سوسن صفاوردی

As a large and influential union, the European Union is the only international organisation in the world whose relationship with it is as important as the relationshipwith the member statesof thisorganisation.International relations have shown that since the beginning of the nuclear crisis, the European Unionhaspresented itself as one of themain parties to the solution of the Iranian nuclear issue, and this issue has beenaccepted by Iran. Rather,ithasbeen accompanied by ups and downs, and in some periods it has turned cold.This article tries toexamine the relations between Iran and the European Union before and after the JCPOA using the descriptive and analytical method.The question that can be asked in this article is that the approach of the European Union and the three countries What has happened to England, France andGermany inthe development of relations withIran since the formation of the JCPOA? In response, we can hypothesise thatat the time of the formation of the JCPOA, the European Union and the three prominent countries of England,FranceandGermany along with the United States had a common approach; however,after Trump came to power and withdrew from the JCPOA, the European Union tried toforce the other parties tocomply with the clauses mentioned inthe JCPOA.However,with the return of primary and secondary sanctionsfromthe United States, the European Union was forced to adopt a passive andaligned approach with the UnitedStatesThe results of the research indicate that the three European countries,together with the United States,intendto maintain the measures related to nuclear proliferation and the arms and missile embargo against Iran.

In the field of marketing, the most desirable scenario involves the company maintaining an optimal level of market share with an increasing trend over time, as well as preventing any decline or reduction in the market share. Concerning political marketing and elections, there is even more necessary to have such a favorable scenario. Based on the significance of customer retention, this approach maintains that a party can win if it secures the largest market share while minimizing customer attrition. It seems to be an essential approach given the nature of political marketing characterized by the intense competition among political parties, the unavoidable impact of social media, the uncertainty about fulfilling campaign promises, and the risky nature of political transactions (cash vs. credit imbalance) —all of which can contribute to the vulnerability of political marketing, hence a declining trend in the voter turnout. Relationship marketing, as a modern marketing technique, can help political activists to mitigate these challenges, offering effective solutions to minimize campaign costs and increase the likelihood of success in elections. Political relationship marketing has been the subject of inquiry in several studies (e.g., Afjeh’i & Khademi-Garashi, 2016; Talari & Mousavi-Shafaei, 2015). Rizan et al. (2014) delved into the impact of relationship marketing on customer loyalty.A declining trend in the number of electoral votes is one of the challenges faced by political parties in Iran. The issue appears to be rooted in their marketing strategies. In fact, political marketing strategies can potentially present a persuasively alluring image of the candidate’s integrity and virtue while covering up their flaws. Consequently, the politician who has been getting promoted is often perceived as an ideal figure. In most cases, voters may not understand the techniques used in campaigns, succumbing to the persuasive tactics employed by the candidate and thus increasing the likelihood of making a mistake in their choice and experiencing early regret. In fact, insufficient knowledge about the candidate or party contributes to such mistakes on the part of voters. Moreover, the inability to retain voters, driven by factors such as a loss of trust and unfulfilled promises, can result in costly and sometimes irreparable damages to political parties. Considering the drawbacks of short-term marketing in the political arena for those involved and the political parties’ desire for sustained power, relationship marketing seems to be a suitable approach to address the shortcomings without compromising market share, fulfill political parties’ electoral aspirations (e.g., frequent wins), and to ensure that voters get to know candidates and political parties adequately and accurately. In this line, the present research investigates the influential factors in political relationship marketing, addressing the following questions: Can relationship marketing help overcome the challenges in political elections? And what factors are influential in establishing and maintaining the relationship?

There are numerous factors behind party wins in the electoral market. However, according to the theoretical framework of this research, establishing and maintaining a robust relationship between parties and voters, leading to voter loyalty, plays a pivotal role in the electoral success of political parties. Relying on a multi-stage conceptual model, the present study aimed to investigate the connection between relationship marketing and the success of parties in the political market and electoral contests. The study is located within the intersection of political science and marketing management. As an applied research involving field work, it adopted a descriptive–survey, correlation-based approach to investigate the research questions. First, the analysis focused on the effect of relationship marketing variables (i.e., commitment, fulfillment of promises, communication, competence, and trust) on satisfaction. The second step involved examination of the effect of satisfaction on voter loyalty. Finally, the research explored the correlation between loyalty, recommendations to others, and revoting, as influential factors contributing to the success of political parties. In the data analysis, the Pearson coefficient and the correlation coefficient were used to understand the relationships between the research variables.

