سید محسن حسینی

Beech forests, spanning from Europe’s largest woodlands to the mountainous regions of southern Europe and the Caspian Sea coasts, provide a crucial habitat for the Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), the dominant species in these ecosystems. These forests play a vital role in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. Predicting the impacts of climate change on ecosystems and species is a fundamental objective of ecological research. Understanding how climate influences plant distribution is essential for sustainable forest management. Species Distribution Models (SDMs) are powerful tools for identifying suitable habitats and informing conservation strategies in response to climate change. This study assessed the distribution of Oriental beech in the Hyrcanian forests under present and future climate conditions using multiple modeling algorithms, including Artificial Neural Networks, Generalized Linear Models, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, Maximum Entropy, and Random Forest. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used to generate slope, aspect, and elevation layers, while 19 bioclimatic variables with a spatial resolution of one kilometer were obtained from the CHELSA database. A total of 1,068 occurrence points, each spaced at least one kilometer apart, were used as the dependent variable. Eight physiographic and bioclimatic variables, selected through Pearson correlation analysis (|r| < 0.8), served as independent variables. Models were trained on 75% of the data and evaluated with the remaining 25% using performance metrics such as the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and the True Skill Statistic (TSS). All individual models successfully identified the distribution range of Oriental beech, with the ensemble model and Random Forest performing the best. The ensemble approach reduced prediction uncertainty. Variable importance analysis revealed that elevation, seasonal temperature variation, and slope were the most influential factors, with elevation alone explaining approximately 40% of the variation. In contrast, isothermality had the least impact. The species was primarily distributed from Astara to Gorgan, with a higher probability of occurrence in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces compared to Golestan. According to the ensemble model, 31.05% of the study area (6,030.6 km²) was classified as suitable habitat, though this is projected to decline under future climate scenarios. Response curves indicated that optimal conditions included elevations of 1,300–2,000 meters and slopes of approximately 30%. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, habitat loss was more pronounced than under SSP1-2.6, with greater reductions projected for 2071–2100 compared to 2041–2070. Based on the GFDL-ESM4 model, Oriental beech distribution is expected to decline by 7.65% under the optimistic scenario (2041–2070) and by 34.8% under the pessimistic scenario (2071–2100). The ensemble model provided a more precise prediction of species distribution by integrating common patterns across multiple models. Given the high accuracy of the models used, these approaches offer valuable insights into the potential effects of climate change on the distribution of Oriental beech in the Hyrcanian forests. The findings provide a scientific foundation for developing conservation strategies, implementing sustainable management practices, and guiding habitat restoration efforts.

Today, liberal democracy has faced challenges including populism. As a populist person or party comes to power, a populist foreign policy with special characteristics in any country, including the United States, emerges. Within this context, Trump had deep impact on the country's foreign policy with his populist slogan, like "America First", his nationalist populism approach, and a conflict between the structure and the agent arose. From this perspective, the main question of this research is how Trump made the American establishment as the Other for its populist foreign policy. The hypothesis of this research is that Trump made the establishment as a major Other to his populist foreign policy through the creation of a bipolar atmosphere and confrontation between the structure and the agent, and the unfavorable conditions of the structure and the existing status of the liberal international order. The paper explains how Trump made the establishment as a sublime Other of his foreign policy by using the paradigm of neoclassical realism, the process tracing method, and by referring to sources and written documents about populism and American foreign policy in the Trump era.

Atopic dermatitis is a common disease in infants and children which is chatacterized with pruritus and skin lesions and is known to be chronic and recurrent. Since the side effects caused by common treatments (topical corticosteroids) may cause a limitation to their long-term use, the need for alternative treatments is mandatory. Considering the anti-inflammatory effects, immune system, and sleep-regulating properties of melatonin, this study compared the effects of topical betamethasone alone with topical betamethasone combined with oral melatonin in the atopic treatment dermatitis.

This clinical trial was carried out on 50 patients with atopic dermatitis. Participants were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. The control group received betamethasone, and the intervention group, in addition to betamethasone, received 3 mg melatonin tablets for 12 weeks. The disease status of participants was also assessed using the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) scale.

Both treatment groups showed significant changes in SCORAD score, affected area, disease intensity, and reported symptoms like insomnia and itching. So, the SCORAD index in the intervention and control groups decreased on average by 29.44 ± 14.09 and 33.56 ± 16.08, respectively, at the end of the treatment. But, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in these changes. Additionally, no specific treatment-related side effects also were reported during this study.

Although both treatment regimens resulted in significant improvement in the condition of atopic dermatitis, this study found no significant difference in the effectiveness of the two treatment regimens, suggesting the need for further investigation into alternative topical corticosteroid therapies to provide similar efficacy with reduced side effects.

Road construction projects involve among projects with a broad ranges of wide range of positive and negative effects on the economy, society and the environment leave. Environmental Impact Assessment is one of the ways to achieve positive and negative results from such projects. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and present environmental strategies in relation to forest roads of district 1 and 2 of Lavij forestry project located in Mazandaran province.

In this study, SWOT method was used to environmental impact assessment the before, during and after of the forest roads construction. For this purpose, a questionnaire was prepared based on internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats). The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by professors and experts in the relevant field and was filled by 15 experts in the field of forestry and forest engineering to obtain appropriate results.

