سید احمد فیروزآبادی

Collective conflict in local communities is always an issue that has been the focus of social researchers in our country in recent years. This occurrence poses a threat to the peace, security, and quality of life of the populace, particularly in traditional and tribal communities, where it induces tendencies toward dominance and anxiety. In recent years, it has been increasing in our country and for this reason, many researchers have investigated this phenomenon, the current research was conducted to understand the background, causes, and main factors of conflict formation in Iran.This investigation implemented the meta-synthesis methodology. The demographic of our study 34 articles were chosen in accordance with the criteria, and they were published in scientific journals and theses. We conducted an analysis of the findings of this investigation and identified 10 categories. In order to ensure the quality of our categories, we obtained the approval of an expert and calculated Cohen’s Kappa coefficient.The findings of the research indicate that the studies conducted at the level of description have primarily concentrated on the relationship between background variables and the degree of tendency to conflict. The research conducted at the level of explanation has identified social, cultural, and ecological causes as effective in generating conflict. Some research has attempted to address this phenomenon by proposing solutions such as restorative justice and trust. In the most extensively researched studies, the primary causes of collective conflicts are scarcity, environmental challenges, vertical collectivism, tribalism, and rights and property issues.Its analysis and meta-synthesis demonstrate that the primary causes and factors of collective conflicts in Iranian society have been centered on the three primary axes of tribalism and vertical collectivism, as well as the challenges of rights and property and environmental resources. The conflicts that transpired in the central and arid regions of Iran were primarily precipitated by environmental and resource constraints, while those that transpired in the west and southwest were primarily influenced by tribalism and its repercussions. In the east and south-east, conflicts have been primarily influenced by the experience of conflict, deprivation, and socio-political insecurity. In the northern areas, there have been more causes of inequality and a sense of relative deprivation.

One of the basic policies of the Iranian government in the program of rural development and reducing inequalities between cities and villages is the establishment of industry in villages in the form of creating industrial towns. However, the results of some research show that these towns have not always been a successful model of rural industrialization. For this reason and considering the gap created between the expectations and the existing conditions of the industrial town of Mozaik Sazan (Eshghabad) which is established in the Qale no sector of Rey, it was investigated with a qualitative method. Since the thematic analysis method was considered suitable for conducting this research, 27 informed people were selected and interviewed using theoretical sampling and based on data saturation. According to the results, the positive effects of this settlement on the economic life of the residents, such as the increase in the level of employment, and the increase in the price of land, are quite evident. But the results such as the creation of urban elements and manifestations in the villages, lack of per capita growth, the arrival of national immigrants, the decrease in the level of trust, environmental problems such as water and air pollution, illegal withdrawals from water resources, raw sewage overflowing from the industrial town to the edge of the fields are also among the problems created. The lack of workers' insurance, the lack of job skills in the residents, and the lack of attention to the residents' demands have created a situation for development from top to bottom. But the most important consequence of this issue has been the decline of prosperity of agriculture and animal husbandry in this area, which was once one of the poles of agriculture and animal husbandry in Tehran province.

After the Second World War, as globalization forces increased, the majority of nations attempted to reform their educational systems. With the decline of Keynesian policies at the beginning of the 1970s and the dominance of neoliberal policies at the beginning of the 1980s, however, education, like other social sectors, undergoes profound changes and transformations. In this study, we examined the neoliberal transformations of Iran’s public education following the revolution.The subject of this study was investigated using documentary techniques and in-depth interviews. When documents alone were insufficient to answer the research questions, in-depth interviews with informants and subject matter experts were conducted.The findings indicate that various authorities have authorized a number of authorizations and laws to support neoliberal policies. The government’s role in funding education has diminished over the past few decades, with the proportion of education expenses in the government’s overall expenditures decreasing to 10% in 2018 from 19% in 2018. In addition, the number of non-governmental schools has multiplied 64 times in the last three decades due to the implementation of structural adjustment policies and the passage of the non-profit schools law. Additionally, the presence of numerous schools (up to twenty categories of schools) indicates the implementation of school choice policy. The increasing prevalence of special schools — Shahed schools, board of trustees schools, top students schools, and intelligents schools — has also led to the emergence of a form of privatization that we refer to as “endogenous privatization.”Results indicate that developments inspired by neoliberalism have led to the marketization and privatization of education over the past few decades, resulting in educational inequality, commodification of education, and a decline in education quality.