The research findings indicated a significantly direct correlation between relationship marketing principles and voter satisfaction. The results of regression analysis demonstrated that these principles can predict satisfaction. There was also a significant relationship between satisfaction and loyalty, as well as between loyalty and both revoting and recommendation to others. Finally, a significant relationship was observed between success and revoting and recommendation to others.

The research results confirm that the success of political parties hinges on both retaining existing voters and attracting new ones. This process involves distinct stages: generating satisfaction by applying relationship marketing principles, enhancing and transforming satisfaction into loyalty and fandom through the practical implementation of the principles, adopting fan-driven marketing as a result of the loyalty cultivated, and finally giving recommendations to others. The first and second stages are executed through strategic planning and initiatives of strategists, along with the genuine and reassuring conduct of candidates and party executive agents. The third and fourth stages, on the other hand, rely on the active participation of party loyalists and supporters. Furthermore, two practical methods can be employed to attract new voters: direct and indirect recruitment. In the direct recruitment, the party itself leverages relationship marketing principles to draw in a collective of voters. In contrast, the indirect recruitment is facilitated by party loyalists and supporters—mostly represented by previous voters—and their efforts to embark on fan-driven marketing and give recommendations to other voters.

From the 19th century until now, facing the West and its civilizational manifestations is the main problem of non-Western intellectuals and elites, especially in the Islamic world. The type and nature of the answer has been one of the determining factors of various discourses in the Islamic world. In this research, focusing on the opinions of Shaygan and Inayat, the question of what role and position the West has had in the Iranian intellectual discourse has been evaluated. The hypothesis of the research is that the West is one of the main problematics that has received critical and multifaceted attention from Shaygan and Enayat, and the approach of both of them has distinct and special aspects despite having many commonalities. The findings indicate that Enayat and Shaygan, in facing the phenomenon of the West, instead of fighting and conflict, emphasize continuous criticism, deep and two-way understanding, and the need to recognize themselves and achieve a desirable level of progress. In the way of looking at the West, according to their common concerns and interests, some aspects of similarity are: the importance of a more realistic understanding of the phenomenon of the West and its legacy; Projecting critical views and awareness of the historical developments and evolution of oneself and others and the need to recognize and preserve one's traditional values and identity; And the points of distinction are: uniformity and stability of thought and moderation of concern in facing the phenomenon of the West in front of the complex thought rotations of the advocates and the transition from antagonism to coexistence and interactionism. The approach of the analytical-comparative article and the method of data collection was documentary and library.

So far, the researches conducted on the issue of justice in the thoughts of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution have focused more on other aspects of justice, and less research has been done on the aspect of political justice, so the purpose of this research is to investigate the concept and place of political justice in It is the view of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution.

The type of research in this article is basic and based on analytical research method.

The findings of the research show that in the view of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution, the philosophy of forming an Islamic government is to create equality and justice in society. Based on this point of view, the three indicators of political rights "the right to choose", "the right to be elected" and "the right to monitor, criticize and protest" can provide the requirements of political justice in order to determine one's destiny and participate in the decision-making process. Advance the management and progress of the society.

In the view of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution, the realization of political justice depends on the three essentials of "just political system", "security" and "equal opportunity". Based on this, in the view of the leaders of the revolution, the Islamic government - the Islamic Republic - is one of the examples of a just political system that can guarantee the implementation, maintenance and survival of the realization of political justice in the society. The relative provision of security in the society is a necessary condition for any plan and action to implement political justice. Also, providing theoretical, legal and structural infrastructures in order to create equal opportunities for everyone is one of the essentials for the realization of political justice.

 The aim of the current research is to investigate the theory of good governance and citizens' public trust in government organizations and public services with the moderating role of unethical behaviors. The present research method is practical in terms of its purpose; In terms of its nature, it is causal and in terms of the method of data collection, it is in the category of descriptive research, and in terms of the method of data analysis, it is a type of correlational research based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the current research is all citizens over 20 years of age in Mashhad. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that included 48 items and 4 demographic questions, and SPSS and Smart-Pls software were used for data analysis. Regarding the main question of the research, the results of the hypotheses show that good governance affects the social trust of citizens (the first hypothesis), good governance affects unethical behaviors (the second hypothesis), unethical behaviors affect the public trust of citizens (the third hypothesis), and finally governance Good has a positive and significant effect on the social trust of citizens through the moderating variable of unethical behaviors (the fourth hypothesis

