سهراب نجفی پور

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death among women around the world. Attempts to find alternative therapies continue due to therapeutic resistance, side effects, and the high cost of conventional treatments.

Hydro-methanolic extract of Ulva lactuca and Hypnea musiformis marine algae was prepared by maceration method. The phenolic content of these extracts was compared using the standard Folin-Ciocateu method and the antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the FRAP method. The cytotoxic effects of algae were compared using MTT assay and morphological changes were evaluated by an inverted microscope.

The phenolic content of Hypnea musiformis extract (12.46 ± 1.19 µg GAE/mg, P<0.0001), and its antioxidant activity (203.03 ± 27.87 µmol Fe2+/g, P= 0.007), was significantly higher than that of the alga Ulva lactuca. The cytotoxic effects of Hypnea musiformis extract were concentration and time dependent and had severe morphological changes on the cells. Algae extract of Hypnea musiformis (1000 µg/ml) inhibited 84.79 ± 4.66 of % cell proliferation after 72 hours of treatment. The IC50 value of cytotoxic effect of Hypnea musiformis and Ulva lactuca on MDA-MB-468 was respectively 701.2 and >1000 µg/ml after 72h incubation.

Hypnea musiformis had higher cytotoxic effects than Ulva lactuca on MDA-MB-468 cells, probably due to its higher phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Therefore, it appears that a Hypnea musiformis alga is a better option to continue research on drug discovery of anticancer compounds.

One of the most important elements in SPICES model is student-centered education. Taking notes is one of the simplest ways to increase student interaction and participation in learning. The purpose of this project was to design, implement, and evaluate an active-interactive education model in teaching the bacteriology course.

This project was carried out in three stages including design, implementation and evaluation. At the design stage, the outline of the program was determined through meetings with faculty members from Microbiology and Infectious Diseases departments; the curriculum-based workbook was designed based on a mind map form; then, teaching was based on the workbook and student participation in the classes. Finally, project evaluation was done by completing the evaluation form by students and then statistical analysis was performed.

Statistical results comparing the students of Medicine and Laboratory Science showed the highest student satisfaction with using book and suggestion of using book for other courses, and least satisfaction with graphical suitability and structural design in both groups. Significant differences between the two groups were found to be statistically significant for the students of Medicine compared to the students of the Laboratory Science (p = 0.049).

The use of filling-out form textbooks has an important role in enhancing studentschr('39') interaction and participation in Medical Bacteriology education. It is suggested that a similar structure to this book be explored to teach other Microbiology courses.

Chitin is one of the most abundant renewable polysaccharides in nature that is widely found in the shell of the crustacean, insect cuticle and cell walls of fungi. Due to the unique properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradation and noun toxicity is widely used in various industries. In this study, we used of Banana shrimp, Penaeus merguinsis wastes (particle size 8-10 mm) to extract chitin using microbial fermentation method by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Demineralization and deproteinization was carried out by incubating shrimp waste inoculated with bacteria at different concentration glucose (0%, 10%, 15% and 20% w/v) and inoculum (10%, 15% and 20% v/v) for 4 day in a shaking incubator (100 rpm) at 30°C. The results showed a direct correlation between the concentration of these parameters and deproteinization and demineralization rate. When studying the effect of these parameters, 20% glucose and 20% of the inoculum was determined as the optimum value, which leads to the production of chitin with a removal of minerals (76%) and protein (86%). Therefore, the microbial fermentation, as an ecofriendly and positive method, can be used to produce a high- quality chitin.

Due to increase in bacterial drug resistance, discovering new antibacterial compounds is really important. The objective of this study is to evaluate the phenol compounds effect on antibacterial activity of herbal extracts of Fasa-Fars province in vitro.
The antibacterial activity of 26 plants was studied by disk diffusion, well, and MIC methods in compare with 13 standard antibiotics against S. aureus and E. coli as control bacteria. Measurement of phenol compounds were performed by Seevers and Daly colorimetric methods using Folin-ciocalteu indicator.
Inhibition zone of bacterial growth against S. aureus in well and disk methods were 32 and 22 mm in using Zataria multiflora, respectively .And there were 23 and 16 mm against E. coli in Zataria multiflora, respectively. Less effects and inhibition zones, less than 15mm on both strains, were seen in using Saturina hortensis, Cinamomum zeylanicum, ­Artemisia absinthium, ­Urtica dioica, Carum carvi L. cyminum Cuminum, Achillea fragrantissimia, Marticaria chamomilla, Zingiber officinale, Origanum majorana, and Plantago psyllium. Most effective MIC results, 7.8 µg/ml, were related to the extracts of Zataria multiflora, Carum copticum L. Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Laurus nobilis L. Phenol compound amounts were approximately between 66.51±1.9 and 233.15±5.1 mg/gr extract in Zataria multiflora and Plantago psyllium, respectively.
Results of antibacterial activity of extracts and relation with phenol compound amounts indicate the antibacterial effect of phenol compounds in herbal extracts.