Today, the world is facing climate change and global warming. Iran is not exempt from this situation and climate change has many negative effects on all its regions. In particular, these changes have led to successive droughts in the last 15 years. In this research, the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of CC on two villages in the eastern Isfahan province and the responses of the local community and government policies in the face of these changes were investigated using Al-Rish Beck’s “The Risky Society” approach. Observational instruments, semi-structured interviews, and group interviews were used to gather information. Through purposive selection, 47 people (32 men and 15 women) were interviewed, including informed organizations, informed locals, and  villagers.  Grounded theory method was used for data analysis.The result of the analysis was the extraction of 215 concepts, which were reduced to 157 after revision. These concepts were then used to form 35 categories, which resulted in the core category of “Intensified Instability.” The results show that climate change, combined with mismanagement of water resources by government organizations and, to a lesser extent, villagers, has led to negative environmental consequences such as degradation of water, air, and soil resources, resulting in a reduction in cultivated land, loss of livelihoods such as livestock, and reduction in cultivated diversity, followed by economic problems such as an increase in poverty. This has led to a decrease in savings and a sense of economic insecurity. These conditions have also led to cultural issues such as a change in villagers’ lifestyles and a reluctance to live in the village and a turn to urban lifestyles. In addition, the drought and its consequences have also affected the physical and mental health of the people in the region, leading to physical illness and mental discomfort. However, there are some differences between the two villages in terms of social consequences. For example, while there has been out-migration in the village in southern Baraan, the village in northern Baraan has not only not out-migrated, but has actually become receptive to immigrants. It can be concluded that the location of the village and the spirit of participation are the reasons for these differences. The village in North Braan, which has a more favorable climate, has become the residence of the rich people of Isfahan city, and service sector jobs have been created in the village, which has prevented the villagers from migrating. Moreover, the spirit of participation in the management of water resources has been shown in this village.

Teenage marriage is an important and key determinant of high school dropout of girls. This article using quantitative and qualitative data, explores the drivers and reasons for girls drop out of school, with an emphasis on the role of early marriage. In the quantitative section, the secondary analysis of the micro-census data for 2016 and in the qualitative part, in-depth interview and ethnographic approach in Shahnabad region of Lorestan province have been used. The results showed that the prevalence of school dropout among 15-17-year-old girls in rural areas is about three times that of urban areas. A large part of rural-urban differences in girls drop out of school is due to the higher prevalence of teenage marriage in rural areas. Logistic regression analysis showed that married girls are more likely to drop out of school than never-married girls. The results of the qualitative data also showed several factors such as family factors (escape from a disordered family, parents' addiction, parents' lack of attention to girls' education and parents' authority and strictness), economic (poverty and deprivation), social (fear of remaining single, peer influence and gender inequality) and cultural (preserving reputation, escape from social pressures and lack of access to educational centers) are important drivers of teenage marriage and school dropout of rural girls.

The aim of this study was to explain the pattern of rural to urban conversion with emphasis on the right to rural settlements in the city of Qale Now. To select the research sample population, non-probability sampling methods based on purpose and theoretical sampling have been used. Interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation (20 people). MAXQDA software was used to analyze the data. In this way, those categories that are closely related to each other were placed in a main category. As a result of data coding and compression of 25 concepts in open coding, 5 main categories were obtained in axial coding. Negative consequences of social and identity structure, the most important goals of rural-urban transformation, changes made after urbanization, realization of the right to living space and governing mechanisms in rural-urban transformation are the main and pivotal categories on which the data theory is based.