This paper examines the humanitarian effects of US sanctions against Iranian from the perspective of food and nutrition security and is to find appropriate answers to the two questions of: What are the signs of the threat to food security in Iran after that Washington imposed nuclear sanctions against Tehran? Why and how have the American sanctions against Iran have endangered the food security and nutrition of Iranians? This paper is descriptive-analytical type and applies inferential methodology. The findings, mainly implemented through utilizing reasoning and qualitative analysis under the “Naïve Theory” of Sanctions by Johan Galtung, show that vital humanitarian goods (including food) during the past years have been subject to the laws and regulations of sanctions against Iran, due to the impediment’s sanctions have imposed trade and transportation of goods and international financial exchanges. These restrictions increased the price of food by 200 percent, and the highest has targeted food categories (including vegetables, meat and fruits). The minimum average cost of a healthy diet for an Iranian family is 3 times more than the amount of which an Iranian family can spend on food and tobacco. The percentage of Iranian urban and rural households prone to food insecurity (very high, high and moderate) has also increased between 1396-1398, respectively from 8.84% and 25.17% to 11.2% and 29.2%.

This study, by emphasizing the model of good governance, has sought to explain its position in the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting by focusing on the concept of transparency and the fight against corruption. The research was a mixed type and in the first part, in order to identify the evaluation criteria, thematic analysis of interviews with 18 experts who were selected by purposeful judgment was used. Also, in the second part of the research, the technique of surveying the opinions of 384 managers and experts in the field of media was used to evaluate the performance of the organization based on the identified criteria, which were selected by available means. Based on the thematic analysis, the interviews in the form of open and centralized coding have led to the discovery of 20 criteria and performance indicators. Proper information, political education and awareness, media independence, non-monopoly, appropriate model and structure, resistance to deviations, paying attention to the demands of civil society, strengthening civil society, being productive and real, holding specialized roundtables, observing neutrality, Revealing economic corruption, producing media content, reducing the gap between the government and the people, transparency within the organization, paying attention to the public interest, being accountable to civil society, monitoring the performance of the government, being a leader, creating culture. The basis for calculating validity indices was excluded from the analysis.

Among the discourses of contemporary Iranian history, the most important and influential ones have been the subject of this research and the social and political, internal and external contexts of the formation of both discourses and their effects and consequences have been studied and analyzed. The commonalities and differences between the two discourses and the views of the theorists of those two discourses, namely Imam Khomeini and Allameh Naeini, have been explored. It is in the Islamic Revolution. Also, understanding the effect of social and political conditions on the emergence of political structures different from the views of Mirza Naeini and Imam Khomeini and recognizing the commonalities and differences between the views of Mirza Naeini and Imam Khomeini are other objectives of this study. Based on the findings of this study, some of the most important results are that, discourses as general and semantic formulations themselves are the product of certain social and political conditions and shape the behaviors, thoughts and identities of social subjects and without Discourses cannot make social and political developments meaningful. Therefore, in order to understand social phenomena such as revolutions, they must be studied within discourse formulations

Ayatollah Khamenei's political thought as a pioneering intellectual and theoretical approach in the political history and jurisprudence of Shia is of special interest and investigation from various dimensions. In this sublime political thought, the Islamic government can be explained and understood as a dominant discourse. In fact, in Ayatollah Khamenei's wise conceptualization of the role and position of the Islamic government, important components such as the position and origin of sovereignty, the position of leadership, and the position of the government have been evaluated as very important, and paying attention to the different dimensions of each of them can give an image Provide more clarity. Considering the importance of the position of the Islamic government in the intellectual system of Ayatollah Khamenei, in this article, an attempt has been made to analyze the different dimensions of the subject by using the descriptive-analytical method and according to the theoretical framework of the necessity of the Islamic government. In fact, the basic question of the article is how can the Islamic government be explained in the political thought of Ayatollah Khamenei? In response, it will be explained that the Islamic government can be explained in the political thought of Ayatollah Khamenei with three central issues: the position of sovereignty, the role of leadership and the position of the state.