The results of research showed that the invasive strategy is the best possible strategy for environmental management of the region in all three stages. In addition, for the environmental management of the region, three strategies: diversifying the plant and animal species and tourist attractions, creating employment for local communities and increasing the income of forest dwellers and neighboring communities, and finally providing healthy and active life for local communities as the most important strategies in these three phases were introduced.

The present study, taking into account the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the region, tried to present strategies that best turn weaknesses into strengths and threats into opportunities, which will be possible by providing invasive strategy. Also in this study it was found that the forest roads construction have a significant impact on the economy and social of local communities so that Creating employment, increasing income, development infrastructures, improve education, enhancement participation, prevent migration and raise awareness of local communities, including the positive effects of forest roads construction.

Considering the impact of different forest management methods on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of deadwood is of great importance in the protection and functioning of forest ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to compare the quantitative (number and volume) and qualitative (species, types, degree of decay, and diameter classes) characteristics of deadwoods in two managed forest and intact beech-hornbeam forest in Kelardasht region, north of Iran.

In this research, in both forests, using full inventories after complete identification of deadwoods (with a diameter >7.5 cm), the diameter and length of snags, logs and stumps were recorded by species and the volume of each was calculated according to the respective equations. In addition, the number and volume of deadwoods were recorded based on the diameter classes and the degree of decay in two forests.

The number of deadwoods in the intact and managed forests was 2.60 and 1.85, respectively, and their volume was 13.49 and 6.59 m3/ha, respectively. In both forests, more than 80% of the number and volume of deadwoods were allocated to beech and hornbeam. Also, the highest frequency (76.92% to 81.08%) and volume (79.94% to 85.92%) were recorded for logs, but snags and stumps were in the next ranks. The highest number of deadwoods in the intact forest (36.54%) belonged to deadwoods with a diameter of 50 to 75 cm and in the managed forest (30.11%) to deadwoods with a diameter of 35 to 50 cm. This is despite the fact that in both forests, deadwoods >75 cm had the highest volume. The highest number and volume in the intact forest was assigned to the deadwoods with decay grade 4 and in the managed forest with decay grade 3 and 2, respectively.

In general, forest management reduced the number and volume of deadwoods and affected the distribution of them in classes and degrees of decay. In fact, considering the importance of deadwoods in ecosystem sustainability, in the case of implementation of exploitation and management plans with the objectives of forest training, it is necessary for the designers and forest experts to distribute the deadwoods properly (with emphasis on the shapes, diameter classes and degrees of decay) in a forest.

When evaluating the sustainability of any subject, appropriate indicators must be selected and utilized. The functions and services of forest ecosystems serve as indicators of their capacity and effectiveness. Therefore, to align with fundamental policies regarding forest resources and to facilitate planning, decision-making, and success in this field, it is crucial to fully understand these capacities and effective indicators. This research aims to identify, weight, and prioritize the functions of Hyrcanian forests in Iran based on the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) method.

In this study, the functions, goods, and services of forest ecosystems were first extracted using the CICES method, which is recognized as one of the most comprehensive classification systems for ecosystem functions and services. Subsequently, the functions, goods, and services of Hyrcanian forests were identified through the Delphi method, incorporating insights from experts and specialists. Data were collected via field surveys, random sampling, questionnaires, and face-to-face interviews. The Delphi group comprised 50 experts in forest sciences with a minimum of five years of relevant experience who provided their opinions on the identification of functions, goods, and services related to Hyrcanian forest ecosystems. After preparing the questionnaire, respondents rated their answers using a five-point Likert scale. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which yielded a value of α = 0.97, confirming its reliability. Following the completion of the questionnaires by experts, multi-criteria decision-making methods were employed to determine the weight of the functions, goods, and services of Hyrcanian forests. These methods included Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) for calculating function weights and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS), and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for prioritization.

Analysis of the questionnaire findings using the CICES method identified three functions and twenty services for the Hyrcanian forest ecosystem. Weighting results from the SWARA technique indicated that climate regulation, biodiversity, and genetic resources received the highest weights among the evaluated services. Additionally, the final weights derived from implementing gradual weighting evaluation techniques revealed that the regulating function (0.505) had the highest weight among all functions, followed by provisioning (0.248) and cultural (0.246) functions in subsequent priority order. Comparisons of prioritization among ARAS, TOPSIS, and SAW models showed similar results regarding function prioritization; however, the ARAS model exhibited a steeper slope in relative closeness to one compared to the other two models from various perspectives. Based on this finding and expert consensus, prioritization using the ARAS model was deemed more reflective of reality. Thus, the ARAS model is proposed as a suitable approach for prioritizing the functions, services, and goods of the Hyrcanian forest ecosystem.

According to results from the ARAS model, climate regulation, biodiversity, genetic resources, habitat services, and water cycle services rank as the first through fifth priority services within Hyrcanian forest ecosystems. Given the significance of regulating functions in these ecosystems and their beneficiaries, it is recommended that relevant organizations engage in more effective planning and management to ensure their protection and sustainability for present and future generations. Furthermore, maintaining ecosystem integrity is essential for promoting sustainable development while safeguarding environmental health.

