knowledge of two recipients and non-recipients groups (P=0.000), so that female and male recipients had more positive attitude and knowledge towards donation procedures (P=0.000). Moreover, there was a significant difference between attitudes of two groups in terms of the confidentiality of donation process (P=0.015), using donated oocyte (P=0.002) and embryo (P=0.000), surrogacy (P=0.002), public attitudes (P=0.001), importance of childbearing (P=0.010) and genetic bond (P=0.017). According to the findings despite of have more positive knowledge towards donation procedures but their attitude is not influence of knowledge, against non-recipients groups, that show according to special situation of recipient group, their attitude can be influenced by many factors including Socio-cultural belief .It seems that incorporating of these factors into care plans helps to alter the non-recipients couples’ attitude and also decrease psychological tension due to selection of these procedures by recipients which in turn could provide appropriate bases for the logical decision in both groups.

The Detection of neurologic signs for topographical disorders in central nerves system can prevent unnecessary neuroimaging techniques such as MRI. This study was performed to determine the diagnostic value of physical examination for topographic detection of infratentorial lesions in patients with cerebrovascular syndromes. This descriptive study was done on 200 patients with cerebrovascular syndrome in Qaem Hospital in Mashhad, north-east Iran during 2011. Regarding to topographic physical examination, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and accuracy of signs of syndromes were compared to MRI as gold standard method. The accuracy of tetraparesis and crossed syndromes for localization of brain lesion in brainstem was 79% and 83%, respectively. The accuracy of hemiataxia for localization of brain lesion in ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere was 98%. The accuracy of Wallenberg syndrome for localization of brain lesion in posterolateral medulla was 98%. Using clinical neuro-examination skills and accurate topographic physical examination can prevent unwanted MRI technique for the diagnoses of cerebrovascular syndromes.

Determination of diagnostic value of neurologic syndromes for neurotopographic diagnosis of lesions of central nervous system may decrease unnecessary neuroimaging and its costs.
In this study, 200 patients who had undergone brain MRI and had a single new well defined cerebrovascular lesion in the brain underwent neuroexamination and were categorized based on syndrome diagnosis. This clinical evaluation was performed by a neurologist who was blind to the result of brain MRI. Also, the topography of vascular and parenchymal lesions was reported by a neuroradiologist who was blind to the clinical data. Then, true, false positive and false negative cases were identified compared to the standard method for determination of lesions topography; i.e., brain MRI. Afterwards, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of these syndromes were assessed.
The diagnostic accuracy of broca and wernicke aphasia for localization of brain lesion in lateral left frontal and left temporoparietal was 94%. Besides, the accuracy of hemiparesis for localization of brain lesion in the contralateral hemisphere was 95%. Additionally, the accuracy of aphasia and hemihypoesthesia for localization of brain lesion in the left hemisphere and contralateral hemisphere was 100%.
Topography of symptomatic cerebrovascular lesions could be more accurately determined using clinical neuroexamination skills for detection of neurological syndromes.

