فهرست مطالب سیامک یوسفی سیاهکلرودی

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of immersion vaccine (Garovak) against streptococcosis and lactococcosis in different weights on the growth, feeding and survival rates of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Fish with an average weight of 5 gr were studied in 300-liter round polyethylene tanks in 2 treatments and 3 repetitions, including the vaccinated treatments at a weight of 5 grams (ST) and the control group without vaccination. Feeding was done twice a day until satiety for 8 weeks. The results related to the bacterial challenge showed that the death rate in the vaccinated treatment was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). According to the general results of this study, the administration of Garovak immersion vaccine has been able to improve the survival rate after bacterial challenge in Asian seabass weighing 5 grams. In the statistical analysis of the results of the present study using SPSS software tests, the expression of genes related to immunity using Real-time (RT)-PCR, which has a significant difference in the gene expression of treatment samples was observed with control samples. Also, the average levels of cortisol and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes in the tested treatments were 107 ng/g and 1279 u/kg, which had no significant difference with the control group. Also, in the statistical analysis, no significant difference was observed between gene expression data (Lysozymes, TNF, MHCI, and IGF-I). But in 1L-IB and MHCII, was seen significant difference between treatments and controls. However, the average gene expression (Lysozymes, 1L-IB, TNF, MHCI, MHCII and IGF-I) in the vaccinated treatment was higher than the average values of the control treatment. The results obtained in the current study showed that the vaccine had a better effect on the health of Asian sea bass weighing 5 gr. According to the general results of this study, the vaccine has been able to have a positive effect on fish health indicators, but on cortisol and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes (LDH) and also gene expression (Lysozymes, TNF, MHCI, and IGF-I) had no significant effect. The results obtained in the current study showed that the vaccine had a better effect on the health of Asian sea bass weighing 5 grams. But it had no significant effect on the levels of cortisol and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). While it had a significant effect on MHC1 and interleukin 1B gene expression.

Achieving the sustainable development of aquaculture requires the use of new techniques, in which different strategies have been used, and the use of plant extracts, phytochemicals, and plant secondary metabolites due to their cheapness, availability, few side effects, and effective compounds and diverse has increased. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth and survival indicators of goldfish (Carassius auratus) fed with different levels of pomegranate peel powder (Punica granatum). 300 pieces of goldfish (Carassius auratus), apparently healthy, had passed the winter period in the pool environment, based on a completely random design, 20 pieces of goldfish with an average weight of 17.39±1.71 grams were distributed in 12 tanks. Then, they were reared with the basic diet as a control diet and three experimental diets containing 1, 2, and 4% of pomegranate peel powder. The initial weight was not significantly different in any of the treatments (P<0.05), but the highest percentage of body weight increase, specific growth rate, final weight, and body weight increase observed in the 4% treatment, which showed a significant difference with the other treatments. P>0.05); The food conversion ratio decreased in the treatments compared to the control group, and the fourth treatment showed a significant difference from the control (P<0.05); Also, an increase and maintenance of 100% survival were observed in fish (P<0.05). According to the results of the use of herbal supplements such as pomegranate peel powder with antioxidant properties, by increasing the secretion of digestive enzymes, they lead to improved growth performance and increased nutrient absorption, and according to the findings, the amount of 4% pomegranate peel powder in the goldfish diet to improve growth performance and survival is recommended.