This paper focuses on the simulation and exergy analysis of flare gas recovery systems and their consuming resources in a gas processing plant, with the aim of minimizing environmental pollution and maximizing energy utilization. During the extraction and processing of oil and gas, significant amounts of unused gases are typically directed to flares, resulting in both environmental pollution and economic waste. Through simulation, it has been determined that approximately 28,700 kg/hour of flare gases can be recovered from the refinery’s flare network, operating at a pressure of 9 bar and a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. To optimize the consumption of the recovered gases, exergy analysis has been conducted for different consumption scenarios. Two distinct scenarios for the consumption of flare gases are presented. In the first scenario, the recovered gases are compressed to a pressure of 70 bar and injected into the gas sweetening unit of the refinery. Moreover, the calculated exergy efficiency for this scenario is 69%. In the second scenario, the recovered gases are directed to the compressors available in the gas condensate unit. The calculated exergy efficiency for this scenario exceeds 78%. Ultimatly, based on the simulation and exergy analysis results, it is concluded that injecting the recovered flare gases into the compressors of the gas condensate stabilization unit offers the most optimal utilization of the recovered gases. This finding highlights the potential for reducing environmental pollution, minimizing waste, and maximizing the economic resources available in the gas processing plant.

Forests are one of the complex ecosystems of natural resources with an important role in the environment and multiple production capacities and functions. The benefit of different human societies from these resources in various forms has various effects and consequences. Without accurate and complete identification of all its stakeholders, logical and acceptable results cannot be achieved in decision-making and policy-making. Therefore, it is essential to fully understand the stakeholders (actors) and their identification criteria in line with basic policies for planning, decision-making, and success in this field. Because decision-making in the management of forest resources always faces challenges and is often associated with complexity, immutability, and uncertainty due to the multi-purpose nature of the benefits and services of these resources, the difficulty of monetary valuation of ecological services, and the great diversity of the stakeholders of their services. Therefore, the stakeholders in the fields of natural resources and forests are considered vital components, and their presence and activity in these fields are undeniable and provide a guarantee of success in cooperative management for the protection of forests. The advancement of the sustainable management goals of natural resources and forests is realized by identifying an active presence of key actors and the most important and effective groups involved, i.e. forest producers and users, along with other identified stakeholders. The primary purpose of identifying those involved is the names of all those who can and should have a role in the planning and management process, and their identification is an important part of the participatory planning process because it is considered a part of the prerequisite for participation. Therefore, identifying and determining the stakeholders make it possible to take advantage of their cooperation in a planned way in the implementation and management of forestry projects and to facilitate the implementation process of the programs.

To identify, weight, and prioritize the stakeholders involved in the Hyrcanian forest ecosystem services using multi-criteria decision-making models, the stakeholders involved in the Hyrcanian forest ecosystem services were first identified and gathered based on the review of various studies. Then, the research questionnaire was designed to answer two important questions in this study: a) who are the people involved in Hyrcanian forest areas? and b) what is their priority? Therefore, the beneficiaries of the economy of Hyrcanian forests were identified by designing a questionnaire scored with a Likert scale, designing items with five priority options, and determining the individuals or groups of stakeholders. In this research, the opinions of 50 experts, academics, and experts of the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization at the provincial and regional levels were used to identify the beneficiaries of the ecosystem services of Hyrcanian forests. The questionnaire was validated and confirmed by experts, and its reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha statistic of α = 0.97. The stakeholders of the forest ecosystem services were weighted  with the Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method, the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), and Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS), and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used to prioritize them.

By analyzing the findings of the questionnaire using experts' opinions, the Hyrcanian forest ecosystem goods and services stakeholders were identified in 19 groups and five levels, such as international, national, regional, stakeholders outside the forest, and stakeholders inside the forest. Based on the results of the weighting of the stakeholders using the SWARA technique, the forest dwellers and communities downstream of the forest edge are among the most important Hyrcanian forest ecosystem goods and services stakeholders with the highest weight, and other stakeholders were placed in the next priorities based on the received weight. The prioritization of the stakeholders of the goods and services of the Hyrcanian forest ecosystem in the TOPSIS, ARAS, and SAW models showed similar results in terms of the prioritization of the stakeholders of the surveyed services.

The results of stakeholder prioritization models were compared using the slope of the service weight curve (R2) in three models. The slope of the relative closeness curve of the weights in the ARAS model was a descending exponential function with an explanatory degree of 0.93, which indicated an obvious difference between the stakeholders of Hyrcanian forest ecosystem services. The slope of the curve of the relative closeness of the weights is higher and closer to one in the ARAS model than in the other two models from different points of view. Based on this result and the consensus of some experts, the prioritization of stakeholders in the ARAS model is closer to reality. Therefore, the ARAS model was proposed as a suitable model for prioritizing the stakeholders of Hyrcanian forest ecosystem services. According to the results of this model, forest dwellers, downstream communities on the edge of the forest, and the off-site users of the forests are considered the major stakeholders of Hyrcanian forest services. Therefore, the role, presence, and influence of these stakeholders cannot be ignored in the management of natural resources and the environment, especially in forestry projects, and it is recommended to optimally use the presence of these communities in cooperative forest management. Furthermore, the human relationship with the natural ecosystem should be at the top of policies and comprehensive management of forest resources. It is necessary to support wood planting projects through subsidy policies and to grant facilities and low-interest loans to forest dwellers and communities downstream of the forest edge. Other necessary measures include efforts to reduce deprivations and increase the socioeconomic development of the villages on the edge of the forest, holding training entrepreneurship courses and classes, introducing handicrafts and non-wood products, identifying target markets, and strengthening the marketing network for the export of non-wood products to increase the share of the forest in the growth and economic development of rural communities on the edge of the forest. Employment programs should also be developed for local communities in the forest protection sectors.