Psychiatric nurses tolerate high levels of occupational stress; hence، stress management methods should be implemented to prevent this stress’s effects on these nurses. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of critical thinking training on the nurses of psychiatric wards’ job stress. This is an experimental study of the pre-post test design or the control group. Sixty nurses and healthcare workers، working at Ibn-e-Sina psychiatric hospital of Mashhad were recruited. They have been randomly assigned into the experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Karasak job stress was used as the scale for data collection in three stages; before intervention، 1month، and 2month after the intervention. This intervention included two 6 hours sessions of critical thinking training، which were carried out with an interval of one week. Similarly، in control group two 6 hours sessions where held with an interval of one week to teach the terms of psychiatric symptoms to the nurses. Data were analyzed by χ2، t-test، ANOVA and Fridman by SPSS-11. 5. The results of this study reveal that the mean score of the job stress in the experimental group in pre-intervention stage (92. 1±7. 6) has been decreased to 84. 8±6. 4 one month after intervention، and to 81. 5±6. 9 in the third stage (two month after the intervention)، which is significantly more than the control group (P<0. 001). The job stress of the control group increased admirably one month and two month after the intervention stage (P<0. 001). As critical thinking training is an effective method to decrease the job stress، it is suggested that the managers consider it to decrease the nurses’ job stress.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most disabled anxiety disorders. Due to the increasing of anxiety level which has seen during pregnancy، the aim of this study was to investigate frequency and severity of obsessive- compulsive disorders before marriage، during pregnancy and postpartum periods in women who referred to health centers of Mashhad in 2012، This descriptive-comparative study was performed on 900 women (500 before marriage، 200 pregnant and 200 postpartum) who referred to health centers of Mashhad in 2012، based on multi-stage sampling. Data were collected by Moudsley obsessive-compulsive inventory، Yale Brown obsessive-compulsive and Edinburg depression. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive and analytic statistics. The frequency of obsessive-compulsive disorders in non-pregnant women was 4%، pregnant 18. 5% and postpartum 24%. The 3 groups had a significant difference with each other (P=0. 000). Mean standard scores (0 to 100) of obsessive-compulsive disorders، in four fields included doubt، revision، slow and washing was 70. 0، 61. 1، 44. 3 and 40. 9، respectively. Mean scores of obsessive-compulsive severity in non-pregnant women was 15. 9±7. 1، pregnant 20. 6±4. 5 and postpartum 20. 9±5. 1، in addition the difference between groups was significant (P=0. 007). According to the results، women in pregnancy and postpartum periods are associated with increased risk of developing obsessive-compulsive disorder. So it is necessary that national health authorities attended to mental health of mothers in pregnancy and postpartum periods.

Pre-eclampsia is the most common complication of pregnancy and a major factor of maternal mortality in which multiple causes such as depression، and psychophysical stress may be involved. The purpose of this study was determining the relationship between intimate partner violence and pre-eclampsia. This case-control study was conducted on 300 pregnant women with pre-eclampsia and 150 healthy women without pre-eclampsia referred to health centers، state hospitals، and private hospitals of Mashhad، Iran in 2011. Data were collected using a questionnaire about demographic characteristic، an information form about clinical and laboratory symptoms of pre-eclampsia، Dass 21 and revised conflict tactics scales. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 11. 5) and independent t-test، mann-whitney، chi-square، correlation coefficient and logistic regressions. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. Domestic violence had significant relationship with pre-eclampsia (p<0. 001). Odd ratio of pre-eclampsia with total violence was 1. 6 fold higher than control group، psychological violence was 3. 2 fold higher than control group and sexual violence was 1. 6 fold higher than control group. There were no significant association between physical violence (p=0. 475)، injuries due to violence (p=0. 760) and pre-eclampsia. But there were significant correlation between severity of intimate partner’s sexual and psychological violence and pre-eclampsia (p<0. 001). Intimate partner violence particularly sexual and emotional violence are the base of incidence risk of preeclampsia.

Use of anti-pain drugs، especially narcotics، has serious side effects and the combination of non-pharmacological methods with drugs can be the most effective way of pain relief. One of the non-pharmacological methods is the guided imagery. This study was done to evaluate the effect of guided imagery on pain of orthopedic operations in traumatic patients. This clinical trial with 2 groups was conducted in traumatic patients’ referred to Shahid Hasheminejad hospital of Mashhad in 2010. 74 patients were selected by simple nonrandomized sampling method. Data collection instruments were McGill Pain Questionnaire، numerical analogue scale and imagery potential Questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using independent T، Chi-square، Fisher’s exact، Mann-Whitney U، variance analysis with repeated measures، Friedman correlation and two way variance analysis tests. total pain and pain quality scores had significant difference between 2 groups in the third day (p= 0. 0001). Imagery score had no significant relationship with pain intensity and pain duration but had a significant correlation with pain quality (r=-0. 423; p=0. 009). Intragroup differences of the total pain score 3 days before to 3 days after and different days before and after the surgery and the pain intensity score of different days before and after the surgery were significant. Guided imagery leads to decreasing of total pain and pain duration scores and improvement of pain quality in the third day after surgery of patients with fracture but do not affect the pain intensity.