The phenomenon of religious democraticity emerged in recent decades, inspired by the teachings of pure Muhammadan Islam and in the context of political and social realities of Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. This new political system has been reflected by intellectuals and theorists in various fields of humanities due to its exquisiteness and unprecedentedness and was viewed from different angles and dimensions. Now with the idea of the Iranian-Islamic model of progress and movement in the path of civilizational development based on the life-based study of Islam and relying on the teachings and capacities of the development of ijtihad jurisprudence and application Shi'a religion, as well as relying on the unmatched natural and human talents of Iran, has a place to control the tea of religious democraticity in the course of the realization and development of this pattern and finally the creation of civilization. The central question of this paper is also focused on the role of the new and existing political system located in the Islamic Republic of Iran in achieving the objectives of drawing this model. The method used in this paper is a descriptive-excellent combination with a civilizational view on various approaches in democratic systems that is controlled and processed by applying the "cognitive nucleus" approach around the capacities and components that shape Iranian-Islamic civilization in the religious democratic system. The central core of this approach is a civilization derived from the realization of the Iranian-Islamic model of progress and the participation of the people in determining their destiny. This phenomenon, in turn, organizes and promotes ...

This paper compares the economic and socio-political consequences of pre- and post- JCPOA sanctions ‎imposed on Iranian society with the aim of assessing the role of the resilience as one of the main ‎components of Iranian strategic culture in neutralizing the impact of sanctions. The question to be answered ‎is: “what lesson may be concluded through comparing the similarities and differences between the imposed ‎sanctions on Iran under the administrations of Obama and Trump in comparison while considering their ‎consequences on the socio-political and economic conditions of the country and why? To properly answer ‎this question, the intentions and actions of the sanctioning party, the mechanisms of the sanction and the ‎way the sanctioned party reacts to sanctions as well as the intersection of these three dimensions have to be ‎recognized. The initial response (hypothesis) in terms of these three dimensions is: “despite being more ‎severe the sanctions imposed to Iran during the administration of Trump have only worsened Iran's ‎economic situation compared to sanctions under the Obama's administration, and the country's socio-‎political situation is largely insured against tougher sanctions, which traces back to the rally- around -the- ‎flag." This paper is descriptive-analytical and utilizes inferential methodology. The analysis of findings, ‎mainly conducted through reasoning and qualitative analysis intensifies the validity of the hypothesis.‎

Compromise is one of the most important concepts and tools for solving the political and social problems of modern societies, so that the fate of development and competition and political and social conflicts of today's nations depends on the correct and timely use of this political method. In this article, an attempt has been made to study the possibility of forming a political compromise in the Islamic Republic of Iran by descriptive-analytical method and by studying the process and fields of formation of the Expediency Council. According to the findings of this study, just as Imam Khomeini's tact and chronology and the formation of the Expediency Discernment Council by him, resolving the differences of some important and vital elements of the system met a favorable fate, it is possible that with the wisdom of system officials, political compromise is needed. The current Islamic Iran is in the civil and political sphere to face a similar fate as the Expediency Council, or as another solution; Within this institution, it should be examined as a problem or cases referred by the system leadership.

The purpose of this study is to identify US policies and objectives of the expansion of American democracy in the Islamic countries of the Middle East, and to explain the conflict between American democratization in these countries and the idea and concept of democracy.

The theoretical framework of the research is "realism" and aggressive realism and research methodology is critical. The research method is qualitative and the analysis of collected data is based on analytical-descriptive method.

The most important scientific findings of the research are based on the main research question: How can the spread of American democracy in the Islamic countries of the Middle East be evaluated? Some of the strategic and long-term policies and goals of the United States- including militarism, warlordism, globalization, imperialism, colonization and exploitation of the nations of the region and creating divisions and conflicts between them, creating and spreading terrorism, insecurity, killing, terror, violence and destruction of the opposition, securing US interests, development of American culture, secularism, and the monopolized organized capitalist economy, and self-made crisis management- are pursued through the project of the creation and expansion of American democracy using the power of hardware and software in the direction of hegemony and absolute domination and the new world order that the United States seeks in the Islamic countries of the Middle East. 

Democracy cannot be exported; True democracy is not a form, but a stage in the growth and independence of society that society must be educated to achieve. Unless a nation with sufficient knowledge and will in a civil society steps in this direction, a people's government is impossible. Therefore, American democracy in the Islamic countries of the Middle East will not be established through unilateralism, militarism, belligerence, globalization, imperialism, colonialism, exploitation, division, and so on.