After cellulose, Chitin is the most abundant biopolymer in nature. The most important derivative of chitin is chitosan, obtained by deacetylation of chitin. Major sources of chitin are the exoskeleton of marine crustaceans such as crab, shrimp, and krill. Chitin extraction from shrimp shells can be carried out chemically or using biological methods. Microbial fermentation as an eco-friendly procedure is a suitable alternative for the chemical and enzymatic processes. In this study, the effect of three protease-producing bacteria species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Bacillus pumilus) on the efficiency of microbial demineralization (DM) and deproteinization (DP) of the shrimp shell penaeus merguiensis, was investigated. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of hydrolysate obtained during the fermentation process was measured.
Demineralization and deproteinization was carried out by incubating shrimp waste inoculated with bacteria at 30°C and 100 rpm for 6 days.
Statistical analysis of data showed a significant difference between the percentage of demineralization and deproteinization in different bacteria species (pDiscussion and The results indicated that P. aeruginosa in comparison with other bacterial strains, had a higher ability to remove proteins and minerals from shrimp shell waste. Therefore, the use of this bacterium is suitable for protein and minerals removal from marine crustaceans.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of nosocomial infection. OprD protein is a specific protein regulating the uptake of carbapenem antibiotic. Loss of OprD is the main mechanism of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa resistance to carbapenem. In this study, the presence of OprD gene is investigated in isolated Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in burn patients of Ghotboddin hospital in Shiraz.
Material & 66 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa were isolated from wound specimens of 250 burn patients. Strain characteristics were confirmed by biochemical tests. Antibiogram was done via disc diffusion method. Finally, OprD gene was investigated by PCR.
Isolated Pseudomonas Aeruginosa showed more sensitivity to chloramphenicol and colicitin and more resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, cefotaxim, ceftazidin, imipenem, meropenem, and erythromycin. 61 percent of isolates were positive for OprD gene by PCR.
The findings of this study revealed that Colicitin and chloramphenicol are more effective in treatment of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa infections in burn patients, and deletion and mutation in OprD gene cause bacterium resistance to carbapenem antibiotic.

Drug resistance is one of the important threats in uncontrolled infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa، an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen، in burn patients. The presence of OprD porin protein in the bacterial cell wall is one of the mechanisms for resistance against hydrophilic drugs in this bacterium. The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic sequence rearrangements of OprD gene in imipenem resistant clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa in burn patients. This cross sectional study was performed in Ghotbeddin Shirazi Hospital from October 2013 to February 2015. A total of 253 wound samples were evaluated for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All isolates were evaluated using specific sequencing of the target region. Genetic sequence rearrangements were compared with the sensitivity pattern of the isolates to the imipenem. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found in 22% of the samples in Shiraz burn center. More than 90% of the isolates were multi drug resistant while only 25% were sensitive to imipenem. More than 80% of the imipenem resistant isolates had rearrangement in the gene associated with OprD protein. With regards to the results، it seems that Pseudomonas aeruginosa، as a prevalent microorganism in burn wounds، has rearrangement in the gene associated with OprD porin protein. This rearrangement may play a role in drug resistance of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in hospitalized patients.