Wound complication after cesarean is a severe problem that may happen in spite of correct application of section technics. Inappropriate nutrition delays wound healing because of the decreasing of body’s saved energy that make wound vulnerable to infection. The aim of this paper was to detect the effect of early post cesarean feeding on wound healing. This random clinical trial was performed in mothers، candidate for cesarean section in Ommolbanin hospital of Mashhad in 2009. 82 samples were selected by purposed sampling method and divided randomly into 2 equal groups of early- and normal feed. Data were collected by interview and observation forms، visual analog scale of pain and flatulence and REEDA scale. The level of flatulence and pain were measured in both groups 4، 12، 24، 36 and 48 hours after surgery by visual scale. Data was analyzed using Chi-square، Fisher’s exact، Kruskal Wallis، independent T and Mann-Whitney U tests by SPSS 11 software. The mean of REEDA score for cesarean wound healing was 0. 39±1. 1 in the early feed group and 0. 63±1. 1 in normal feed group that hadn’t a significant difference (p=0. 257). The severity of flatulence، 24، 36 and 48 hours after surgery، and the pain intensity، 36 and 48 hours after cesarean section، had significant differences between 2 groups. Although the early feeding is not effective on post cesarean wound healing، it decreases post cesarean pain and flatulence.

Nowadays assisted reproductive donation procedures have raised various inquiries which their acknowledgment necessitates to conduct widespread research in different countries according to their particular socio-cultural and religious beliefs. This study was conducted aimed to investigate the association of religious beliefs with infertile couples’ attitude towards donation procedures and its selection as a therapeutic approach to infertility.

This descriptive- correlational study was carried out on 115 infertile couples that were selected using convenience sampling from Montaserieh infertility research center in Mashhad، Iran، 2010. Infertile couples’ religious beliefs and also their attitudes and practices towards donation procedures were measured using valid and reliable self-structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 14 and statistical tests including t-test، Mann-Whitney، chi-square and Spearman correlation coefficient test. P value less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant.

There was no relationship between religious beliefs and infertile women’s attitude towards donation procedures (p>0. 05)، but a direct correlation was seen between religious beliefs and infertile men’s attitude (P=0. 036). Also there was no relationship between women and men’s religious beliefs and their selection of donation procedures (p>0. 05).

Considering the results، it seems that it is needed to get advantage of religious scholars to illuminate the basics of Islamic jurisprudence، in addition to the infertility health care team who provide a holistic care to meet all physical، psychological، social and spiritual needs of infertile couples.

Postpartum depression is a problematic and major disease، with the average prevalence of 13 percent، if not diagnosed and treated may be complicated. Problem solving skills training is one of simple treatments that could be trained in health centers. Therefore، this study was conducted to determine the effect of problem solving skills training on severity of depressive symptoms in postpartum women. This clinical trial was performed (during Jan 2009-Jun 2010) on 54 women after delivery from health centers of 2nd and 3rd zones of Mashhad. Women who fulfilled inclusion criteria and got the score of 10 or above on Edinburgh Scale and got score of 14 to 28 on Beck Depression Inventory and their depression was confirmed by clinical psychologist، were randomly allocated to two groups of intervention (n=26) and control (n=28). In the intervention group، problem-solving skills were educated during six sessions of 45-50 minutes. In both groups، again، Beck Depression Inventory was completed in 9 weeks after delivery. Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis in SPSS software. The finding showed that severity of depressive symptoms are significantly different at 9 weeks postpartum between two groups (P=0. 000). The mean difference of severity of depressive symptoms are significantly different between two groups in the beginning of research and 9 weeks after delivery (P=0. 000). Depressive symptoms were decreased about 77. 6% in problem solving skills group comparing 23. 5% in control group. Based on this study، problem-solving skills training is an effective method in reducing the severity of depressive symptoms. Therefore it is recommended that problem-solving skills training could be used as one of the mental health strategies in health centers.