Streptococciosis is one of the most common bacterial diseases in cold water fish farms in Iran that causes a lot of losses to these farms every year and vaccination can be very effective in controlling this disease. In this study, the effectiveness of streptococcus/lactococcus vaccine was evaluated in both injection and bath methods in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerling. For this purpose, four treatment groups include one-step vaccinated using the bath method group, two-step vaccinated using the bath method group, hyperosmotic fish group+two-step vaccine using the bath method, the group of fish vaccinated with the injection method, and a control group considered. In this regard, 350 fish with a weight of 4.2±0.36 were divided into 10 tanks (two replicates for each group). The fish were reared and tested for two months. In this study, 5 experimental groups including the control group, the group of one-stage bath vaccination fish, the two-step bath vaccination group, the group of fishes vaccinated with hyperosmotic environment+two-step bath vaccination, and the group of vaccination via injection method. Based on the results, total serum protein levels in all vaccinated fish were higher than those in the control group, and based on statistical analysis, the highest level was recorded in the fish vaccinated by injection and the two-stage hyperosmotic+vaccine bath method. Glucose values were also measured in both groups of two-step vaccinated fish and the injection method was higher than in other fish. The ALP, ALT, and AST levels in the injected fish group were higher than those of the other groups. Finally, the serum antibody levels for both Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae bacteria was higher for the fish in the injection group and the two two-stage bath groups than the one-stage vaccinated fish. At the same time, no antibody was observed in the control group. Based on the results, the two bath steps vaccination more and less produces the same levels of serum antibody titer as the injection method in fish, at the same time, the bath method caused less injuries compared to the injection method in fish. So in situations where fish are under stress, bath vaccination with reminder doses can be critical and more effective.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GaroVak immersion vaccine against lactococcosis and streptococcosis disease in different weights on growth and feeding performance and some immunological responses and survival rate of Asian Sea bass (Lates calcarifer). Fish with an average weight of 5, 10 and 14 g in 300-liter polyethylene circular tanks in 6 treatments and 2 repetitions including vaccinated groups in low (5 g), medium (10 g) and high-weights (14 g) (ST, MT, LT) and control groups of each the weight without vaccination (SC, MC, LC) were examined. Feeding was done twice a day ad libitum for 8 weeks. The obtained results showed that GaroVak immersion vaccine has no significant effect on growth and feeding performance the vaccinated fish and the control fish (P>0.05). Regarding immunological responses, the amount of total protein and albumin was significantly higher in the low weight-treatment (ST) compared to the low-weight control group (SC), and no significant difference was observed in the medium-weight and the high-weight between the vaccinated treatments and the control group (P>0.05). Also, vaccination did not show a significant effect on antibody titer and lysozyme activity in any of the treatments (P>0.05). In addition, the survival rate at the end of the experiment did not show a significant difference between the vaccinated treatments and the control group (P> 0.05). However, the result of the bacterial challenge showed that mortality rate in the low-weight vaccinated group (ST) was lower than the medium-weight control group (MC) (P<0.05). According to the general results of this study, administration of GaroVak immersion vaccine against streptococcosis disease has been able to improve the survival rate after bacterial challenge in low-weight of Asian seabass (5 g).

Selenium is an important trace element for maintaining the fish health. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sodium selenite on survival, growth and some hematological factors relating to the red blood cells of Siberian sturgeon. Three hundred Siberian sturgeon with initial mean weight 10.0±0.5g were randomly distributed in five treatments with three replications and fed with different levels of sodium selenite including zero (control), 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg sodium selenite for eight weeks. The results showed that the sodium selenite supplementation significantly increased the final weight and daily growth coefficient of fish with the maximum values of 25.63±0.68 g and 1.22±0.07% d-1 in fish fed with 1.6 mg kg-1 sodium selenite (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased after eight weeks feeding with sodium selenite with minimum of 1.79±0.10 in fish fed with 1.6 mg kg-1 sodium selenite (P<0.05). furthermore, equal to or more than 0.8 mg kg-1 supplementation of sodium selenite significantly enhanced the hemoglobin content, hematocrit percentage, and red blood cells count compared to the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, findings of the present study illustrated that 0.4mg kg-1 supplementation of sodium selenite is the best level for maximizing the growth of Siberian sturgeon, while 0.8mg kg-1 sodium selenite supplementation provides the best response in the synthesis of blood cells.

Molluscs are among the most important group of agricultural plant pests. Physa acuta, as an invasive species in horticulture, vegetables and specially rice farms takes a serious attention. In this study, through sampling from four pints in Jajroud River including Fasham, Saeed Abad, Khojir and Pakdasht, the species was reported from all the sampling points. There were no samples collected in summer season and samples collected in spring and autumn showed no significant difference in morphological features. The presence of the species would be considered as an alarm for further invasion to farms and gardens along the riverside.

