سهیلا پایان

There has been extensive debate and research on the functions of history, leading to the development of major historical schools of thought. The functions of history, as viewed by both Islamic and Western historians, is a significant and practical subject of study, which has attracted attention in both past centuries and contemporary times. In this research, we present the views of Islamic and Western historians on the functions of history. The findings are as follows: Islamic historians, drawing upon the Quran, Islamic law, and the overarching spirit of Islam, as well as the experiences of nations and anthropology, have defined the functions of history. In contrast, Western historians have approached the functions of history through rational experience, human experience, and anthropology. The aim of this study is to explain the functions of history for humanity from the perspectives of Islamic and Western historians, and to compare their viewpoints.

The strategy of the third power, since it is native to Iran's foreign policy, has been considered by the governments of Iran at some point in time. The rivalry between the Russian and British powers over influence in Iran led these governments, which found themselves incapable of influencing and interfering in the internal affairs of their representatives in Iran, to think that another government European interests in Iranian affairs. Therefore, the present article is a percentage of the role of the third force in Iran's foreign policy. The third force was in fact a country whose power was used to reduce the influence and control the policies of Britain and the Soviet Union.This power must have four characteristics: First: it has no colonial goals in Iran; Second: to have enough power and capacity to create a balance between the other two countries; Third: be interested in being present in Iran; Fourth: The Soviet Union and Britain should not be hostile to it.

Spiritual intelligence and spiritual health make people make more efforts to find solutions and self-dynamism, and on the other hand, universities of medical sciences need to improve job performance; therefore, the current research was conducted to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and mental health by improving the job performance of Langeroud University of Medical Sciences employees.

This study was conducted in terms of a descriptive correlational method. The statistical population included all the employees of the Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery, and Paramedicine of Langeroud city, numbering 144 people, and 105 people were selected by simple random sampling method using Morgan's Kargesi table. To collect data, King's spiritual intelligence (2008), Polotzin and Ellison's (1982) spiritual health, and Patterson's (1970) occupational performance questionnaires were used. Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis using SPSS version 24 software were used for data analysis.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and spiritual health and improving the job performance of employees, so that by improving one unit of the variables of spiritual intelligence and spiritual health, the deviation of job performance increases by 0.300 and 0.476 units, respectively.

In general, according to the results, it can be said that examining the spiritual intelligence and spiritual health of employees and related factors can increase the scope for attention and participation and optimal performance of employees in organizations.

the most valuable capital of an organization is its human power, and since the current crisis epidemic caused by the coronavirus (Covid-19), educational systems around the world have been forced to provide education to students, all training should be done in cyberspace, which can affect the job satisfaction of employees. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the overall aim of comparing the job satisfaction of young teachers familiar and unfamiliar with the principles of electronic content production in education during the Covid-19 disease. 

The research method was applied, descriptive, post-event, or causal-comparative. The statistical population consisted of all young teachers familiar and unfamiliar with the principles of electronic content production in education in Sari city in the academic year 2019-2020, which was 100 people (familiar: 50 people and unfamiliar: 50 people) by sampling method. The instrument for measuring the variables was Grixon's standard job satisfaction questionnaire (1987), whose content validity was confirmed by experts. To confirm the reliability, the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the job satisfaction questionnaire was 0.81. This research used a t-test for independent groups toanalyze the data.

The results showed that the average job satisfaction scores in the group of familiar teachers (3.99) were higher than the group of unfamiliar teachers (3.35) and the results of the independent t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups familiar and unfamiliar with the principles of electronic content production. In other words, the level of job satisfaction of teachers familiar with the principles of electronic content production in education in the Corona era is higher than that of teachers unfamiliar with the principles of electronic content production in education in the Corona era. 

In general, the results of the study show that using the professional standards of teachers and applying the experiences of developed countries, and encouraging employees to update their specialized knowledge and professional skills can affect their job satisfaction.

Marital satisfaction is one of the most importantfactors in the development and achievement of life goals.Social networks have been able to promote a new lifestyleand create a serious challenge in couples' behavioralpatterns by replacing modern values with traditional ones.It was done in nurses.

This study was performed on200 married nurses working in Yahya Nejad Hospital inBabol. Data collection tools were Rajabi MaritalSatisfaction Questionnaire (2009), Rampel Trust Scale(1986) Spouse Monitoring in Fargia Virtual Network(2013).

The results showed that by upgrading one unitof the variable of trust in the spouse, the rate of maritalsatisfaction of nurses increases by 1.162 units; But byupgrading one unit of the spouse monitoring variable invirtual networks, the rate of marital satisfaction of nursesdecreases by 0.232. Also, according to the calculatedbeta, trust in the spouse with a beta of 0.734 is thestrongest predictor of nurses' marital satisfaction and thenmonitoring the spouse in virtual networks with a beta of -0.131 can inversely increase the marital satisfaction ofnurses To predict.

The results of the study showed that there isan inverse and negative relationship between spousemonitoring in virtual networks with marital satisfactionand a direct and positive relationship with spouse trust.