Happiness is accounted for one of the psychological health criteria, and is considered as one of the six fundamental emotions- in human beings. Labor pain is also considered as one of the exclusive experiences, which demands pregnant women’s ability to cope with it. Happiness may give this potential ability to the pregnant women to apply skillful coping methods to tolerate the labor pain, but there is no registered evidence about this relationship. To determine the relationship between happiness during pregnancy and labor pain coping behaviors. In this correlational study 80 low risk pregnant women, in the 36 – 40 weeks of pregnancy, who have referred to Omolbanin Hospital for prenatal care were selected using convenience sampling. Demographic information and the level of happiness were measured during pregnancy using Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Labor pain coping behaviors were measured during contractions, and each half an hour from the dilatation of 3–5 cm till delivery using Labor Pain Coping Behaviors Observation Form. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16 using Kruskal-Wallis, One- way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney tests and Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients. The frequency of low, medium and high level of happiness was 11.3%, 72.5%, and 16.2% respectively. Also, 16.3% of the pregnant women showed unfavorable, 50% acceptable, and 33.7% favorable labor pain coping behaviors. The results of Spearman’s correlation test revealed that there was a significant relationship between pregnancy happiness and the mean score of labor pain coping behaviors, (p = 0.000, and r = 0.444), i.e. higher levels of happiness during pregnancyis associated with more favorable labor pain coping behaviors. The parturient's behavior during labor indicates her level of emotion. So in parturient’s clinical management, in addition to physiological signs and clinical examinations these two issues should be considered as well.

Postpartum depression is a mental disorder after childbirth with high prevalence and unpleasant complications. Thus diagnosis and its treatment are considered important. Relaxation techniques training is simple method of treatment used by primary care providers, including midwives. The purpose of this study is the effect of relaxation training on severity of depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. This clinical trial was performed on 54 women in Mashhad community health centers in 2010. In third week after delivery, women with Edinburgh Depression Scale score ≥10 complete Beck Depression Inventory (score 14-28) and final diagnosis of depression was done by psychologist interview. Then the women were divided randomly into two groups of relaxation with guided imagery (n=26) and control (n=28). Relaxation and guided imagery were performed respectively once daily and once weekly during 6 weeks. Beck Depression Inventory was completed again in the ninth week after delivery. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and ANOVA test and SPSS software version 14 and p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Mean of severity of depressive symptoms after intervention was 7.7±4.6 in relaxation group and 15.3±6.4 in control group that the difference was significant (p<0.000). Also severity of depression symptoms decreased in relaxation group and control group (58.1% and 23.5%, respectively). The relaxation training is an effective method in reduction severity of depressive symptoms in postpartum period.