Due to the complexity of studing the emotions and feelings of immigrants, the migration process and resulting emotions have been understudied. This is a qualitative study and the content analysis method has been used. Interviews with 65 participants continued until the conceptual saturation. Participants were selected from psychology clinics in 5 districts of Tehran using purposeful sampling Participants were selected from first- and second-generation immigrants aged 25 to 45 years. The results showed that immigrants' failure experiences were associated with the consequences such as decreased social participation, feelings of discrimination and rejection, feelings of helplessness, stress, decreased sense of belonging, and social isolation. The exclusion and erosion of immigrants' social capital creates a sense of alienation, distancing, fear, and an inability to integrate socially. Finally, the results of this study showed that immigrants use strategies such as distancing, forced tolerance, re-migration to protect themselves from feeling defeated.

The main of this study was to investigate the reasons, aspects, and consequences of gypsy’s women’s exclusion in the "Cheshmeh Kaboud” in Ilam County. This research is based on qualitative methods (ethnography). Data collected through participatory observation and interview. In addition, data analyzed using thematic analysis method. We are sampling from12 native women (recourse of exclusion) and18gypsies women (Target of exclusion). The results have shown that native women’s exclude gypsies women because of these reasons: stereotypical beliefs, lack following sanitary rules, the behavior of gypsies child in school, a common sight in the community, violence among gypsies. Inattention to religious values. Inattention to native cultural values. Gypsies have believed that the most important reasons for their exclusion are these: Special events, Effect of technology on their life, stigmatization, gender stereotypes. The aspects of gypsies’ women’s exclusion in this research are the exclusion of facilities, institutional distrust, exclusion of social relevancies, and exclusion of protection. The consequences of this problem are financial deprivation, informational deprivation, celibacy of gypsy’s girls. The gypsy’s women made some strategies against social exclusion: mutual reaction, choosing the name, seclusion, resistance against natives, special lifestyle, hiding identity, transition of making tools.

The main purpose of this research is sociological study of community-based development plans in order to understand their attributes and requirements. The methodology is qualitative and based on grounded theory that its process has been done in three stages of coding including: open, axial and selective coding. In this regard, using purposive sampling and applying the theoretical saturation criterion, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 people, including: Palangan local community members, fish breeders, local informants and employees of institutions related to the fish farming project. The results of data analysis during the three stages of coding indicate the identification of 305 concepts, which with further refinement and elimination of duplicates, finally 276 concepts were created and in the axial coding stage, were classified into 43 categories. These categories in the present study in the form of a paradigm model include: causal conditions(natural and cultural potentials), central category(formation of community-based development), underlying conditions(local community of Palangan, extent, intensity and time period), intervening factors (Educational factors, government factors, institutional factors, economic factors and geographical factors), strategies(economic, policy, research, educational, extension, regulatory, managerial, supportive, health, social and cultural), and consequences(tourism boom, increase the spirit of tolerance, modeling the behavior of tourists, new jobs, rising housing prices, increasing pollution, lifestyle changes, changing consumption styles, social dynamism, reviving some traditions, reducing the desire for traditional jobs, social harms, relative income improvement, Horticulture development and the formation of conflicts of interest) was presented, and in the selective coding stage, with the narrative story, the central category was linked to other categories and the pattern of community-based development emerged.

The feeling of defeat has been mostly analyzed as a clinical and psychological phenomenon; however it seems that the social aspects are of high importance. To understand the phenomenon of "exclusion", an interview was conducted with people with the feeling of defeat – considering three criteria: authority’s claims, psychologist diagnosis, and the feeling of defeat test- continued to reach theoretical saturation in 65 individuals. The study subjects were chosen from psychological clinics in five different regions in Tehran which are the following: the center of district 6, the west in the district 8, the north in the district1, the west in district 5 and the south in district 18, and the quota sampling was implemented purposefully. Participants were chosen among individuals from 25 to 45 years old in two groups. The first or second generation of migrants from villages to Tehran metropolis, the second those who were born and are living in Tehran now. To this aim, semi-structured interviews for data collection and thematic analysis for data analysis were conducted.The findings suggest that the experience of defeat could cause experience of discrimination, exclusion, and the decline in social participation in individuals and consequently result in the feeling of despair, anxiety, social isolation, and lack of sense of belonging. "Exclusion" and erosion of social capital lead to being someone else, distancing, the fear, and lack of power for social integration. The migrants (as excluded group) suffer from social confusion, the sense of meaninglessness, being powerless, loneliness, and isolation. The feeling of freedom alongside discrimination, the tendency for reverse migration, immigration, traumas, mistrust, disappointment, and shame are the consequences of being excluded among the group of migrants.