Dental caries is the most important disease caused by some bacteria specially Streptococcus Mutans from Viridans family. The aim of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Chlorella vulgaris extract on growth, proliferation, and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris was extracted via maceration using chloroform, methanol, and acetone (2/1/1) as solvents. The antibacterial activities were evaluated through methods such as disk diffusion, well diffusion, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) besides, the anti-biofilm formation of Chlorella vulgaris extract was indicated. In the present study, a method utilizing brine shrimp lethality was used to screen the toxicity of Chlorella vulgaris extract, and the mortality of brine shrimps was counted by Magnifying glass in a 24-hour period. The results of disc diffusion and well diffusion of Chlorella vulgaris extract revealed the averages of 16.5 and 23 mm zones of inhibition in Mueller-Hinton agar, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration was 25 mg/ml and the minimal bactericidal concentration was 50 mg/ml. The anti-biofilm formation concentration of Chlorella vulgaris extract was 50 mg/ml, and the concentration of brine shrimp toxicity was100 mg/ml. The present study showed that Chlorella vulgaris extract has more significant antimicrobial properties than ampicillin and is able to eliminate Streptococcus mutans biofilm.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most prevalent bacterial infection in children. Awareness of the antibiotic resistance of common bacteria causing UTI in each area has a large impact on infection improvement. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing UTI in two to 15 years old children referring to Fasa Vali-e-Asr hospital during 2012 and 2014. This cross sectional - descriptive study was done on 283 children with UTI that had positive urine culture. After identification of strains, the antibiotic sensitivity definition test, using antibiogram disk diffusion method, was done. In this study, the most frequent isolates were Escherichia coli 64.3%, Klebsiella 14.5%, and staphylococci 6.4%. The highest sensitivity rate was to Ciprofloxacin and Nitrofurantoin and the highest resistance was to Co-trimoxazole and Cefalotin. Regarding the results, it is recommended to use Ciprofloxacin and Nitrofurantoin for outpatient treatment of UTI. Selecting proper antibiotics for UTI treatment should be on the basis of the local prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance pattern.

Burn injuries are one of the health hazards of today society. Considering the use of silver sulphadiazine in clinics and mastic gum-ghee mixture in some regions of Iran for burn recovery, this study was designed to compare the effect of mastic gum-ghee mixture and silver sulfasalazine ointment 1% in treating second degree burns. This experimental single blind study was performed after anesthetizing 10-rat groups with sodium thiopental (Intra Peritoneal Injection). During the four -week treatment with silver sulfadiazine ointment1%, Vaseline, pure ghee, or mastic gum-Vaseline mixture in three dosages (50,100. and 200 mg mastic gum in Vaseline in gram) and mastic gum-ghee in dosages of 50,100, and 200 mg mastic gum in ghee in gram, the effects of this substances on the remission of the ulcers were evaluated qualitatively and clinically. In the first two weeks of treatment after burn, most groups had almost similar trend of remission. But in the next two weeks of treatment, the degree of recovery changed in different groups. The silver sulfadiazine group, the mixture of mastic gum- Vaseline (200mg/ g) and Vaseline showed the highest improvement, respectively (according to the dermatologist opinion). According to this study, it is suggested not to use mastic gum-ghee mixture for second degree burns. We recommend that sulfadiazine ointment 1% is the better choice for the recovery of burn injuries.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans and its appropriate treatment is extremely important. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogen is a worldwide problem. The evaluation of bacterial susceptibility pattern and recognizing the prevalent resistances can be helpful for appropriate treatment and management. The objective of the present study is to evaluate antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria isolates of urine cultures of patients hospitalized in Fasa Vali-Asr hospital during the years 2012 and 2014. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, urine samples of hospitalized patients in different wards of Vali-Asr hospital of Fasa were sent to the laboratory. After identification of strains, the antibiotic sensitivity definition test, using Antibiogram disk diffusionmethod, was done. In this study, UTI was caused bygram negative bacteria. Most bacterial isolates showed highest resistance rate to ampicillin and lowest resistance rate to amikacin. In this study, Amikacin and Cefotaxime were identified as the most effective drugs to treat the majority of patients with urinary tract infections. However, according to Antibiogram results in different geographical regions, the use of region antibiotic resistance pattern is essential in patients’ treatment.