The Pishdadian dynasty is mentioned as the first Iranian dynasty in various Iranian sources, namely Avesta, Pahlavi texts, Shahnameh and Islamic texts. Avesta and national narratives of Iran underwent changes over time and until they were written during the Sassanid period, and then became the basis of the work of compilers of Pahlavi texts, Islamic historians. These developments continued and manifested themselves in the form of additions and differences in the description of their prehistoric stories. This descriptive-analytical study tries to study the series of predecessors in historical sources.

The word "ignorance" is mentioned in four Medina chapters of the Holy Quran. The humanizing school of Islam confronted the habits, rules, false beliefs and deviations of the society of that day and interpreted it as ignorance. Ignorance cannot be considered mere ignorance of science, but ignorance has a broader meaning that includes violence, lack of attention to science, tyranny, selfishness and .... According to the Qur'an, ignorance can be divided into two parts, the first and modern. The first ignorance has components such as suspicion of ignorance, the tower of ignorance, the protection of ignorance and the ruling of ignorance. After this period, another ignorance began with relatively similar components that continues to the present day, which is called modern ignorance. The present study has explained the components of ignorance by reflecting on the verses of the Qur'an, the opinions of the commentators, and so on.

 

This study aimed to predicting the academic performance based on academic vitality, achievement motivation and academic optimism in students. Present research was descriptive-analytical from type of correlation. The statistical research population was high school students of BandarAbbas in 2018-19 academic years. Research sample were 600 students (300 girl and 300 boy) who were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. To collect data used from the questionnaires of academic performance (Salehi, 2013), academic vitality (DehghaniZadeh & HoseinChari, 2012), achievement motivation (Hermans, 1970) and academic optimism (Beard & et al, 2010). Data were analyzed in SPSS-19 software by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression with enter model methods. The results of analysis showed that academic vitality, achievement motivation and academic optimism has a positive and significant relationship with academic performance of students. Also, the variables of academic vitality, achievement motivation and academic optimism significantly could explain 23 percent of variance of academic performance of students (P<0/01). Therefore, in order to improve academic performance of students it is recommended to increase their academic vitality, achievement motivation and academic optimism through workshops.

This research aimed to investigate the effect of forgiveness training on mental health of mothers of children with behavioral disorder. The present study was an experimental research by pre-test, post-test design with control group. The study sample included 32 mothers of children with behavioral disorder who were selected by random sampling method from elementary schools of Tehran city and randomly assigned to experimental and control group (each consisted of 16 individuals). The experimental group participated in 8 forgiveness training sessions (two sessions weekly; each lasted for 60 minutes), while control group did not participate in these sessions. The research tool used in present study was Goldberg and Hiller's General Health Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple analysis of covariance through SPSS version 23. The findings of this research showed that there was significant decrease in mean scores of general health problems (somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression) in experimental group after the intervention in comparison with control group (P