The various perspectives on religious science indicate a variety of intellectual approaches in this field. Ayatollah Javadi Amoli’s theory of religious science, one of the prominent theories on this science, has garnered significant attention among scholars. Institutionalizing this theory could lead to a substantial transformation all over the world. This study examines the challenges and functions of his theory on religious science. The findings reveal challenges such as the confrontation with atheistic science, the conflict between intellect and revelation, the institutionalization of nature instead of creation, the potential conflict between the results and products of empirical knowledge and religious science, the establishment of identity-erasing Western science, the challenge of the confrontation between revelation and intellect, and the presence of Qarun-like thinking among scientists as the main obstacles to the realization of religious science. These challenges require independent research; however, this study merely explains the challenges and provides a brief response to them. Additionally, the functions of this theory include a maximalist approach to religion, the unity of science and religion, the comprehensiveness of epistemic sources, human perfection, attainment of pure life, the unity of Islamic seminary (Hawza) and university, the synergy of reason and revelation, acceleration in civilization-building, access to a source beyond reason, and resolving the conflict between science and religion. These functions pave the way for transformation in Islamic civilization and provide a platform for interaction among various fields of knowledge. This study emphasizes the importance of this theory as a solution to contemporary challenges and the utilization of upcoming opportunities.

Hypothesis:

 Thin-film nanofiltration membranes based on polyether sulfone were prepared using acrylic acid and carbon nanofibers, and the effect of the coating layer on heavy metal separation and antifouling properties of the membrane was evaluated

Thin film nanofiltration membranes were prepared using dip-coating technique. The properties of the pristine and modified membranes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Also, by the Taguchi experimental design algorithm, the effect of the coating layer on the physical and chemical properties of the membranes such as pore size membrane hydrophilicity, and their performance in terms of pure water flux, sodium sulfate rejection and flux, and heavy metal removal efficiency were investigated.

The results revealed that the modified membrane with 2.5% acrylic acid 0.5% carbon nanofiber, and 3 h of reaction time exhibited higher hydrophilicity and larger pore size than other membranes. SEM images of the modified membranes revealed that appropriate amounts of surface modification parameters led to the formation of a polyacrylic acid layer with suitable density and desirable dispersion of nanoparticles and no agglomeration in the optimized membrane structure. The results indicated a significant improvement in the permeation flux of heavy metal solutions through the optimized membrane compared to the pristine membrane. Additionally the flux reduction in the optimized membrane was 16.1% less than that of the unmodified sample, demonstrating the suitable resistance of the modified membrane to fouling. The removal percentage of Cu, Cr and Pb was 58.9%, 52.0%, and 62.3% for the neat membrane, whereas it was 82.3%, 80.0%, and 89.5% for the superior modified membrane, respectively. The results indicated that the modified membrane performed better in removing lead than copper and chromium.

Cognitive warfare means targeting the cognition of the general public and elites of the target society in order to change values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors through the management of perceptions and emotions. In particular, emotions are ways to cope and adapt to social situations that life presents. It is obvious that one of the goals of cognitive warfare is to influence the emotional system of people. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the emotional system functions in the face of incoming stimuli in cognitive warfare. For this purpose, a process model has been presented based on the adaptation between the octonionic sociocognitive relational emotions model and the dual-process model (explicit and implicit attitudes) of cognitive value warfare, which aims to examine the dimensions of cognitive warfare with an emotional approach in society. The evaluation of cognitive-social processes has been effective in the formation of these emotions. This research has been carried out by the library and theoretical method and with the approach of presenting a model. With the help of this model, it is possible to show how the cognitive warfare artillery by firing and sending different stimuli through hostile media, social networks, etc. affects implicit and explicit attitudes in the context of emotions and this process can predict what emotions and behaviors in the society. The presented model can provide a suitable framework to decipher the activities carried out in the field of cognitive warfare with an emotional approach.

Forests are considered the main pillars of sustainable development in any country. They play an important role in the socioeconomic development of regions by producing goods and delivering services directly and indirectly. They play a vital role in ensuring the well-being of rural and forest-dwelling communities and rural development. In recent decades, non-timber forest products have been recognized as one of the important components in sustainable forest management and poverty reduction of local and rural communities. Therefore, the need for a deeper understanding of rural livelihood and its complexity to ensure rural development is one of the factors that increases the motivation to study the role and importance of forest resource products in the rural economy. In today's era, therefore, entrepreneurship has created new opportunities for people who are talented and interested in non-wood forest products to improve their income, increase their assets and capital, and grow the standards of living in rural communities in the new economy in small and medium businesses. The development of entrepreneurship in rural areas is one of the major strategies of rural development, which can play a significant role in the sustainable development of villages. The development of rural entrepreneurship with non-wood forest products has a potential to help diversify the sources of income and rural employment, which provides suitable opportunities to reduce livelihood risks and sustainability in rural areas. Therefore, studies on the role of forest ecosystem services and the accompanied development of rural entrepreneurship in the economy of rural communities on the edge of the forest are necessary to better understand the benefits of the forest economy.

