سیدعلی سراج

Women writers in Iran and Arab countries have always been able to express their stance in writing their fictional works and were welcomed by the public in this respect. Story writers emphasized that women show the reader a special meaning of the female experience that male literature is not able to reveal. Accordingly, they tried to write works directly related to the experiences of women. The current study was conducted in the fields of formation and development of women's writing in the fictional literature of two countries based on the American School of Comparative Literature and the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research indicate that the first period of women fiction writing in Persian and Arabic literature expresses the feelings of oppression, suffering, and deprivation. The second stage, is the period of restoration of women's identity and raises the issue of the right to choose, women's freedom, and discrimination of women's identity. Getting out of negativity and promoting the acceptance level of the women's role from the home environment to different levels of society, including political, economic, social, and cultural features, and choosing the hero among women, are among the most important features of women’s fictional works in the third period of women’s writing in Persian and Arabic literature. The women writers' efforts to show a female narrative and represent women's identity are presented in different ways at different levels of the text such as the use of words, characterization, and the choice of the female hero and narrator.

Studies on historical novels due to not paying attention to the origin of the text and parallel discourses consider the historical novel as the nostalgic return of Iranian society to the myth of the Golden Age and it has been explained with macro-narratives and concepts such as nationalism. This article has been done based on Damgostran and by the method of qualitative content analysis in the context of the application of critical discourse analysis. So by analyzing Damgostaran on several levels, another reading of this genre has been presented. In this research, based on the above story, the central meanings of the work have been identified as an independent text and these meanings have been transferred to the original context in order to determine the originality of the meaning in that context. After tracing this meaning in a historical course, it returned to the era of the creation of the work, and this time the transformed meaning has been evaluated in a new context and an intertextual-interdiscursive relationship. Finally, the relationship between the text and the prevailing discourses is explained. The result of Damgostran's study is that this is not a conservative work. Rather, it belongs to the most radical discourses of the author's time. In this reading, a seemingly mundane work and a dead story, along with other homogenous components, form a discourse that is more than anything else a cry of protest against the consolidation and expansion of the global capitalist system that at the end of the 19th century slowly spread the shadow of injustice and inequality on the thin body of the new world.

Ring motifs reflect the beliefs and reproduce the religious values ​​and principles that are used with respect to the diversity of the situations in the institutionalization of social and cultural values. Because ring jewel was used as a seal in writings and commandments in Islamic societies, it promoted religious rites and played a part in preserving the values ​​and institutional principles. There have been reports on ring inscriptions of some prophets and imams, some of whom had different rings with different designs worn according to the requirements of time and place. Imam Reza’s (AS) rings were engraved with monotheistic sentences, including "May God bless", "There is no power except with God" and "God suffices". The preset study discusses the content and the rational for choosing these sentences. The findings show that by choosing the above-mentioned monotheistic motifs, Imam Reza (AS) tried to fight against the Abbasid caliphs, the Mu'tazilites, the Ahl al-Hadith, Zaidiyya, Waqfis, and Ghalians and to eliminate the damages they caused. The decoding of theses motifs show that the motifs imply success can only be achieved with the help of God and trust in him along with planning and effort because his power and will are infinite, and all essence and power come from him and subdue him.

Following the foundations of the flow of modernity and the positivism paradigm on the level of human life, moral crises in various dimensions, social anomalies were formed in the epistemology of relativism in the Western world. Consequently, its intellectual foundations of thought were strongly criticized by rival schools, even in the West itself. On this basis, the leaders of the capitalist system, to consolidate their epistemic foundations, this time, with another element called mysticism, have tried to consolidate their attitude and worldview, which apparently sought to achieve psychological tranquility of people. The story of Rhonda Byrne Secret, including the works on this theme that has received much attention in recent years and has found many fans. The method and approach of this work are that a kind of mystical journey and believes that human by focusing on thought and perseverance, hope and wish, attention to the consciousness of beings and love and self-knowledge, can achieve all its aspirations and material desires. In this research, the descriptive-analytical method has been used to investigating and adapting the elements of this work with Persian mystical and educational works. In summary, the research findings show that although the effect of themes is in common with the mystical works of Persian literature, in the main purpose and main theme of the work, and due to the attention paid only to material issues and human desires, are in line with the objectives of the capitalist system as the main axis of modernity.