Urinary tract infections are common infections in humans which according to current statistics have been observed in 30-50% 0f them. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics increases the resistance to treatment. The aim of the present study is detection of urinary tract infection causes (Enterobacteriaceae) and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in outpatients in Fasa Vali- Asr hospital laboratory during 2012 & 2013. This descriptive study was performed on 1108 positive urine culture of adults & outpatients in laboratory of Vali-Asr hospitals in Fasa in 2012 and 2013. The urine samples were cultured in Blood agar and MaCconkey agar. The bacterial identification procedures with conventional biochemical tests were performed. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried by disk diffusion method according to CLSI. In 92.12% of samples, UTI was caused by Enterobacteriaceae. The bacterial isolates show highest resistance rate to Cotrimoxazole (57.4%), Cefalotin (55.6%), Cefixime (45%) and Nalidixic acid (43.6%) and highest susceptibility rate to Ciprofloxacin (74%), Gentamicin (65%), Nitrofurantoin (64.9%) and Ceftriaxone (58.2%). Our study showed that gram- negative bacilli, especially E.coli are dominant bacterial pathogens that cause urinary tract infections in Fasa. Most isolated species showed a high resistance to common antibiotics.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a tumorigenic herpes virus and belong to DNA viruses that infects and persists in B lymphocytes in the majority of humans and also is associated with a portion of cases of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of Epstein-Barr virus in Hodgkin's lymphoma through EBERs in situ hybridization (EBERs-ISH) in children Iranian. In this study, 16 Hodgkin's lymphoma tissue samples formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks collected from the archive of departments country hospitals. Samples were obtained from the tissue cancer biopsies, The presence of RNA transcripts encoded by Epstein-Barr virus were analyzed with EBERs in situ hybridization (EBERs-ISH). Data analyzed by SPSS16 statistical software, Fisher's exact test. The presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 16 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of Hodgkin's disease (HD) was investigated by EBERs in situ hybridization. 12 samples were from male (75%) and 4 samples were from female (25%). Age range of Patients was 4 -12 years (with a median of 8 years). In 12 specimens (75%) Epstein-Barr virus was present. The positive cases included 9 male samples (75%) and 3 female samples (75%). Fisher's exact test showed statistically no significant difference between sex (p-value: 1.000). Epstein-Barr virus was present in different subtypes of Hodgkin's lymphoma. 80% (4 of 5) of Mixed Cellularity (MC), 67% (6 of 9) of Nodular Sclerosis (NS) and 100% (2 of 2) of Lymphocyte Predominance (LP) subtypes were positive. There is not significant different between subtypes (p-value: 0.826). The presence of Epstein-Barr virus in the age groups of 4-7 and 8-12 years were 71.5% (5 of 7) and 77.8% (7 of 9), respectively. There is not significant different between age groups (p-value: 1.000). Study results show strong association between Epstein-Barr virus and Hodgkin lymphoma in Iranian children. Epstein-Barr virus and Hodgkin lymphoma association in Iranian children show similar pattern with other developing countries.

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV(is related with various diseases including infectious mononucleosis، Burkitt''s lymphoma، Hodgkin''s lymphoma، nasopharyngeal carcinoma and post-transplant lymphoprolifrative disorders. The aim of this study was to characterize the association between EBV and Hodgkin''s lymphoma through EBERs in situ hybridization (EBER-ISH) in Iranian patients. In this study، 43 Hodgkin''s lymphoma tissue samples were selected from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks and analyzed by EBERs in situ hybridization. Data analyzed by SPSS16 statistical software، Fisher''s exact test and Mantel-Haensel significant level 0. 05. 43 Hodgkin''s lymphoma patients were 29 (67%) male samples and 14 (33%) female samples. In 20 (47%) samples Epstein-Barr virus was present. The positive cases included 13 samples male and 7 samples female. Fisher''s exact test showed statistically no significant difference between sex and subtypes. Age distribution of relation of Hodgkin''s lymphoma and EBV virus were 75% (12 of 16) in the age group of 1-14 years، 22% (5 of 23) in the age group 15-49 years and 75% (3 of 4) in the age group over 49 years، respectively. Fisher''s exact test showed statistically significant difference between 1-14 and 15-49 age group years (p-value: 0. 003). Results shown higher presence rate of Epstein-Barr virus in Hodgkin''s lymphoma specimens of children and older adult. This pattern is similar to other developing countries.

Antibiotic resistance due to the widespread use of antibiotics is one of the major causes of failure in antibiotic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the rates of antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from Fasa Vali-e-Asr Hospital patients. In total, 234 isolates of Escherichia coli strains, obtained from inpatients and outpatients, were studied. The identity of the isolated strains was confirmed by bacteriologic methods. T he drug sensitivity definition test to 17 antibiotics was done via the disk diffusion antibiogram method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the resistant isolates to Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem was measured using the s erial dilution method according to the CLSI standards. The resistance rates of the isolates to Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem by disk diffusion antibiogram method were 22.65% and 11.11% and by serial dilution method were 19.66 % and 9.4% of all the isolates, respectively. These results show higher resistance of Escherichia coli to Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem as compared to the results in previous studies. Further investigation will shed light on how to more effectively battle antibiotic resistance of virulent microorganisms.