This research aimed to identify and prioritize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the Hyrcanian forests in the economic promotion of rural communities on the edge of the forest and to provide practical solutions in this field by using survey methods, field studies, and completing questionnaires. The statistical population of the research consisted of specialists and experts of Hyrcanian forests in the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization at the provincial and regional levels of the Hyrcanian forests. The questionnaire data were analyzed using SWARA and SWOT techniques. The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) was then used to prioritize strategies and solutions for the economic promotion of rural communities on the edge of the forest.

The results of the SWOT model identified 11 strengths, 10 weaknesses, 10 opportunities, and 11 threats for the economic improvement of the rural communities on the edge of the Hyrcanian forests. Based on the results, the major strengths and weaknesses of the Hyrcanian forests in the economic promotion of rural communities on the edge of the forest were studied according to the weight score obtained in the evaluation matrix of internal factors. These include increasing the diversity of job opportunities and excessive exploitation and destruction of forest resources due to the high dependence of rural communities on the forest ecosystem. Among the opportunities, the positive consequences of creating employment for rural communities with the development of activities related to the forest and increasing the price of assets (land, buildings, etc.) due to having a forest view were given the most weight among the other factors. A major threat to the role of the Hyrcanian forests in the economic promotion of rural communities on the edge of the forest is the consequences of destruction, changes in the use of forest lands, and the entry of profit-seeking people into forest areas (illegal harvesting of forest timber or smuggling wood, mushrooms, medicinal plants., etc.), which were given the utmost weight among the other threats.

According to the scores calculated in the strategic model, the strategies adopted in the study area are close to "competitive" strategies. Therefore, the relevant authorities should try to take steps toward these strategies and make maximum use of its external opportunities by using the strengths of the Hyrcanian forests in the economic promotion of the rural communities on the edge of the forest. The results of the implementation of the QSPM matrix indicated that the strategies of supporting timber and beekeeping projects through subsidy policies, providing facilities and low-interest loans, efforts to reduce deprivations and increase the socioeconomic development of villages on the edge of the forest, introducing the tourist attractions of the Hyrcanian forests, developing nature tourism, rural ecotourism in different ways, promoting the environmental awareness and culture of communities, and the development of NGOs and nature-loving institutions obtained the most points and were assigned the first to fourth priorities among the other strategies. Therefore, the research findings show that entrepreneurship through non-timber forest products and tourism creates new opportunities for talented and interested people to improve their income, increase their assets and capital, and improve the standards of living in rural communities to grow small and medium businesses in the new economy. Therefore, the results of the research indicate that entrepreneurship through non-timber forest products and tourism creates new opportunities for talented and interested people to improve their income, increase their property and capital, and grow the standards of living in rural communities in the new economy in small and medium businesses. Furthermore, rural entrepreneurship and the development of small businesses using non-timber forest products, tourist attractions, nature tourism, and ecotourism in the villages on the edge of the Hyrcanian forests should be regarded as suitable solutions for empowerment and capacity building in the target villages to change the current life pattern, reduce the urban-rural gap, create socioeconomic equality, and economic development and promotion of rural communities on the edge of the forests.

Biosphere Reserves are international natural-biological protected areas that, besides offering protection, showcase achievements such as providing rare study habitats to scientists and demonstrating human skills in support of sustainable development. This study aims to evaluate the participatory management in the protection of Golestan National Park, one of the first biosphere reserves in the country.

This descriptive field research prepared the required data by having the target community, including non-governmental organizations, nature partners, local communities, government forces, and other members of society, complete internet questionnaires. The results highlight the cooperation of nature partners in their desire to participate in community education and in dealing with wood smuggling. Local communities showed prominence in fire prevention, and non-governmental organizations stood out in community education, fire prevention, and combating wood smuggling.

The results indicate a significant difference in participation in community education, firefighting, fire prevention, desire to participate in firefighting, dealing with forest destruction and conversion, dealing with illegal hunting, preventing livestock entry to the forest, and combating wood smuggling among groups.

Therefore, given the significant difference between the groups, it is possible to plan in the field of their interest and participation. Lastly, since society members frequently use social networks like WhatsApp and Instagram, and the target groups have strong membership in environmental groups, this capacity can be utilized in education and participation in the management of biosphere reserves.