The emergence of epistemological relativism in the form of social anomies and issues such as emotional and identity abnormities and crises, psychological fluctuations and disappointments are derived from the current of modernity and the governance of the positivist paradigm. Examples of these cases as vital issues of human life are seen in the “Tuesdays with Murrie” and “Masnavi Molavi”. The novel of “Tuesdays with Murrie, one of the most remarkable Western works, emphasises humanity's permanent problem in materialism and neglects the self-knowledge trap (love and affection, death, spirituality and consciousness, etc.). These subjects have been emphasised in other ways in the collection of Molavi’s works, specifically, the Masnavi Ma’navi. With an analytical-comparative method, the present study aimed to analyse the content of these two works, based on the American school, and provide desirable solutions to get out of the governing situation on human life. The results indicated that the dominant aspect of both works is proposing the crisis of human problems in the material world trap. The distinction between them is in Molavi’s emphasis on going beyond material factors and relying on the ontology of Islamic mysticism.

Following the foundations of the flow of modernity and the positivism paradigm on the level of human life, moral crises in various dimensions and social anomalies were formed in the epistemology of relativism in the Western world. Consequently, its intellectual foundations of thought were strongly criticized by rival schools, even in the West itself. On this basis, the leaders of the capitalist system, in order to cover their weaknesses, and to consolidate their epistemic foundations with another element called mysticism, have tried to consolidate their attitude and worldview. In this research by adopting a descriptive-analytical method based on interpretive approach, ten works from the most prominent mystical-educational novels of the world (blade edge, Siddhartha, Jonathan Sea Bird, Magic Mountain, World Sophie, and Warrior of the Light, Little Prince, and Three Thousands with Murray, Mystery and Heavenly Prophecy) have been selected to be investigated. The findings of the study indicated that the themes and content of selected works can be categorized in two opposing groups. The first group is critical to the capitalist system and tries to provide a way out of the crisis, while the other defends the capitalist system and its cultural and social values, which led to the formation of mystical and quasi-mystical works in the West.

Para text is an inner background to text and the first scene that a reader opposed to an Oeuvre. The materials like the writer name, the author of opus, the topic of opus, the book of opus, Press, introduction, and ..., In the inter of every text it makes the addressee look in opus cognition limited to specific subjects. One of the Pare text criterions in the opus, is topic of opus. Notice to the application of topic in transfer comprehension and make opus total frame, is effected that the Poets and writers have specific sensibility for choosing topic. Shafiee Kadkani is a contemporary Poet of Iran. He tried to choose his poem topics with a specific way in the present research. The style characters of his Poem (Hezareh Devom ahoye Kohi) is studied as analysis quality content. The Pragmatics of this research in relation topic with text and also aesthetics choosing topics is mention in the Poem contents. These results his Poem is caused the Poem topics have irrefrangible link with the poem text, and in the cases of topics can analysis the poet's Poem and idea. According to style, choosing topic in his poem is biased on the Lingual, literary and content. The survey relation topic with text in his Poem characters (Hezareh Dovom ahoye Kohi) open a new window of writer's cosmography and letter context on the address which maybe isn't feasible without notice to topic.