Resistance patterns among nosocomial bacterial pathogens in hospitals may vary widely from country to country at any given point and within the same country over time. Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most important bacteria that cause hospital-acquired infections. Therefore, surveillance of the antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii is necessary, especially in our country, where there is death of relevant data. This cross-sectional-descriptive study was performed on 63 MDR isolates of acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients in Fars province hospitals. After acinetobacter baumannii diagnosis with bacteriological standard tests, we determined their susceptibility to the following antibiotics via the antibiogram method (disk diffusion): cefoxitine; polymixin B; nalidixic acid; meropenem; tobramycin; imipenem; trimethoprim sulphametoxazole; ampicilin-sulbactam; azteronam; rifampicin; ceftazidim; gentamycin; cefotaxim; piperacillin; ciprofloxacin; streptomycin; amikacin; and polymixin B. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC (for imipenem and ciprofloxacin against acinetobacter baumannii isolates was determined using the serial dilution method according to the CLSI guideline. The percentage of acinetobacter baumannii isolates that were resistant to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and meropenem in the serial dilution method was 77.7%, 40.9%, and 60%, respectively. High antimicrobial resistance in acinetobacter baumannii species was observed in the present study; therefore, it is necessary to implement some approaches for the prevention of bacterial spread.

Host resistance to Leishmania infection is mediated by cellular immune responses leading to macrophage activation and parasite killing. IL-18 known as interferon-γ inducing factor, stimulate IFN-γ production by T-cells. According to the important role of IL-18 in defense against VL and known effect of IL-18 gene polymorphisms on its production, the aim of this study was to investigate the probable relation between IL-18 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to VL in Iranian patients.

The study groups included 118 pediatric patients suffered from VL and 156 non-relative healthy persons from the same endemic area as the patients. In both study groups IL-18 gene polymorphisms at positions -656 G/T, -137 G/C and +105A/C (codon 35/3) were analyzed by PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fregment Length Polymorphism).

The result showed that the frequency of T allele at position -656 was significantly higher in the controls compared to that in the patients (P=0.047). But in none of the genotypes of IL-18 there was significant difference between patients and controls. In addition, the distribution of ATG haplotype and AGG/ATG haplo-genotype were significantly higher in the controls compared to that in patients with VL (P=0.043and P=0.044, respectively). Furthermore a strong LDs (P<0.001) were detected between the -607, -137 and codon 35/3 SNPs.

In conclusion, this study showed that the frequency of T allele at position -656 and ATG haplotype and AGG/ATG haplogenotype (positions +105, -656 and -137) were significantly higher in the controls. To the best of our knowledge no study has been conducted on IL-18 gene polymorphisms and VL in other countries, therefore, we were not able to compare our results with other investigations, so it seems that more researches in this field on other populations will be worthy.

S. aureus is one of the most pathogenic bacteria. Lastly, increasing of resistance, led to difficulty in treatment, specially Resistance to methicillin, limited treatment of infections by S.aureus. Because of these, we evaluated the drug Resistance and Staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec) types among methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), in this study. In a cross- sectional study, we collect S.aureus isolates and then evaluate them with diagnostic tests such as drug susceptibility, MIC, molecular genotyping of SCCmec, to recognition of drug resistance in isolates. 78isolates among totally 164 isolates were MRSA. There is no resistance to vancomycin, but almost, there is high resistance about another antibiotics. Type II were mostly frequent type, type IV were less among another types. In compare with another researches we can recognized increasing of resistance in S. aureus, because of using high level antibiotics in infections treatment.

Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) gene is important in determining plasma triglyceride levels, a major cardiovascular disease risk factor. Mutation in this gene affected plasma triglyceride level. We looked for possible associations of the APOA5 gene polymorphism S19W with coronary heart disease (CHD) in a sample of Iranian population.

A total of 73 CHD patients and 55 controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for this single nucleotide polymorphism. Serum lipids and Fast Blood Sugar concentrations were measured in all subjects with enzymatic method.