Molluscs are among the most important group of faunistic diversity in aquatic habitats. In this paper, abundance, species diversity and some of the morphological traits such as body length and whorl numbers of the mollusks found in three rivers, Hablehrood, Jajrood and Lar in east Tehran, through three seasons of autumn, spring and summer were studied. Totally five species in three families were found including Planorbis planorbis and Bulinus truncates in Planorbidae, Physa acuta in Physidae, Galba truncatula and Lymnaea palustris in Lymnaeidae. Both G. truncatula and B. truncates are first-reported for the rivers in east Tehran province. L. palustris had the most abundance, 43.29% of the total samples; the species was found in all the sampling stations. The effect of river and sampling season on the morphological traits was not significant.

Identification, species diversity and abundance of Albernoeid fish in the rivers of Tehran province from autumn 2018 to autumn 2019 were carried out for twelve months. For this purpose, 24 sampling stations were selected. The samples were fixed with alcohol after capture by electroshock and transferred to the laboratory for bioassays. The results of this study showed that two types of Alburnoides namaki and Alburnoides eichwaldi were identified in the rivers of Tehran province. In this study, Alburnoides namaki were identified in Jajroud, Nimrud and Hablehrood rivers and Alburnoides eichwaldi in Lar river. The frequency of Alburnoides namaki species is more than Alburnoides eichwaldi species, so that the Alburnoides namaki species has 60 pieces in Jajrud river and in Fasham, Saeedabad, Khojir and Pakdasht stations and 48 pieces in Nimrud. And in Andrey Asour stations, downstream and upstream of Arjmand and Nimrud dam and 27 pieces were caught in Hablehrood and in Zarrin-Dasht, Simindasht, Khamdeh and Anzar stations. But only 12 pieces of Caspian tailoring were caught in the Lar River and at the Lar Dam station. Of course, it should be noted that Albernoeid fish was not caught at any of the Kan and Shur river stations. Alburnoides eichwaldi species was caught in spring and summer and was not observed in autumn and winter. Alburnoides namaki species was observed in all seasons

Government support for attracting investment in Persian Gulf marine fish farming has provided the grounds for Iran's fisheries development. Sea bass is a valuable species in the global market that, while helping food security and exports, also brings offshore security to the country by farming in marine cages. Production of more than 26,000 tons in the five years leading up to 2019 and its 45% growth in southern Iran promises more success for it. The study reviews Iran's position in the production of Sea bass fish in the southern waters of the country and identifies its strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities and threats. Therefore, with self-sufficiency in the supply of fry and inputs, strengthening training and research in the field of marine fish, organizing the internal market and continuous monitoring of the international market, monitoring pollution and its environmental impact assessment and developing the support chain of related industries before and after Will be able to provide sustainable development.

Epixanthus frontalis is the only known species of the genus Epixanthus from the Persian Gulf which include color polymorphic specimens. Considering that cryptic species are common among crustaceans, the aim of this study was to identify the cryptic species complexes the collected samples from the Persian Gulf. For this purpose, 4 colorful morphotypes of E. frontalis collected from rocky shores along Bushehr province. Then the first male gonopods was separated and photographed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For molecular studies samples of DNA extracted by using phenol-chloroform and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit gene segment (COI) was PCR and sequenced. The results showed that the nucleotide sequence of this gene fragment of the mitochondrial (COI) is not identical in all colorful morphotypes. These results reflected in the evolution of tree topology for all two analyses (maximum likelihood, bayesian). The study of apical ultrastructure segments of the first male species showed that it can be seen fundamental differences in the apical organs in some colorful morphotypes. Results of this study indicated that although the specimens assigned to single species morphologically, they may belong to different species based on their genotype. Further molecular studies with specific markers are needed for molecular identifications.

In the present study, the effect of hydroanthanolic extract of melon seed on the expression level of NOX4 and GPx1 genes in ethylene glycol poisoned mice was evaluated. In the present study, melon seed extract was first prepared by soaking in 80% ethanol. Mice were divided into 5 groups in each group 6 rat: a healthy control group, a poisoned control group and three experimental poisoned groups. To the experimental poisoned group, concentrations of 150, 300 and 600 mg/ kg of hydroethanolic extract of melon seed were fed orally. The results of the present study show that daily oral administration of ethylene glycol significantly increases the expression of genes encoding NOX4 and GPx1 in toxic groups compared to healthy controls. Increased expression of NOX4 and GPx1 genes indicates the occurrence of ethylene glycol-induced inflammation and toxicity. Treatment with hydroethanolic extract of melon seed at concentrations of 150, 300 and 600 mg / kg body weight significantly reduced the expression of NOX4 and GPx1 genes in the experimental groups compared with the control group. Decreased expression of NOX4 gene in comparison with the poisoned control group shows that administration of hydroethanolic extract of melon seed has reduced inflammation caused by ethylene glycol toxicity. Due to the fact that the amount of H2O2 increases following hepatotoxicity caused by ethylene glycol, the expression of the gene encoding glutathione peroxidase increases. Following treatment with melon hydroethanolic extract, H2O2 production is reduced, which may be due to the effects of antioxidant compounds in the extract.