Forest parks are one of the most important natural ecosystems of any country, which provide various functions and services for mankind. Therefore, their preservation is considered as one of the main goals of human activities. Nowadays, due to the role of forest park ecosystems in attracting tourists, the evaluation of their visual quality has become very important. Aesthetic quality is defined as the relative beauty of the landscape, which depends on the visual features including physical, biological and man-made elements present in a place. Knowing the effective factors and criteria in the visual quality of the image of the land, as a suitable tool for evaluating and locating areas with aesthetic-cognitive value, can help managers and planners in the selection and effective management of images with visual value. Therefore, the goal of this study is assessing the visual quality of the landscape of Chaldereh forest park of Tonkaben city located in Mazandaran province. In this research, the visual quality classification method (Q-Sort) was used to evaluate the visual quality of the forest park. The research data was gathered in the form of a field survey, random sampling and the completion of the Q-Sort questionnaire by 60 visitors to the forest park. The finding of assessing the visual quality of the landscape of Chaldereh-Tenkabon forest park with the method of visual quality classification showed that the main criteria for improving the visual quality of Chaldereh-Tonekabon forest park include the existence of natural features (mountains and hills), the relaxing atmosphere, open and panoramic views of the surrounding landscapes, and criteria like the lack of integration of buildings and vegetation and the lack of balance, visual disturbance, and man-made elements are the main reasons for decreased landscape quality of this park.

Persian and Arabic poetry have been telling emotions, events and developments over the centuries. In addition to the content and themes of the poems, which are telling these points, the title of the poems, especially in the contemporary era, plays such a role; Because the title is the opening for the audience to the world of the text.
The ambiguous choice of the title causes the meaning of the text to be hidden; This is because the literary and artistic works are usually a collection of references to other texts, currents, literary schools and numerous cultural, political and social issues and the signs that are in the title of the work can come to the mind of the audience. It helps to understand the set of references - which are sometimes in-text and sometimes extra-text.
In general, the title of the poem is the identity of the poem. Every poet, during the writing of his poem, needs to separate the title and the text of the poem from each other so that the reader can remember and examine it when he sees the title of the work For this reason, it is necessary to choose the title for the poem and it makes it easy to study, memorize and recognize the poems.. In this research, the title of the poems of two poets has been examined from different linguistic and literary perspectives, the relationship between the title and the content of the poems, as well as the frequency of sensory-abstract concepts. 

In this research, which has been carried out by means of analytical-descriptive, comparative and statistical analysis, it has been tried to investigate the various linguistic and semantic angles of poetic titles with the structure and content of Ahmed Matar and Seyyed Hasan Hosseini's poems.

 The title in the term "is an appearance that indicates the inner or absent, and they say about it: an appearance, a sign or a sign for the inner; The title is a set of words that is the starting point of a research or a story or a key for a branch of science or an entry for a subject.
According to the mentioned definitions of the title, the title can be considered as a complete message and parallel to the text, which by choosing the title for a book is actually a kind of sign selection for the book because "the one who puts a title for something, in In fact, he chooses that title based on a certain sign; So the title is a sign and a name that indicates something.
The criteria for naming traditional poems are different from contemporary poems. These criteria can be achieved by referring to rhetoric books and tazkerehs. Naming based on the line of the poem, naming based on one of the focal words of the poem (such as the poem of Tarsaiyeh Khaghani or the poem of Hurayya Abu Saeed Abul Khair) or naming based on the rhyme have been among the ways of naming in traditional poetry
Considering the importance and role of the title in poetry, contemporary poets are constantly trying to choose different and varied titles. With the beginning of new poetry in Persian literature, many naming principles of poems were changed. Of course, the emphasis on the naming of poems had started before Nima and during the constitutional period. Printing and publishing newspapers and magazines and translating poetry played an effective role in this matter.
Sometimes, the spatialization of the poem is done by means of semantics. Vocabulary is one of the factors that help to expand the semantic implications and cause the expansion of the semantic domain of the poem. In literary texts, each word can take on new meanings apart from literal meanings. For example, the word winter means "the fourth season of the year"; But it has many implicit and symbolic meanings such as "coldness", "suffering", "prison", "tyranny" and... This is the reason why the mind familiar with symbolic poems, for example, upon hearing the name of the poem "Zimestan" by the Akhavan –e- Sales, finds itself in the space of poetry from the very beginning.
Ambiguity is one of the prominent features of contemporary poetry, and in literary criticism, it is considered one of the essence and basis of poetry. In some contemporary poems, the title of the poem can help to understand the topic and content of the poem and resolve this ambiguity. Many factors can play a role in the author's choice of title; In-text elements and extra-text elements.
The main tool that the author has for naming his work is the theme. The relationship between the title and the content can have two completely different sides. Sometimes the poet chooses a title for his poem that is in line with the text, and sometimes he may choose a title that is opposite and opposite to the theme. If the title is in line with the theme, it provides the reader with an image of what will come in the poem and what will happen.
Intra-textual or intra-thematic elements are said to be the elements that arose directly from within the text and establish a kind of dialectical relationship with the main text. Selecting the title based on the in-text elements with direct implication and relying on the text somehow creates a conversation between the title and the text. Usually, such titles play a prominent role in forming the horizon of the reader's expectations and provide the audience with more detailed information about the atmosphere that governs the poem.
Any factor outside the text that affects the atmosphere of the literary work is called extratextual elements. These external elements may be a cultural, socio-political event, a historical phenomenon, etc.
From studying the poetry titles in Matar and Hosseini's poems, we come to a number of social-political concepts, which include themes such as mocking ignorance and superstition, openly naming enemies, the spread of corruption and class differences, and the spread of poverty. These poets of sustainable literature have depicted their common spirit in their poems in similar conditions and with a close point of view in relation to the issues that have arisen at the level of the country, region and the world.
From the linguistic point of view, the poetic titles of both poets have a high frequency in word formation, two-part construction, and then three-part construction and more. This issue shows the relationship of both poets to word-making and presentation of concepts through words.
From a literary point of view, although Hosseini and Matar have used literary arrays in the titles of their compositions, and this indicates the use of lexical capacity to expand images, but they use a lot of euphemism and less use of metaphors, similes, etc. In the critical titles of Matar, it is due to the choice of exile and sojourn and being away from the impeachment and accountability of the government.
In terms of the relationship between the titles and the text of the poem, the research shows that these two poets pay attention to both the lexical connection (choosing the title from within the text) and the semantic connection (choosing the title from outside the text) in choosing the titles. have had However, by choosing simple titles from outside the text, Hosseini tried to express the meaning and purpose of his poems more eloquently and expressively.