The neoconservatives have designed a wide range of new programs in American foreign policy, as well as major developments in US domestic politics that have revolutionized the country's political image at home and abroad. During the presidency of George W. Bush, the United States believed that widespread intervention in the world's political, social, and economic affairs required military might and violence. After 9/11, the United States was able to mobilize public opinion and pursue an aggressive approach by magnifying the threat of terrorism. So the main question of the research is how to assess the impact of neoconservative thinking in the United States on the administration of George W. Bush after 9/11? In answer to the main question, the hypothesis is that the influence of neoconservative thought in the United States after 9/11 led to social Darwinism, nationalism, elitism, militarism, belligerence, imperialism, Globalization and human rights abuses were part of the policies of the George W. Bush administration, and its foreign policy has exacerbated anarchy in the international system. In this regard, the implementation of the scenario of September 11, 2001, provided a good opportunity to implement the plans, programs and policies of the George W. Bush administration in line with the hegemony and the new world order that the United States seeks. In this research, the theoretical framework of realism and aggressive realism and critical methodology have been used.

The present study seeks to examine the causes of passivity of political elites in the second Pahlavi period and to show its impact on the crisis of efficiency and accountability. Accordingly, the question of the present study is: What factors influenced the passivity of political elites in the Pahlavi period and what effect did it have on the crisis of efficiency and accountability in the period of Mohammad Reza Shah? The hypothesis is: Mohammad Reza Shah's psychological characteristics such as the need for obedience, submission and acceptance of flatterers on the one hand and ideological alignment, common class and group interests of instrumental political elites, on the other hand cause the passivity of critical political elites and increase the gap between the masses and Was ruled. In fact, the findings of the present study from an elite perspective point to the gap between the political elites in society and the people and their connection with the Pahlavi government apparatus, which ultimately led to the expansion of government distance from the public interest and destroys government accountability. Which eventually led to a crisis of efficiency and accountability. Mohammad Reza Shah's psychological characteristics are another factor in the crisis of accountability due to narcissism and social approval by the instrumental elites. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method, which finally collects information in a documentary and library manner and examines the issue from an analytical perspective.

In the new conditions of the international system, the components of power have changed. Therefore, in order to prove the legitimacy of their sovereignty and to approve their decisions and actions of the government, countries have entered a new arena of power, which is defined as soft power. With this description, the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran benefits from a fundamental support called religious democracy in the field of soft power. Religious democracy has emerged as an alternative and rival to Western liberal democracy. This emerging phenomenon can serve as an effective model for countries in a situation where the region is in a period of transition, followed by the transfer of the right to self-determination to the people themselves. Of course, the occurrence of this incident nullifies the accusations made by the West and Westernists against the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this study, while examining the components of the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the position of religious democracy as a cultural-political model is explored. This article is descriptive-library and seeks to answer the central question that what is the position of religious democracy among the various components of the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The results show the role of reproduction and dynamism of the political structure of the country based on religious democracy in strengthening political power and legitimacy at home and abroad, as well as the immunity and success of the system in the face of possible future scenarios in the soft war imposed by the West.

Achieving civil rights is one of the most difficult and practical issues for political and social systems. Considering the effectiveness of the principle of accountability in the realization of citizenship rights, the present study addresses the issue of how the principle of accountability can affect the realization of citizenship rights?

The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical, which has been collected by using documentary and library sources, information needed to discuss the principle of accountability and citizenship rights.

The findings show that the principle of accountability is through transparency in political affairs, creating competition based on party ideas, freedom of action of civil society, freedom of criticism, decentralization of government activities and actions, transfer of power and Relationships are also based on trust in society, so that both the performance of citizens towards each other and the performance of political leaders towards the people are subject to the principle of responsibility.

Ethical considerations:

 In writing the contents of the present article, the principles of referral and fidelity have been observed and it is considered a genuine research.

The results show that the realization of citizenship rights requires change in terms of quantity and quality. On a small scale, reducing government power, decentralizing, empowering civil society, the existence of multiple parties and groups, as well as shifting the power of political and administrative officials can promote the principle of accountability and steer the political system in line with the real demands of citizens. But in the qualitative dimension, we need to build relationships based on trust between citizens (vertical trust) and relationships based on trust between citizens and rulers (horizontal trust). In addition, the principle of accountability, if there is proper education and cultural principles based on equality and freedom of citizenship, can lead to the realization of citizenship rights.