Allele frequencies observed in our population were 0.041 for the W allele and 0.959 for the S allele which are similar to other populations (p>0.05). There is no evidence that APOA5 S19W, is a risk factor of CHD in our sample (p>0.05). In addition, we observed no association between the APOA5 W allele and elevated plasma TG levels (p>0.05) in the CHD group. This result was also present in the control group (p>0.05).

The APO A5 gene polymorphism in S19W gene has no association with the high susceptibility to CHD.

Clinical teachers have an important role in creating an environment for effective clinical teaching to students. In addition, the faculty has a significant impact on the student's feeling of success or failure in professional competence. This study was performed to determine the characteristics of an influential instructor according to the nursing student's viewpoints in Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.

In this cross-sectional survey, 75 nursing students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences were selected by census sampling method. The data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire consisting of 4 domains including professional competence, interpersonal relationship, personality characteristics, and teaching ability. The data were analyzed by SPSS.

The results showed that influential clinical teacher must be professionally competent (mean=4.4 ± 0.80), have interpersonal relationships (mean=4.2 ± 0.96) have good personality characteristics (mean=4.1 ± 0.95), and have high eaching ability (mean=4 ± 0.89). According to the students, the most important characteristics of an influential clinical instructor are having interest in patient care (98.4%), having sufficient professional knowledge (80%), explaining and demonstrating new nursing techniques (80%), performing nursing skills procedures (86.3%), being honest with the students and creating motivation in students (83%).

The nursing student's viewpoints indicated that influential clinical instructor has an important role in promoting quality nursing experience and in getting knowledge, professional skills and attitude. Nursing faculty should plan for promoting professional competency in clinical instructors.

Genus Salmonella has more than 2400 serotypes. The two major groups are S.enterica and S.bongori. Important serotypes are situated in S.enterica group. Antibiotic therapy in salmonellosis is restricted to typhoid fever and acute infections. After the first reporting of resistance in S.Typhimurium DT 104, nowadays, developing of resistance in Salmonella, specially, ESBL producing species is an important issue in salmonellosis. We evaluated serotyping, drug resistance and extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) in Salmonella enterica, collected from patients. We collected fecal samples in an 18 months period of time. Samples were cultured on selective, differential Medias. Serotyping was done with Biomérieux serotyping kit. After antibiogram, MIC was evaluated with E-test strips. By using ESBL disks in Double- Disk synergy method, ESBL phenotypes were distinguished. We isolated 96 S.enterica serotypes, including: 35Typhimurium, 22Enteritidis, 11Typhi, 8Paratyphi B, 4Newport, 3Derby, 1Virchow, 1Infantis and 11untypable serotypes. 36isolates were sensitive to all of antibiotics, but, in 60 isolates, there were at least one resistance. In 45 isolates there were Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Resistance to ampicilin was the highest percent, whereas, there was not any resistance to imipenem and ciprofloxacin. ESBL evaluation shown producing cefotaxime ESBL in 5 isolates and ceftazidim ESBL in 4 isolates. With furthermore epidemiologic studies on Salmonella serotyping and antibiotic resistance, using suitable drugs in treatment, we can restrict the spreading of resistant Salmonella (specially, species with animal source).

Different teaching methods and educational technologies have a great impact on preparing a convenient learning environment and educational effectiveness for students. One of the effective technologies in the field of education is electronic learning. One branch of e-learning is podcasting. The present paper begins with a discussion of podcasting and its educational applications, and briefly reviews procedures and current progress in the field of podcasting. Podcasting is a means of publishing audio and video content on the web as a series of episodes with a common theme. These episodes are accompanied by a file called a “feed” that allows listeners to subscribe to the series and receive new episodes automatically. This technology has a strong potential to improve educational experience and increase learning effectiveness. Podcasting can archive educational lectures of instructors and distribute them for reviewing. Complementary audio-visual educational contents can be prepared by podcasting. Students and other interested people can easily and conveniently access these podcast files. Moreover, students can be encouraged to create and distribute their special educational podcast as homework. Generating appropriate content for a podcast is typically the most time-consuming and labor-intensive part of the process. These steps include planning, writing and recording content, as well as audio/video editing, and file compression. Higher education institutions are using podcasts out¬side of the classroom in a variety of different applications. In summary, although the use of podcasts is popular among faculty members and students, and seems to improve educational effectiveness, a lot of extensive rigorous pedagogical research and review should be done on podcasts.