This study focuses on the Impact of the commercialization policy of the West border provinces of Iran on the youth educational inhabitants using grounded theory approach. Hence, using group and individual semi-structured interview techniques, observation and documentation, data collected based on the grounded theory, processes, interactions and consequences of the market hegemony on the youth educational achievements have been analyzed. Through theoretical and purposive sampling, with 3 different groups of merchants (n= 13), teachers (n= 14) and students (8 groups and 7 people), the individual and group interviews have been conducted. The collected data have been classified into three main groups, 265 concepts and 54 categories. Then categories arising from the perspective of each group of participants were re-combined, and a higher level of abstraction achieved. Finally, all major categories, in 13 main categories classified again and the final core categories were coded and analyzed. Results show that, chronic poverty, environmental and industrial constraints and inefficiency of higher education as causal conditions, mental image of important others, and money are the most meaningful objectivity, cultural-educational weaknesses at the local level as intervening conditions in the hegemony of money and economism are influential factors in life. Young people encounter such a situation -the strategies of economic agency, actions of earning financial status- have adopted. This hegemony had cultural consequences such as worthlessness of education, cultural change of educational status and dropout.

The issue of informal settlement management has been mentioned in the country's development document as a development issue. Various approaches have been taken to manage this phenomenon in the world that the empowerment approach is one of the latest. This approach has been experienced in Iran since the late 1370s, but assessments show that the expected results were not achieved. This result raised the question for the present study whether the empowerment approach was effective in organizing informal settlements? In this study, an attempt was made to answer this question based on the opinions of experts. This research is a qualitative study and follows the method of GroundedTheory. Preliminary findings show that in order to identify the role of the empowerment approach, the roots of the problem must first be identified. As the questions and study process became more precise, the concept of migration was used as a central phenomenon and the basis for the development of the research model. Findings show that the roots of informal settlement can be traced to micro, intermediate and macro levels. Therefore, problem management strategies must be seen simultaneously at different levels. Separation of macro-origin, intermediate-destination and micro-destination strategies has been one of the research findings. The research confirmed that the empowerment approach is useful for dealing with the informal settlement phenomenon, which is applicable at the micro-destination level.

The present study aims to identify and analyze the economic and cultural consequences of the petrochemical industry in Mahabad. The main question of the research is, how the industrial development policy in Mahabad influenced the economy and culture of local communities? The research method is qualitative and thematic analysis is used to analyze and interpret the data. Data were collected using semi-structured interview and observation techniques and theoretical sampling method was used to answer the research aims, so that 21 of the key informants directly exposed to the phenomenon were interviewed. All interviews analyzed in two stages of open (primary and focused) and axial coding. In the economic sphere, there are 36 initial concepts in the subcategory of 12 major categories (economic inequality, income reduction, land ownership change, non-use of local workforces, livelihood challenge, unknown and unpredictable of petrochemical for people, disproportionate change in local people’s livelihood, work rent in petrochemicals, Lack of profit for local peoples, Gender discrimination in employing, Increasing incomes, experience and skills of some people). In the cultural sphere, the first 20 concepts were filed in six major categories (cultural heterogeneity, inactivity of petrochemicals in the cultural sphere, the lack of appropriate infrastructures for petrochemical, changes in people's cultural morale, familiarity with new cultures, cultural inspiration). The results show that the effects in the economic sphere have isolated, even in some cases, local people in the field of employment and labor power, rather than helping people livelihoods.