Moral intelligence means the ability to function based on moral values and principles that is composed of honesty, being responsible, compassion and forgiveness. For some individuals, following the moral principles in decision making related to matrimony and occupational life is an important factor, but for others it is not important. Also, of predisposing factors of extramarital relations we can mention individual, family and social factors. Interaction of three variables of cultural values, couple's self-presenting and strategies of solving conflicts are effective on matrimony satisfaction. This study was performed by the aim of predicting nurse's tendency to extramarital relations based on moral intelligence and related predisposing factors.
This study is a correlation-cross sectional research that was done on 130 nurses who worked in Ahvaz hospitals in 2015 which were selected by available method. In this study, all nurses of general sections who desired to cooperation were invited for participating in the study and after expressing study objectives they were asked to read and answer questionnaires accurately. Entry criteria to this study were nursing in general sections, matrimony, being woman and lack of stressful happenings such as divorce and death in past six months. Exiting criteria from study included un-satisfaction for cooperation and uncompleted questionnaire. In this study, in addition to demographic characteristics form of age and education, moral intelligence, loyalty pathology and tendency for extramarital relations questionnaires were used for data collecting. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical indices and Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions with step by step model using SPSS software version 19.
Moral intelligence questionnaire was designed by Lennick and Kiel. This tool has 40 items and four dimensions of honesty (10 items), being responsibility (10 items), compassion (10 items) and forgiveness (10 items) which was scored by five points scale of Likert (1= never to 5= always). Dimension scores were obtained from item's score summation of that dimension and general score of tools is obtained from items score summation and more score means more existence of that score. In present study, stability of honesty, responsibility, compassion and forgiveness dimension were computed with Cronbach Alpha method 0.90, 0.86, 0.71 and 0.77, respectively.
For measuring predisposing factors of marital relations, achieved questionnaire of loyalty pathology was used. In order to make this tool by Delphi method by 7 specialist persons and performing test in goal group, finally 33 items were extracted. As a result, this tool has 33 items and three dimensions of individual factors (9 items), family factor (13 items) and social factors (11 items) which was scored by using seven degree Likert scale (1= completely disagree to 7= completely agree). Dimensions scores were obtained through items score summation. Formal and content validity of this tool were confirmed by 7 persons of training science and psychological expert's stability of individual, social and family factor's dimensions were computed with Cronbach Alpha method 0.91, 0.84 and 0.86.
Questionnaire of tendency to extramarital relations was designed by Drigotas et al. This tool has 11 items which is scored by Likert five points Likert scale (1-completely disagree to 5= completely agree). Total score of this tool is obtained through summation of item's scores and more score means more desire for extramarital relations. Questionnaire stability in current study was computed by Cronbach Alpha method 0.91.
Ethical considerations: Questionnaires were completed without writing name and family name, by observing secrecy and after written testimonial by participators. Data collecting was done by the same sex participators.
Findings: All participators in this study were women and married and their mean and standard deviation age was 34.90±5.17. Most of participators were in age domain 34-37 years, and had master education 80 (34%). Among moral intelligence dimensions, honesty dimension (r=0.368, p≤0.037) and responsibility (r=0.295, p≤0.001) had a meaningful and negative relation with desire to participant's extramarital relations, but in forgiveness (r=0.113, p≤0.061) and compassion (r=0.083, p≤0.073) dimensions with desire to nurse's extramarital relations, a meaningful relation was not seen. Also, individual factors (r=0.456, p≤0.001) and family factors (r-0.327, p≤0.001) had a meaningful and positive relation with extramarital relations of nurses. In order to specify moral intelligence variables role and predisposing factors in extramarital relations in predicting desire to nurse's extramarital relations, multiple regression with step by step model was used. In first model, individual factors were entered to equation and correlation coefficient of this variable with desire to extramarital relations of nurses was 0.456. This variable could predict 20.7 percent of changes in desire to extramarital relations of nurses (R2=0.207). In second model, after individual factors and after honesty, family factors enter to equation and three variables of individual factors, moral intelligence and honesty dimension and family factors could predict 29.9 percent of changes in desire to extramarital relations of nurses (R2=0.299). Individual factors had the most powerful role in predicting desire to nurse's extramarital relations (β=0.534).
Findings showed that among moral intelligence dimension and predisposing factors of extramarital relations, honesty, individual factors and family factors had the ability of predicting desire to extramarital relations of nurses and individual factors were the most powerful variables in predicting desire to extramarital relations of nurses. As the result, it is suggested that authorities design and perform effective approaches such as holding training terms for reducing desire to extramarital relations of nurses and it is recommended to consulters and therapists that by presenting appropriate trainings, increase the honesty and responsibility rate in nurses; therefore, while women nurses considered concepts and moral principles in their daily interactions as a criteria for their relations and society and family attempt to reduce individual, family and social risky factors. Following the concepts and moral principles and reducing risk factors can provide a protection against desire to extramarital relations.

Due to the stress caused by the hard work of nurses, improving their psychological characteristics, such as life expectancy, seems essential.
Aim: the aim of this research was predicting the life expectancy in nurses based on happiness, acting to religious beliefs and psychological hardiness.
Material & This study was a cross-sectional from type of correlational. The population were nurses in Govermentalal hospital of Ahvaz in 2017 year that from them 220 person were selected by cluster sampling method. All participants completed the questionnaires of life expectancy (Snyder & et al, 1991), Oxford happiness (Argyle & Lu, 1990), acting to religious beliefs (Golzari, 2000) and psychological hardiness (Kobasa, 1979). Data was analyzed with using SPSS-19 and by Pearson correlation and multiple regression with enter model methods.
The results showed there was a positive and significant relationship between happiness (r=0.483), acting to religious beliefs (r=0.345) and psychological hardiness (r=0.291) with life expectancy of nurses. Also the mentioned variables Significantly were able to predict 41.1 percent of variance of life expectancy of nurses that the share of happiness was higher than other variables (p≤0.01).
Regarded to findings planners, counselors and therapists must consider the effect and consequences of happiness, acting to religious beliefs and psychological hardiness and design and implementation appropriate programs to improve the life expectancy of nurses.

This research aimed to investigate the role of job stress, religious orientation and social orientation in predicting of quality of life in social workers. This study was a cross-sectional from type of correlation. The population of research was included all social workers of Imam Khomeini aid committee of Razavi Khorasan province in 2017 year that from them 160 person were selected by cluster sampling method. All of them completed the questionnaires of job stress (Osipow, 1987), religious orientation (Allport & Ross, 1967), social orientation (Harrison, 2001) and quality of life (World Health Organization, 2004). Data was analyzed with Pearson correlation and multivariate regression with enter model methods. The results showed a negative and significant relationship between job stress with quality of life in social workers and a positive and significant relationship between internal religious orientation and social orientation with quality of life in social workers, but there wasn’t any significant relationship between external religious orientation with quality of life in social workers. Also the predicted variables significantly could predict 24/1 percent of variance of quality of life in social workers (P<0/05). Based the results it is suggest that counselors and therapists to improve the quality of life in social workers, the first decrease their job stress and then increase their internal religious orientation and social orientation.