Breastfeeding initiation time has a significant effect on lactation performance. Breastfeeding initiation within a half-hour of birth and exclusive breastfeeding are important strategies to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality. Different factors such as psychosocial support and received education affect breastfeeding initiation time. Therefore, hospital-based and community-based strategies are recommended for early breastfeeding initiation. So far, no study has been conducted to compare these two methods. Therefore, this study has been performed to compare the effect of peer support (community-based) and the education received by health care providers (Hospital-based) on the time of breastfeeding initiation among primiparous women. This clinical trial was performed on 3-group with 105 primigravida women participants. 16 health care centers were selected via cluster selection method and then were allocated randomly into 3 different groups: peer support receivers, education receiver by health care provider and control group. 16 eligible volunteers were selected as peer support receivers and trained for 15 hours. 7 women were selected as education receivers by health care providers and were trained for 2 hours. For peer support receivers, a single peer support was received by peer support providers, and educational group participants received one individual training session in 36-38 weeks of pregnancy by health care provider. The control group received only routine care. Data were collected by a questionnaire and were analyzed by SPSS software version 11.5. Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher’s Exact tests were used to analyze data. Only 20% of peer support receivers, 14.7% of education receivers (by health care providers) and 19.4% of control group members initiate breastfeeding within the half-hour of delivery. 51.4% of peer support receivers, 61.8% of education receivers and 55.6% of control group member began their first breastfeeding within the period of 1- 24 hours after delivery. There were no significant difference at the time of breastfeeding initiation among three groups (p=0.852). The present study did not provide any evidence in terms of impact of peer support and education received by health care providers on the time of breastfeeding initiation; Whereas, some studies have shown positive effect of peer support during labor on breastfeeding initiation time. So, it seems that further study regarding effect of peer support during labor and effect of medication during labor may be needed.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is the most common infectious complication of pregnancy and due to serious maternal and fetal complications, screening and treatment of people with its standard is part of prenatal care. The screening is difficult because of the need for urine culture laboratory equipment, professional workforce, and high cost. This study with the aim of evaluating diagnostic accuracy used prepared slide cultures to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy in order to create an accurate, fast, simple and inexpensive method.

This study examined the validity of a laboratory method on 1263 pregnant women with gestational age of 6-35 weeks, without signs of urinary tract infection and history of antibiotic use who were referred to Aldaghi clinic in Sabzevar. Clean midstream urine samples were taken from the participants and simultaneously standard urine cultures were done by microbiologist and slides were used by researcher.Slides were kept at room temperature for 72 hours and were examined every 24 hours for bacterial growth. Slide results were compared with urine culture every 24 hours. Results were presented by SPSS 11.5 as sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value.

Dipslides showed 100% sensitivity after 48 hours, 99.9% specificity, 97.5% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value.

Dipslide can be suitable alternative for standard urine culture for screening asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Postpartum depression is a prevalent disorder with different etiologies, among them mode of delivery. The present study was conducted to determine relationship between mode of delivery and depression in women at 2 and 8weeks postpartum. In this prospective analytic study (2007-2008), a total of 420 women visited at health centers in Amol city who met inclusion criteria were recruited through non-probability sampling and filled the questionnaire of Edinburgh postpartum scale (EPDS) during the third trimester of pregnancy. Women who had EPDS score>12 were excluded. Three hundred cases were followed 2 and 8 weeks postpartum and completed questionnaires on demographics, delivery, postpartum, and infant characteristics and Edinburgh postpartum depression scale. Data were analyzed using by SPSS software, chi-square, T-test, Mann-Whitney, and Linear regression. There was no significant difference between two groups in their education, occupation, economic status, and wanted/unwanted pregnancy, satisfaction from husband and family support. At 2nd week postpartum, prevalence of postpartum depression was 10.3% and there was no significant difference between 2 groups. At 8th week postpartum the prevalence of depression was 13% and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the mean score of postpartum depression at 2nd, 8th weeks. Regarding the high prevalence of postpartum depression, the screening, recognition and assessment of this disorder is important. Health care providers should consider educating women during pregnancy and postpartum.

IntroductionThe world witnesses addiction crisis along with atomic bomb, environmental degradation and poverty. One of the most common problems in most of the addict clients is low self-esteem. Self-esteem increases flexibility against changes and reinforces positive attitudes in order to improve sense of self-sufficiency. The researches about addiction and its non-drug treatment strategies, specially increasing self-esteem, is a very important issue. The present study aimed to assess the effect of family-centered problem solving teaching method upon the self esteem in drug-dependent clients. Materials and MethodsThis research was an experimental, two-group pretest-posttest design. After approval of research tool's validity and reliability, 60 addictive clients were randomly divided into 2 tests and one 30-person control group. The participants completed the questionnaires before and after the intervention. The test group received family-centered problem solving teaching method in 8 45-minute sessions for 2 months in additional to common treatment.ResultsFamily-centered problem solving teaching method led to statistically significant increase in test group’s self-esteem. Self-esteem scores rate in test group was 4.5 times more than control group.ConclusionApplying the family-centered problem solving teaching method can be useful in improving and completing the treatment process of clients’ addiction quitting in these clinics as a non-drug method.