From the results of the comparative analysis of the poetry titles of Ahmad Matar and Seyyed Hassan Hosseini, it can be concluded that choosing the appropriate title for the poems was one of the main concerns of both poets. They express the poetic titles with rhetorical techniques such as eloquence, metaphor, and allusion. Unlike Ahmad Matar, who mainly paid more attention to the lexical connection (choosing the title from within the text) in choosing poetic titles, Hosseini paid attention to the semantic connection (choosing the title from outside the text) by choosing simple titles to make the meaning and purpose eloquent. Express more and more clearly.

Skin aging is a natural process, and microneedling is a method used for skin rejuvenation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of microneedling on reducing perioral wrinkles.

A clinical trial was conducted on 30 women referred to a skin clinic in Isfahan, Iran, from December 22, 2021, to June 20, 2022. The patients underwent three microneedling sessions at 2-week intervals. Perioral wrinkles were photographed using a digital camera under consistent conditions and at a distance of 30 cm before the intervention, 6 weeks post-intervention, and 3 months after the final treatment session. Two dermatologists, blinded to the treatment, assessed the photographs. Moreover, patients self-reported improvement using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at the beginning, 6 weeks, and 3 months after the intervention.

Following the microneedling sessions, the first dermatologist reported poor improvement in 7 (23.3%), moderate improvement in 14 (46.7%), good improvement in 7 (23.3%), and excellent improvement in 2 (6.7%) cases. The second dermatologist observed good improvement in 13 (43.3%), moderate in 11 (36.7%), and poor improvement in 6 (20%) patients. According to patient reports, perioral wrinkles showed significant improvement at 6 weeks and 3 months post-intervention compared to baseline (P<0.001). Additionally, there was a significant improvement in perioral wrinkles at 3 months compared to 6 weeks post-intervention (P<0.001).

The results suggest that three microneedling sessions at 2-week intervals led to a significant improvement in perioral wrinkles based on assessments by dermatologists and patient reports.

Hypothesis: 

first, poly ether sulfone (PES)-based nanofiltration (NF) membranes were prepared through the phase inversion-immersion precipitation technique. Then, the surface of the membranes made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-graphene oxide nanoplates (GO NPs) was modified using dip-coating technique. The effect of the active coating layer on the morphology, physical-chemical properties, and antifouling performance and separation ability to remove metal ions from wastewater was studied.

The properties of prepared membranes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis.  Also, the effect of the formed active layer on the physio-chemical properties of the membrane including water contact angle, water content, flux and sodium sulfate rejection, porosity, mean pore size, heavy metal rejection and anti-fouling performance was investigated. 

 The obtained results revealed that the surface-modified membrane with 1 % (by wt)  MM-0.5% (by wt) GO-NPs had a more appropriate separation performance and better antifouling properties compared to other membranes. SEM images of the cross-sectional area of the membranes showed the formation of a relatively uniform layer on the membrane surface, which became more dense with increase in the amount of GO-Nps. The performance of the modified membrane in the removal of Cu and Cr heavy metal ions was also evaluated and compared with the pristine membrane. The removal percentage of Cu and Cr ions was 51.4% and 49.3% for the neat membrane, whereas it was 81.7% and 75.3% for the superior modified membrane, respectively. Moreover, the total fouling resistance was measured to be 23% for the virgin membrane, while it was 13.2% (Pvalue<0.05) for the best modified one. The irreversible fouling parameter was obviously decreased from 20% for the pristine membrane to 3.2% for the optimum modified membrane that shows  a superior antifouling ability for them.

In his commentary on esharat, Fakhrrazi challenges the issue of perception and the purpose of having natural powers. tusi mentions two points in response to him. 1) It is the necessary end of the essence of nature. 2) Natural forces have a kind of consciousness. Our findings in this research show that applying the interpretation “kind of consciousness” to natural forces in peripatetic philosophy is reserved for tusi and not found in Ibn Sina's works. About the answers of these two philosophers to the question of science and the purpose of natural forces, we can also say Ibn Sina does not have a single opinion on the issue of perception and the goal of natural forces. In the tabiat shifa, he considers physical agents to be devoid of perception and will, which have a uniform action. However, in the eighth section of esharat, refers to the existence of natural or voluntary passion and love for physical agents. In tabiat shifa, although the totality of nature is called purposeful, rejects the hyle passion for the form. In the treatise on love for hyle,form and accidents proves instinctive and natural love. Even though Tusi accepts the finality of nature, does not provide an explanation about the existence kind of consciousness for natural forces. what these two philosophers have proposed as the end of natural forces is more similar to the end of movement than to the cause of movement, and the goal can also be attributed to the higher causes of natural forces rather than physical agents; According to avicenna, the journey towards the true lover is inherent in all beings, even without perception.