The identification of Anura amphibians species in the southeastern cities of Tehran province was examined through histological studies. 4 main stations (i.e. Pakdasht, Varamin, Qarchak, Pishva) were selected in the southeast of Tehran province. Then, 24 samples specimens were preserved at 10% formalin solution and transferred to the laboratory for histological studies. Studies have shown that in one group of samples (Green Toad, Pseudepidalea (Bufo) viridis) there were toxin-producing glands. In this group, the 3-layer epithelium and below it the chromatophores were quite visible. Beneath them were large glands that produce toxins, followed by connective tissue and then striped muscles. In a group of amphibians (Marsh frog, Pelophylax (Rana) ridibunda) collected, a 4-layer epithelium was observed that divided itself into two subgroups: some with mucosal secretory glands and some without mucosal glands, but in the latter two groups, chromatophores, connective tissue, striped muscles and cartilage were seen. Another group of amphibians found that the epithelium was three-layered but had no venom-producing glands or no mucosal glands, but two features were seen in histological observations, such as some with cartilage and some without cartilage. The results of histological studies showed that in addition to morphological, morphological and genetic studies, histological studies can be used to identify of Anura. These differences indicate the possibility of polymorphism in the Marsh frog species.

Iran is located in the region of important animal geographical exchanges in terms of climate and therefore it has a diverse and interesting fauna of fish. This study investigates the faunistic of exotic fish species in the rivers of Tehran province (Jajrood, Hablehrood, Namrood and Lar). During this study, which was conducted in autumn and winter of 2016 and spring and summer of 2017, seasonal sampling of fish was performed using electroshock device and manual and waiting nets in twelve stations in the rivers of Tehran province. After catching, the samples were fixed with formalin and transferred to the laboratory for biometry and were identified by valid identification keysThis study showed that 7 species belonging to 6 genera and 3 families from 3 orders belonging to the classification of bony fish were identified. In terms of number of species, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was in the first place and the carp or pond carp (Carassius carassius) was in the second place. The species Salvelinus fontinalis, Alburnoides eichwaldii, Capoeta aculeate, Carassius auratus and xynemacheilus angorae were also caught in the studied rivers. The largest number of exotic species in the rivers were: Lar > Jajrood > Hablehrood = Namrood. No non-natives were found at Fasham, Khamdeh and Pleur stations. No exotic was found at Fasham, Khomedeh and Polour stationsThe results indicate the spread of exotic fish species in the rivers of Tehran province intentionally and unintentionally. The fish may compete with endemic fish for food and spawning sites. Some of them are even able to produce hybrids with endemic fish, they may hunt native fish or affect the native fish population as a source of disease, and in this regard it is very important to identify them and study their effects on water resources.

Up to now most species of Iranian frogs has been identified morphologically and all populations (albeit their vast distribution) are assigned to Rana (Pelophylax) ridibunda. The main objective of this research was to study frog populations of the South eastern Tehran using mitochondrial 12srRNA sequencing. For this purpose, n=19 water frogs were sampled in four stations (i.e. Pakdasht, Varamin, Gharchak, Pishva). The samples specimens were preserved at 96% ethanol solution and transferred to the laboratory for further analysis. DNA was extracted from leg tissue using CTAB method and the 12srRNA gene was ampilified and sequenced using primers developed by Kocher et al. (1989). The phylogenic tree was drawn using Joining Neighbor and Maximum Likelihood methods in Mega6 software the results indicate that indicated two clads with 100% affinity. The first clade assigned to P. bedriagae populations and the next clade included our samples. In conclusion, the frog populations of Tehran province may be assigned to P. bedriagae or a subspecies. Further research is needed to reveal this.