The issue of conflict of interest is at the root of corruption and inefficiency. Given the importance of conflict of interest management in the efficiency and prevention of corruption on the one hand, as well as the important position of IRIB as a pervasive media in the country, on the other hand, the importance of identifying conflicts of interest in the organization in order to structure it more effectively. Makes it necessary. Accordingly, the study was conducted through the study of some documents and interviews with about 20 university experts and professors and a survey with the statistical population of 120 Broadcasting experts and media researchers. The recognized items in the research are: conflict of incomes with duties, conflict of duty with duty, observer and order alliance, executor and lawmaker alliance, simultaneous employment, revolving door, and gift acceptance. According to Fridman testing method, simultaneous and revolving door ranked first while conflict of duty with duty ranked last. In addition, some approaches to deal with the mentioned items are suggested in the research.

Islamic unity means emphasizing and relying on the commonalities of Islamic religions by not presenting conflicting views. In general, the two words unity, what comes to mind from the word approximation, are closeness and approximation; However, these two words do not seem to be synonymous, as they are usually the religious views of Muslims and the attempt to reduce differences, as well as the scientific efforts made at the Egyptian Academy and the summit is the general meaning of unity. Is a proof of this. But what comes to mind from the word unity is usually that it includes various aspects of cooperation between Muslims. Resolving differences and doubts, active, effective and timely presence of scholars and thinkers, bowing to religious rites and strengthening moral values ​​can increase the basis of unity in the field of religion and culture. Creating unity will require an intellectual and cultural background, the creation of a single Islamic government can provide the ground for realization. In the field of economics, the development and strengthening of economic relations, strengthening the tourism industry and the integration of the banking system in Islamic countries can be effective, and this indicates the need for the presence of political and economic experts along with religious experts. The question that arises here is what is the effect of the Association of Islamic Religions on the unity and cohesion of Islamic countries? The hypothesis is that returning to religion and promoting it is one of the strategies emphasized by the Summit. The founders of the Summit believe that unity among Muslims depends on their intellect and attitude. The task that Muslims have towards each other is to achieve Islamic brotherhood and brotherhood, and the task that they have against the enemies is to become one. The research method of this research is analytical and descriptive.

This research investigates nuclear discourse of president Rouhani and compares it with discourse of the Islamic revolution in Iran affected of discourses of Imam Khomeini and Ayatollah Khamenei leaders of the Islamic revolution and principles of the constitution about foreign policy. The research method is discourse analysis. The researcher explains articulation of foreign policy of the Islamic republic of Iran as a discourse based on maintain of the system of the Islamic republic and principles of god-centeredness, world arrogance confrontation, independent, dignity with wisdom and expedient and fighting domination. The research explains nuclear discourse of president Rouhani as a discourse based on interactivity and detention and principles of national interests, national security, removing sanctions, supports of the leader, win-win strategy and development and growth. According to the research, nuclear discourse of president Rouhani has been a tactic in parallel with purposes of the foreign policy of the Islamic revolution and despite of some severities and weaknesses in matching is not in conflict with the discourse of Islamic revolution.

The messages broadcast from the western media indicate that the western powers have no humanitarian or benevolent concern in their media productions, and they are just trying to maintain their hegemony and cause the Islamic awakening deviate from its true path.In dealing with Islamic awaking, the western media disregard its true nature and focus on concepts that are based on western democracy, and interpret the events in an illogical way without paying attention to the real motivation of people, especially Muslim women.In order to highlight the way the western media deal with the news and events concerning the role of women in the Islamic awakening, the texts produced by the western media have been examined using content analysis method. The statistical universe of the present study includes BBC, CCN, VOA, Ati News, Hod Hod News and Entekhab News. The sampling was carried out in the period 2011-03-20 to 2012-03-20. The findings indicate that western media have employed some methods to misrepresent the role of women in Islamic awakening such as conceptualization, offering models, distortion of facts, virtual documentation and Iran-phobia.

This paper is the outcome of a research project conducted to investigate the legal and political aspects of the Western media’s representation of Muslim women’s hijab. The important issue in representation of reality by the media is that they can never be considered a neutral tool, and an impartial mediator in presenting an image. Media rely on language and sense and within the framework of discourse these two always rely on power. Therefore, representation of events by the media, regardless of being moral and immoral, is of ideological bias and is in line with weakening or consolidation of a power source or a specific discourse. The findings of this study indicate that the Western media about Muslim women in their stereotyping attempts on hijab. They introduce Muslim women as a negative political and anti-women’s rights symbol.