Thaddeus Metz has tried to show that the meaning in life, like morality and happiness, is one of the normative categories of life and emphasizes the distinction between the meaning in life and happiness. According to Metz's definition, happiness consists of "positive experiences" and pleasure is basically connected with happiness. Why is happiness different from meaningfulness and what are their differences? These are the main questions that this article addresses. By searching in Metz's works, we can provide some witnesses and reasons why Metz makes a distinction between happiness and meaningfulness. According to Metz's view, happiness is related to the animal realm of the individual, while meaningfulness is related to the human realm, so that although pleasure can increase happiness, but it will not necessarily lead to meaningfulness increase. He makes six distinctions between happiness and meaningfulness: 1. The source of meaning is "relational", but the source of happiness is "intrinsic"; 2. The bearer of meaning is "action", but the bearer of happiness is "sensation"; 3. The greater impact of happiness from “luck” than meaningfulness; 4. The desire to "continue" the state of happiness, wanting "esteem" to be meaningful; 5. The possibility of happiness, only "during the lifetime" in contrast to the possibility of meaningfulness "posthumously"; 6. bias towards the future v lack of bias. Although Metz has mentioned six important distinctions between happiness and meaning, his statement is not comprehensive and other distinctions can be added to Metz's list.

Despite the potential of the Hyrcanian forests to maintain of Quercus castaneifolia, the abundance of this species has decreased drastically and most of the young stands of this species are seriously threatened. This research, using an integrated perspective, shows the distribution Q. castaneifolia species in the Hyrcanian forest with the aim of determining the optimal areas for reforestation using five different modeling methods including GAM, GLM, RF, CTA, and GBM. Rainfall and temperature maps are based on data collected from a network of weather stations, as well as soil data from Soil Grade database maps. Then, the most important independent variables affecting the distribution Q. castaneifolia were identified. The results obtained from the evaluation of the relative importance of the variables indicate that the amount of organic carbon, pH, changes in seasonal rainfall and rainfall in the coldest season of the year have the greatest relative importance in determining and developing the habitat of this species and the area has a favorable potential of 14.1 The percentage is for this species. The produced habitat suitability map is suggested as a basis for future forest restoration plans, especially in areas that are more affected by destruction.

Hypothesis:

 This study constituted the effect of chitosan-zeolite active nanocomposite layer formation on the morphological, physico-chemical and separation properties, as well as the anti-fouling performance of the polyethersulfone-based nanofiltration membrane.

The nanofiltration-based membrane was prepared by phase inversion method and its surface was modified through the dip-coating technique in the polymeric solution. The properties of the prepared membranes were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D surface images, contact angle, water content, pure water flux, salt and heavy metal rejection and anti-fouling performance techniques. 

The FTIR analysis results confirmed the formation of the chitosan/zeolite nanocomposite layer on the polyether sulfone-based membrane. Moreover, the scanning electron microscopy images of the surface and cross-section of the prepared membranes showed the formation of an active layer on the membrane surface. The results of surface analysis showed that the surface modification reduced the surface roughness of the membrane. In addition, the use of zeolite nanoparticles on the surface layer caused to an increase in the membrane water content. The pure water flux of bi-layer modified membrane showed an increase in water content of > 54% compared to the virgin membrane. The sodium sulfate salt rejection was measured > 70% for the bi-layer modified membrane. The chromium rejection increased from 69% for the virgin membrane to > 95% for the modified bi-layer membrane. The water contact angle results exhibited that the surface hydrophilicity of the membrane increased with the surface modification. The modified membranes showed superior antifouling ability as the flux recovery ratio increased from 85% to 93.6% and the irreversible resistance decreased considerably to 6.4%.

The instinctive and emotional reactions of human beings to the fear of death have been evident from the era when myths were dominant until the present time. Attending to narrations and beliefs formed by this subject indicate that human beings first created some concepts such as achieving the water of life, reaching the life tree, dragon slaying, transmogrification and metamorphosis, and invulnerability to depict the immortality of this world; however, accepting this fact that the immortal life in this mortal world is impossible has resulted in reducing their thirst of immortality by discussing some concepts including the persistence of name, generation, material and lasting righteous deeds and, more importantly, transfer and ascending to the realm of immortality. Finally, the most natural human response, i.e., the desire to have an immortal life after death, has always been mentioned in many religions. The problem here is how these issues are discussed in the mystical prose and, the more importantly, whether the mystics have specifically discussed a solution for overcoming the fear of death or nothingness. Therefore, some mystical prose examples up to the 7th century were studied through a descriptive and analytical method. The research results show the Muslim mystics have been influenced by the immortality symbols and narrations as well as the human thinking developments; but the most important item is that a group of mystics with a special understanding of the story of Fall of Adam from the Heaven take for granted the immortality removal as a result of the immortality claim and introduce the real immortality which is subject to Eagerness of Inexistence. They believe that passing the everlasting time is necessary for reaching real immortality and being the pure nothingness in union with the creator and become the eternally lost.