Based on the question "whether as womenchr('39')s literature, there is a category of chr('39')Different approaches to womenchr('39')s fiction is formed. Language and linguistics community of researcherchr('39')s social and feminist critics, especially feminist and postmodern, linguistic theories about the characteristics of women and men of the differences are presented. In this study various approaches regarding the review and critique of linguistic features, Women light on the analysis of womenchr('39')s fiction, as a method of feature selection in linguistic, ideational literary works, has been emphasized. Its novel, "habit - we", "like you said Lily," and "My Bird" is selected. The research method is descriptive - analytical studies based on feminist approach style, these works are analyzed.  The findings of the study suggest that authors of works on different levels of the text: the literal (term), the syntactic level (use of words) and level discourse (text and point out features of s) feminine narrative provided and try to have the representation of female identity.

The Payam-e-Noor University educational system is based on distance education. Given that in distance and book-based education, the teacher’s role is limited and the instruction involves just individual and group forms of feedback classes, textbook development is wroth being carefully investigated and thoroughly studied. Examining Arabic Literature textbooks for Persian Language and Literature in Payam-e-Noor University based on three approaches of texts as “linguistic tools”, “information transfer tools” and “production stimuli” as well as the match between these books and the distance education system, some deficits can be observed. In the present study, evaluating the content of B.A. Arabic textbooks in Persian Language and Literature Department of Payam-e-Noor University based on these approaches, suggestions and criteria for improving the content of the books are presented. The research method is content analysis. The statistical population consists of the twelve Arabic reading and grammar textbooks. All in all, research results show that all books have text as a language tool; the original text is largely based on syntactic structure; there is no practice or assignment or introductory activity before the presentation of the text; linguistic details are emphasized; and questions are formulated based on linguistic and syntactic structures. In contrast, in all the books, the components of the two approaches of texts as information transfer tools and the production stimuli can hardly be seen.

Interpreting the verses of the Quran, which had already begun while the Prophet was still living, received attention in the time of the Companions and further developed and expanded at the time of Tabein (i.e. close followers)? With the inflow of new intellectual views to the developing Islamic culture, different perspectives and approaches to the interpretation of the Quran were developed. Among these was the mystic approach. The mystic approach enjoys a distinguished position since the interpretations of verses within this approach not only closely correspond with the Quran and Sunnat (i.e. the Prophet’s way), but also contain a variety of subtle and clever observations.
A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted in this study to review the mystic approaches after Ibn Arabi and how they have evolved, and also to explore the extent and type of influence caused by Ibn Arabi on mystical interpretations of the Quran. The findings of the study suggest that mystical approaches to the interpretation of the Quran were largely based on piety and Shariat (i.e. strict religious conventions) up until the seventh century (in Hijra lunar calendar), after which more interpretive approaches have received attention under the influence of Ibn Arabi’s views and his work.

Linguistics, as the other sciences, has divided into branches one of which is macro-linguistics. IN macro-linguistics analysis, text is studied based on the relations among different parts of it. The objective of the present study is the macro-analysis of Parvin Eatesami's tales based on Woodbury (1987, cited in Fabb, 1997) - Khanzadeamiri (1379) formalist model. This study is descriptive and the methodology is quantitative content analysis. As a whole, the results of analysis showed that the model with some modifications is recognizable in macro-structure of Parvin Eatesami's tales. One of obtained conclusions in this analysis is that Advice constituent/episode is in the main focus in Eatesami's tales. The analysis showed that the model with some modifications is recognizable in macro-structure of Eatesami’s tales. In the analysis, 2728 lines/verses out of the total 6824 analyzed lines, 39/98 percent, has been devoted to this episode/constituent. So, advice constituent is the main constituent in Eatesami's tales, and this matter indicates the instructive essence of this work.

Using a descriptive-analytical method and through a linguistic approach, the poetic language of Ahmad Reza Ahmadi has been criticized in terms of formalism in present study. The results show that applying various types of verbal and semantic defamiliarazations and deviations, as well as making various combinations and expressions, has given a special prominence to his particular language in such a way that it can be said that he has a different style and language. Since the beginning of the work, the poet has kept in his poems the uniformity of language and content, and has narrated the routine and common events of life, and, with the use of potential power of language, abandonment of lingual norms and defamiliarization of usual habits, and also through common utilization of words and sentences, has created new narrations and themes and developed a new form of language.