In the last decade, border trade in the Baneh has had different consequences which has been unprecedented in the history of this city. The purpose of the present research is to understand the meaning system of individuals and their interpretation of value development in Baneh. The grounded theory approach has been used to achieve the research objectives. The information was collected using a deep interview technique. Through purposive sampling, two different groups of people, namely, marketers and educators, were selected. The three main coding stages were implemented separately for both groups, reaching to 18 categories. These categories include: historical poverty and difficulty of subsistence, improvement of the lives of marketers, the high efficiency of economic participation, the weakness of the industry sector, the inefficiency of agriculture and horticulture, the prosperity of the market and the border trade, the devaluation of high education, economic activism, marketization, leaving formal education, the dominance of money, comfort-seeking, autonomy, the value of material identity, material dignity, low quality of education and its frustration, and the degradation of the status of clergies and teachers. The aforementioned categories were formulated in the paradigmatic model/ grounded theory of perceived value developments.

The present study was conducted to compare effects of social entrepreneurship orientation with charitable orientation on various aspects of poverty including income poverty, social exclusion, ability poverty, vulnerability and inter-generational poverty. In this research, service recipients of social entrepreneurship institutes were compared with clients of charity organizations. Questionnaire survey containing 91 questions is selected as a data collection method. The “Living Standards” Questionnaire was used to measure different dimensions of poverty. Cronbach's alpha of all questionnaire subscales was higher than 0.7. The questionnaires were given to 143 service recipients of seven institutes with a social entrepreneurship orientation and 156 service recipients of eight charity institutions in Mashhad. The research findings reveal that service recipients of social entrepreneurship institutions had a significantly better situation than charity clients in different dimensions of poverty (needs of life poverty, health poverty, residence poverty, absolute poverty, relative poverty, inter-generational poverty, vulnerability, social exclusion and ability poverty. Social entrepreneurship reduces inter-generational poverty as well as breaks the cycle of poverty. Results indicate that employment regardless of the economic aspect (the improvement of individual welfare or household income), socially extends individual circle of inclusion circle as well as reduces the risk of isolation and social exclusion.

This paper is to analyze the semantic understanding of structures affecting the quality of life of the residents of Oraman Lahon from the social interpretivism point of view. The scope of research is Oraman Lahon in Kermanshah. This study is qualitative. In order for data production, four methods were used including free observation, participant observation, deep interview, and group discussion. To analyze the data, the interpretational content analysis method in general practice was employed. Overall, the data was coded and analyzed in the form of 81 basic concepts, 8 major concepts, and a core coding, i.e. economic, social, cultural, and political subsystems. The core concept was the quality of life, around which other categories formed. These categories represent structures that affect the quality of life among social actors. Findings indicated that the structures affecting the quality of resident's life are multidimensional and complex, affected by components i.e. time and place, and external and internal factors. Therefore, different individuals perceive its meaning differently. The indicators of life quality in the region of Oraman Lahon are social constructions that focus on people's lives in Oraman area. Yet, it is the residents who can accurately judge and evaluate the changes of their life, and its factors. Another point is that the number of aspects these factors study is not so important. What is crucial is that in order for explaining the factors of the quality of life, the proposed model should have a multidimensional frame, in which it is considered that what people may consider in order to determine the changes of their quality of life.

Nowadays, social entrepreneurship in the form of different organizational structures (profit, non-profit, or combination, charities, cooperatives, joint-stock companies, businesses, unions creates social value. According to the expanding role of cooperatives and increasing the number of women as their member, the question arises whether rural women's cooperatives in Iran, considering they are a combination of both private and public sectors, can be a platform for social entrepreneurship? To answer this question, we have analyzed eight interviews rural women as members of a rural women's cooperative as well as the text of law about cooperative companies. Moreover, we have applied grounded theory as our method and the MAX QDA as a software for analyzing qualitative data. As the results show, 438 semantic terms were extracted and categorized into 5 categories of clusters, 16 main themes, and 42 sub themes. During the establishment of a cooperative in 2011, there have been applied two kinds of capital-financial facilities, human capital and knowledge. The nature of the created business in the cooperative has addressed rural women as the community and their problems as social problems. Analyzing the social problems shows: this cooperative has firstly intended to create job for the entrepreneur and, secondly to solve the local economic problems of women especially as the head of the household. The Entrepreneurship Environment in the rural women's cooperatives (Mehr Afarin Eram) consists of the four main factors: entrepreneurs, rural women as local community, special contexts like social, cultural, economic and legal contexts, as well as obstacles against cooperatives. Strategies of this cooperatives are formed from current strategies like training part, human resource management, financial, production and sales as well as developmental strategies in the future. Additionally, the achievements and outcomes of this cooperatives shows Mehr Afarin Eram can to empower women, create objective and subjective values and achieves financial success.