The Arabian horse is one of the oldest horse breeds in the world. This race has performed well in endurance races and in general athletic performance and has been instrumental in the formation of some of the world's leading races. In this case, polymorphism was investigated in two Arab (original and non-authentic) Khuzestan regions using RFLP method. For this purpose, blood samples were taken from 20 Iranian Arabian horses (the first 10 samples of the original Arabian horse and the next 10 samples of the non-native Arabian horse). DNA was extracted from blood samples and then the polymerase chain reaction was performed to amplify the myostatin gene. The PCR product is affected by the enzyme in the PCR-RFLP reaction. Samples were analyzed for genotyping. The results showed that the average heterozygosity observed was 0.477 and the expected heterozygosity average was 0.477 in the genuine Arabian horse population. The effective allele number was 1.918 in the genuine Arabian horse population and 1.934 in the non-native Arabian horse population. The highest and lowest values ​​of Shannon index in genuine Arabian horse population were 0.693 and 0.500, respectively. The present study showed that there are polymorphisms in myostatin gene loci in both populations. Polymorphisms of this gene can be used as a candidate to identify differences in the genetic potential of different Arabian horse populations.

During research in different seasons (winter and spring, summer and autumn), freshwater crabs in the eastern rivers of Tehran province (Jajroud, Hablehroud and Lar) in Fasham, Saeedabad, Khojir, Zarrin Dasht and Simindasht stations were carried out using hand net. They were evaluated in terms of carapace length and width, weight and body color. Finally, the results of this study showed that the species of crab found was Potamon persicum, which had a strong and positive correlation between carapace length, carapace width and also the weight of this crab in the samples found of Rivers (Jajrud and Hablehrood), stations (Fasham, Saeedabad, Khojir, Zarindasht and Simindasht) and gender did not affect the carapace length, carapace width and weight of this crab. In terms of average population distribution, P. persicum crabs were the same in Jajroud and Hableh Rud rivers as well as Fasham, Saeedabad, Khojir, Zarrin Dasht and Simin Dasht stations, but this average population distribution was significantly higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring (p < 0.05). The population frequency of this crab was 70% in Jajroud river and 30% in Hablehrood; At Fasham, Saeedabad, Khojir, Zarrin Dasht and Simin Dasht stations, the frequencies were 32, 19, 18, 21 and 10% of the total samples, respectively. The results of body color also showed that the color of the carapace and legs were often dark brown and in some cases light brown.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Covid-19 pandemic and the resulting social restrictions on changes in nitrogen dioxide levels at five Iranian wildlife refuges, including Heydari, Miankaleh, Qomishlu, Bakhtegan and Shadegan, and five large cities close to them including Mashhad, Sari, Isfahan, Shiraz and Khuzestan, respectively. A comparison between these data was made with similar periodic to the year before the pandemic. The data required for atmospheric monitoring were gained from the NASA database between February 19 and June 1, 2019, as well as from February 19 to June 1, 2020, and were analyzed in Python, MATLAB, and MINITAB softwares. The results of statistical analysis showed that the average levels of pollution in 2019 were significantly different between large cities and between wildlife refuges, while in 2020 there was no significant difference. Also, results showed that covid-19 had a significant effect on reducing the amount of nitrogen dioxide in Sari and Miankaleh wildlife refuge. The amount of this pollutant for Shadegan and Ahvaz city in 2020 was less than 2019, but it was not much different for Shadegan. The social restrictions have had a significant reduction on the levels of nitrogen dioxide in Mashhad, so that the amount of this pollutant has decreased by an average of 44% during the three-month period, but due to lack of information in The Heydari Shelter cannot be judged for the entire three-month period. Nitrogen dioxide in the Bakhtegan has not been changed significantly in the three month of 2019 and 2020. Although in Shiraz until April 13, along with April 15, the amount of nitrogen dioxide due to covid-19 decreased significantly, but from April 13 onwards, the amount of this pollutant has been higher than in the previous year. Further studies will be need to identify the restrictive effects of Covid-19 pandemic on the status of other atmospheric pollutants in Iranian wildlife refuges.

Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) are Gammaridae family that play an important role in food chain, environmental refining of organic matter and high sensitivity to environmental contamination. Therefore, it is important to identify them. Since the identification of the genus Gammarus is very difficult due to similar morphological features, the aim of the present study was to molecular identification and investigation of the phylogenetic relationships of G. komareki from the Jajrood River, east of Tehran compared to other parts of Iran and the rest of the world. For this purpose, sampling of G. komareki species in Jajrood River was done in season from October 2013 to July 2014. Samples were collected by a small manual tour. For molecular studies, some tissue was isolated from each sample with scalpel and fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol. The DNA of the samples was then extracted using the CTAB method and the gene fragment of a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) subunit was amplified and sequenced. After gene fragment amplification and sequencing, Neighbor Joining and Maximum Likelihood trees were plotted using MEGA7 software. The results of the present study showed that although the specimens were morphologically belonging to Gammarus komareki species reported from other parts of Iran, Molecular studies showed that the samples of the present study were divided into two categories by being placed in two different clouds. Therefore, it is possible that these specimens may belong to separate species, which needs further investigation with other genetic markers.

The aim of this study was to investigate Trichoptera (arthropod) fauna in the Jajroud River. For this purpose, Trichoptera were collected from three stations (Hajiabad, Saeedabad and Khojir) in Jajroud River and were identified in terms of morphology and taxonomy using identification keys to the level of genus and species. Based on the results, four species of Macrostemum hestia, M. fenesrtratum, M. dohrni and Hydropsyche dolosa from the family Hydropsychidae were identified, which is the first reported in Iran and this river. The frequency of Trichopters in the study areas was very low in the winter months and was highest in June, July and August and then decreased.

Mayflies belonging to the order of Ephemeroptera compose of the most diverse and common inhabitants of aqua systems and are considered as biological and quality index. In this study, biodiversity of Ephemeroptera in Hablehrood River, east of Tehran Province, from 4 sampling points (Simindasht, Mazdaran, Khomedeh and Namrood) was studied. Samples collected weekly through June-September 2016. Samples collected manually by simple forceps from under the bottom rocks and transferred in Ethanol 70% to laboratory for further identification. Total frequencies of the identified genera were compared among different months and sampling points. Five different genera (Acentrella, Baetis, Centroptillum, Cloedes, Rhitrogena) belonging to two families, Baetidae and Heptagenidae, were collected from Hablehrood River, which Acentrella was the most frequent genus (49.7%). Results showed that the most frequency percentage of the collected samples belonged to Khomedeh station through both June and September. Mean number of collected samples of each genus showed no significant difference among different sampling months and sampling points. A part of Hableh Rud river that passes through Tehran province, has a valuable diversity of Ephemeroptera and it is needed to provide optimal habitat for its macrobenthose regarding rural and agricultural pollutions.

In the present study, species diversity and abundance of water resources in the southeast of the province were identified and studied for 6 months. Five stations were selected and fishes were caught to various means such as gill net, manual net and, electro hemlock were caught a monthly basis and transferred to the laboratory. Their identified using reliable identity keys. The aim of this survey was to genus identify and fish species, their time and spatial distributions and abundances in the region. Result indicated that 3 families, 6 genus and 9 species were identified that 4 genus and 6 spceies belong to the cyprinidae family. The family balitorada with 2 spceies was next standing. The last family in the research poecilidae family with one genus and one spceies of gambusia holbrooki has been found.

This study was aimed to determine proximate composition (protein, lipid and ash) and moisture percentage, as well as amino acid profiles of the four species Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) cultured in cage condition, Rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss), Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Neil Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The results showed that amount of moisture and crude protein in Asian sea bass was significantly higher than three other species (p<0.05). But, the amount of crude fat and ash in common carp was significantly higher than other species (p <0.05). The amount of essensial and nonessensial amini acids showed a significant difference (p<0.05). Based on the results, ΣEAA and ΣNEAA in the O. mykiss was significantly higher than the three other species (p <0.05). The proportion of ΣEAA to ΣNEAA showed a significant difference among four species (p<0.05). The highest of proportion of ΣEAA to ΣNEAA was observed in Nile Tilapia and the lowest of ΣEAA/ ΣNEAA was recorded in Common carp. In conclusion, it seems that Asian sea bass and Rainbow trout have a higher nutritional value for consumers than common carp and Nile Tilapia.

investigation in genetical diversity are an effective tools for conservation of valuable, rare and endangered species. up until now, few studies have been conducted on the ecology of freshwater crabs in Iran and so their conservation issues are not fully known. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of the true crab, Potamon elbursi, from the eastern lakes of Tehran.