Knowledge effect on attitude provides behavior’s change. Education is effective while leads to select the best and most safe type of delivery by change of attitudes. This study was performed to compare effectiveness of two teaching methods, role playing and lecture on primigravida women’s knowledge, attitude and performance according to type of delivery.

In this single blind clinical trial study, 67 primigravida women in 34-36 weeks, with normal pregnancy and without indication of cesarean who referred to Mashhad Health Care Center in year 2010, divided randomly into role-playing and lecture educational groups. Pretest and posttest performed by using a questionnaire (valid, made by researcher and reliable with the factor analysis) in both groups. Training in role-playing group was employed by three scenarios in seven stages. Data were analyzed by different proportions, T-paired, independent T & chi-square methods and SPSS software version 14.

Percentage of changes in knowledge scores was significant in two groups (P=0.001). Participants’ attitude was significant before and after intervention in both groups (P<0.05). Mean difference of pre-test and post-test of knowledge and attitude scores was not significant in two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in performance between two groups, but elective cesarean in role playing was one-fifth of the lecture group.

Lecture was more effective in raising knowledge level and reducing elective caesarean section.

Drug addiction is amongst c urrent crisis of the world including nuclear crisis, environmental degradation, poverty, and social crisis. Drug addiction is a major health problem in many countries worldwide. One of the most common characteristics of addicted individuals is low self-esteem. Self-esteem increases flexibility and reinforces progression of positive attitudes toward self-sufficiency. There are limited studies on non-medical treatment strategies for drug-users. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of a family-centered problem solving education on self-esteem of drug-users. This study had a pretest-post test experimental design. First, validity and reliability (r=0.85) of the self-esteem Cooper-Smith questionnaire was confirmed. After completing the consent forms by the participant (n=60), they were randomly assigned into two equal experimental and control groups. At baseline, questionnaires were completed. The education was performed using family-centered problem solving teaching method in a two months period within eight 45-minute sessions in the intervention group. The Cooper smith self-esteem questionnaire was completed at the follow up. The paired t-test showed that family-centered problem solving education method led to a significant increase (p=0.001) on the self-esteem scores in the intervention group. Although self-esteem scores of the control group increased significantly either after two months, the increase was 4.5 times more in the intervention group. To sum up, using the family-centered problem solving education method with family centered approach could improve the process of addiction treatment in addiction clinics.

Hindering factors of clinical education is stress. Which is also health- threatening for students, Interpersonal communication skills is one of the most important stress- inducing factors. Due to mutual interaction between stress and communication skills, and importance of stress- management in clinical education courses, it is necessary to intervene properly. So, this study aimed to study the effect of communication skills education on nursing students’ coping strategies in stressful situations of clinical courses. In this experimental study, 56 students’ 3th and 4th year nursing, classified randomly in test (26) and control (30) group. Communication skills workshop was held for test group according to their own clinical course by using Role- Play method. The workshop was a two- step 10 hour course, by one week interval. Coping strategies was measured by Lazarus- Folkman questionnaire (The ways of coping scales (revised)), before and 4 week after intervention and analyzed statistically by SPSS 11.5 using T-Test, Man Whitney U- test and Chi- square. Problem-focused coping was increased in test group by 13.5 %, there was a significant difference between two groups after intervention (p=0/000). Total score of Emotional- focused coping was decreased in both groups and showed no significant difference (p> 0/005). The only significant difference in both groups was related to Escape- Avoidance strategy (p=0/043), which increased 3 times more in test group in comparison with control group. Teaching communication skills, can improve coping strategies in nursing students by increasing their application of Problem- focused methods. It is recommended; teach these skills before their clinical education courses.