Today, the accumulation and disposal of household waste in urban and rural areas of the country is a major contributing factor to pollution of water, soil and air, and the food chain, as well as the occurrence of various diseases. However, using bio-processing methods, it can be converted into valuable biomaterials that, while protecting environmental resources, generate revenue. The present paper addresses various aspects of contamination caused by the accumulation and unprocessed disposal of urban and rural waste in Iran, and attempt to demonstrate the feasibility of converting household waste to bio organic fertilizers by these methods. The basis is the rural women's education in vermitechnology. This affordable and very low-cost way of eliminating, reduce the crisis in rural areas. In fact, this process is use of the amazing features of earthworms and coexistence microbes, which along that, degradable waste decomposes and forms a variety of the best bioorganic fertilizers. The use of these fertilizers, in addition to solving problems such as the poor organic matter of soil and pollution of soil and water resources to the remains of the chemical fertilizers, increases the efficiency of irrigation, and also because of their replacement with chemical fertilizers, has increased the capacity to produce organic and healthy products, which will increase farmers' incomes and reduce the cost of disease in the country.

In this article, we tried to measure the quality  of life in the new city of Baharestan, with an emphasis on the gender variable )comparing the women and men’s quality of life(. The quality of life in the cities of Europe questionnaire has  been used to measure the quality of life, which is designed by the Department of Urban and Regional Policy of the European Commission, the European Union. The questionnaire is based on  components of “people’s satisfaction whit living  in their city“, ”people’s views about their city“, “people’s satisfaction whit living in their city in  relation whit environment” and “people’s satisfaction whit personal situation”. In this paper, the  survey method has been used. The statistical  population of this study is the total number of  men and women aged 18-65 that living in four phases of Baharestan in 1396. Multistage cluster sampling with sample size 1000 people was obtained by Cochran formula. Results show that the quality of life score in the new city of Baharestan )0-100( is 43.6. Among the components of quality of life, “people’s satisfaction whit living  in their city in relation whit environment” with  a score of 53.6 has a better status than other  components. Other components of the quality of life were: “people’s satisfaction whit living in  their city“ )35.2 score(, ”people’s views about their city” (33.6 score), and “people’s satisfaction  whit personal situation” with a score of 51.9.  Score of quality of life is 43.2 in men and 44.1 in women. Therefore, in this study, according to quality of life score and T-test results, there is no significant difference in the quality of life from  the views of responsive women and men in the new city of Baharestan.

The present study seeks to analyze the environmental and social consequences of the entry of petrochemical industry into local communities of around the Mahabad Petrochemicals Project. The used method is qualitative and the technique of information analysis is narrative thematic analysis. Data were collected using narrative interviews and the theoretical sampling method used to answer the research objectives, so 21 interviews with people who had lived experience with the project, executed. Interviews have been analyzed in two stages: Open (Primary and Focused) and Axial coding. The main themes from interviews in the social dimension are 34 original concepts under 9 main categories (decrease in local community cohesion, social divergence, decrease in social security, top-down development, lack of transparency and civil rights violations, decrease in mental vivacity of indigenous people, alienation with project, stimulating dissatisfaction of the people and the material benefit of some people). In the environmental dimension, 21 primary concepts under the 7 main categories (air pollution, pollution of land and products, reduced water resources, environmental breaking the law by petrochemical project, optical pollution, respiratory troubles and concerned about the future of the environment