The genetic structure of P. elbursi crab was investigated from the eastern rivers of Tehran Province using microsatellite markers. In order to study the genetic diversity within populations, 10 samples were caught with hand-operated net in different parts of Jajroud, Hablehrood and Lar rivers. Samples were first assessed for morphological variations using appropriate keys. Molecular identification of species was performed by COI gene sequencing. Then, the characterization of microsatellite loci )i.e., hxx3, Gagt4, Ga1, Ga2, and hxx2) was done using primers from Longpotamon yangtsekiense. Allelic abundance, expected/ observed heterozygosity, true alleles abundance, and genetic diversity were assessed using AMOVA at p= 0.01 level. Using images of the stained polyacrylamide gel, the molecular weight of the PCR product bands and the size of alleles were measured using Lab Image v.3.3.3 software. The allele frequency, expected and observed heterozygosity, number of actual and effective alleles in microsatellite loci, genetic diversity, and AMOVA test were calculated at 0.01 probability level in Gene Alex software. The MEGA software v.5.5 was used for plotting the phylogenetic tree.

The results showed that the COI sequences of all specimens were identical with those of P. elbursi, which was also confirmed by morphological analysis. The hxx2 and Ga1 positions with 7 alleles and Gagt4 with 3 alleles had the highest and lowest allele number among all heterozygote sites, respectively. The results also showed that the populations of this crayfish had a small intrinsic diversity.The observed and expected heterozygosity among the sampling stations at tetrad loci ranged from 0.100 to 0.51 and 0/81. 0.515-0.810, respectively.

Molecular identification methods may be useful for finding the exact lineage of the species and confirming morphological identification methods. In this study, in all samples from all locations and all loci, the observed heterozygosity was lower than the expected heterozygosity.

To determine the nutritional value of giant gourami as a new edible species and compare it with common carp as a common species, fishes were purchased in the same weight range (5±0.27 and 5.02±0.26 g, respectively) and presented to concrete ponds in a monoculture system, two treatments with 3 replicates. Fish were fed with common carp commercial diet of for one year. At the end of experiment, protein and carcass moisture content were significantly higher in common carp, as well as ash and total lipid in giant gourami. Total omega-6 fatty acids were registered higher in common carp than giant gourami fish, significantly. There were no significant difference in total omega-3 fatty acids, levels of high unsaturated fatty acids and EPA and DHA content at two species. ω-3/ω-6 ratio was significantly higher in giant gourami than common carp. In contrast, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to the saturated fatty acids of common carp was more favorable than giant gourami, and the difference was statistically significant. In conclusion, according to the EPA and DHA content in the two tested species, and also the promotion of the ratio ω-3/ω-6 in giant gourami, due to the qualitative features and nutritional value of giant gourami, it can be considered as a valuable farmed fish.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary protein and lipid on the expression of genes involved in immunity (lysozyme and TNF- 1α) and appetite (Ghrelin) in zebrafish, Danio rerio. So that, 9 diets with 3 protein levels (25, 30 and 35%) and 3 lipid levels (4, 8 and 12%) were prepared. One hundred and thirty five fish, 5 in each group, with an average weight of 1.23 ± 0.02 (g) were randomly distributed into 27 aquaria (20-liter) and fed 3 times daily during 4 months. A factorial experimental design was used for this study. The results revealed that the growth parameters (final weight, body weight gain, body weight gain percentage, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio) and expression of immune and appetite genes increased significantly by increasing dietary protein levels in the treatment fed with 35% protein (p<0.05(. Increasing dietary lipid increased lysozyme expression and growth indices in fish fed with 12% lipid compared to other treatments; increased ghrelin gene expression in 12% compared to 4% significantly (p<0.05) and also insignificant increased TNF-1α expression (p>0.05). The combined effects of protein and lipid increased the lysozyme, TNF- 1α and ghrelin gene expression (p<0.05). The highest gene expression among all genes was observed in the diets containing 35% protein and 12% lipid. These findings revealed that dietary protein and lipid can enhance the function of immune system and appetite in zebrafish.