It is more than a century that Iranian society has undergone socioeconomic changes same as all around the world. These changes have been on the path of development and modernization and have rapidly altered traditional institution including family. A sign of these changes is the increased in number of female-headed households; which, according to the reports of the Statistical Center of Iran, has increased by 72% in the past 15 years. Referring to the growing trend in the number of female-headed households who are considers as the poorest poor group in the societies, every state including Iran, has its own program for supporting them. The purpose of this research is to study social policy regarding female-headed household by reviewing the relevant written laws in the country. The findings show that Iranian laws are mostly socio-democratic in the domain of constitutional laws, traditional and idealistic in the realm of civil laws, and somehow liberal and market-oriented in the domain of social laws. In accordance with global evolution in recent decades, development plans in Iran have shifted from supportive policy to empowerment discourse. Results show a contradiction between laws and plans for female-headed household in Iran. It means that, as the major role of women in Iran is to be a wife/mother; if male heads of households suddenly disappear, based on empowerment policy, women are expected to leave the house for work. It means they have to keep their previous roles besides new one.

The industrialization of the villages is widely recognized as a dynamic lever for rural development. Creating jobs, diversifying the rural economy, and reducing socioeconomic inequalities are the primary goals of industrialization of the countryside. Most research studies on the effects of rural industrialization have two main features: first, quantitative feature, and second, checking the economic effects (employment and income). Besides assessing the economic and environmental impacts of industry in the countryside, other effects, especially social impacts, should be evaluated in the short- and long-run. Therefore, in the present study, the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of petrochemical industry development in Imamzade Ebrahim and Saeedabad villages have been studied by qualitative method. This is an applied research. We used individual interviewing techniques, focused group discussion, and field observation for data collection. Also the obtained data were analyzed by thematic analysis method. Based on the research findings, introducing industries into the rural areas has led to positive effects such as low unemployment for rural residents, rising incomes of the villagers employed in the petrochemical industry, and the beneficial effects for some locals directly and indirectly. In addition to the above outcomes, some adverse effects are seen in villages such as the negative attitude of the local people toward introduction and establishment of new industries, displacement of native people due to the residence of some non-industrial workers in the region, the emergence of new sociocultural issues due to the presence of new people in the area, development of environmental problems, and the rural youth's reluctance to engage in traditional activities.

One of the very important aspects of rural deprivation is social exclusion. Social exclusion generates insecurity and vulnerability in personal life. This study aimed to investigate the social exclusion of rural women living in Chamran, a village located in Nobaran district in Saveh. The study was conducted using a qualitative method with data collecting from group interview, individual interview, social mapping, the preparation of parent table and non-participatory observation. The data was analyzed by thematic analysis. Based on the findings of the present study, rural women exclude from social activities, either compulsorily or voluntarily. "Low income", "divorce", "deviant behaviors (robbery)", "staying single into old age" are the reasons behind the compulsory exclusion of rural women. "Disease and disability", "shyness" and "self-immolation" made these women face social exclusion voluntarily. Backbiting, lack of companionship, contempt, ridicule and sarcasm, notoriety, dishonor and disgrace, shame, desire for loneliness and being sensitive to other's behavior are the mechanisms of social exclusion by society or people which lead them to further social exclusion and cause a variety of consequences in social relationships and personal feelings.

Social capital is a contextual concept and religion is one of the most important factors in its investigation. This research tries to provide a picture of social capital in the Islamic society of Iran. The first step towards shaping a framework for the concept is finding an answer to these questions: What is the core of social capital? What is the motivation of the actor to do activities in networks? What are the components (sources) of social capital? In adapting the above framework in the context of Iran, two historical and contemporary aspects are considered. Investigating the social structure of Iran showed that the structural social capital is very weak due to the limited and trivial presence and impact of formal group and networks. The teachings of Islam on the one hand promote and strengthen the sources of social capital and on the other hand approve and recommend its cognitive elements. Contrary to the west, social capital in Iran had been rich and powerful in cognitive terms, and provides the incentives for growth and prosperity. This conclusion also makes it possible to determine the components and techniques of emergence of social capital in the context of Iran.