Myths are formed based on human nature and the mind and the language of the current period and are fluid. The myth of the season should be an integral literature. Poets and writers, if the wishes of its people in danger, they turned to myth.One of the most transformative periods in literary Persian and Arabic literature, contemporary with the effects of the land of poets and ideas that can be influenced by factors such as political developments, influence Arrogance', the pressure of internal despotic poets composed imbued with idealism have their own myths. In this study, effects of myth in a poem by Khalil alhavi (1919- 1982) and M. atashi (1310- 1384) with an analytic approach based on adaptive checked.According to the myth functions as a means of awakening people to select the most motivated poets mentioned in this Research.

Triumph of Islamic revolution and rivalry in sacred resistance shifted basically the structure and content of Persian poetry. There are some tendencies as the desire for martyrdom, meta-fiction view to the secular affairs, perfectionism by sacrificing the self, and the poets’ nostalgia regarding to wartime. It also caused the mystical motifs- which neglected in recent poetry of Constitutional Revolution and Pre-Islamic Revolution periods- to be renewed in new structure relating to religious and epic themes. The best usage of such motifs is illustrated in Ghazals in which its couplets have an organic unity in vertical and horizontal sides. This research is to analyze the literary mystical elements which cited in the narrative Ghazals on sacred resistance. It also caused the mystical motifs- which neglected in recent poetry of Constitutional Revolution and Pre-Islamic Revolution periods- to be renewed in new structure relating to religious and epic themes.

Stories are among the most basic and important contents of Quran and a major proportion of the content of Quran is in the form of stories in order to enhance its efficacy as well as its aesthetic manifestation for the audience. Above all, its main role which is guiding mankind is shining together with its other contents. Therefore, stories in Quran are not artistic works independent of other main contents, but only tools among available tools to implement its guidance and educational purposes.
Joseph's story is one of the long stories in Quran which to some extent is regarded as a historical novel and includes all the elements of a novel which using an artistic expression has dealt with an important spiritual issue. In this story, incidents have been designed in such a way that a comprehensive structural analysis as well as a full-scale morphology can be presented. This study attempts to investigate Quran's aesthetic manifestation and miracle in the expression of Quran's contents applying the elements of a novel to and structurally analyzing the Joseph's story and to delineate important features of stories in Quran relying on this Sura.

Concerning the renaissance educations we see humanism and secularism emphasizing on rationality in political and social arena which carry on structural qualitative and quantitative changes. Interest oriented outlook, relative view to religion and spirituality in the world, increasing racial and ethnical conflicts, colonization and exploitation of human and natural resources, and diminishing independence and will of human resulted by instrumental rationality are products of such educations, i.e., cultural globalization. The question in this research rests on which of the liberal democracy and razavi epistemologies are able to affect more on current material and ideological world? The findings in this descriptive –analytical and discourse analytic research show that psychic difficulties, weakening family bases, and social and political normlessness remain the significant consequences of cultural globalization discourse and its central signifier, i.e., humanism. Marxism and neo Marxism could not also solve these problems. Razavi epistemologies as a comprehensive culture with its central signifiers such as friendship, kindness, morality, justice and freedom can find good solutions for the problems.

One of the most important problems that researchers face in the field of Persian literature is that there is not sufficient information about the background of studies on some subjects about the biography, works, and ideas of poets and authors, especially the pioneers of Persian literature. This research is a step in the field of Khaghani research, and aims to introduce researches, books, essays and dissertations that have been developed about Khaghani in Iran since 1921A.D. Although, some internet resources and bibliographies are available to introduce the works about Khaghani, it must be kept in mind that the majority of information of these resources and bibliographies are often concise and incomplete. Therefore, the necessity of a comprehensive research to introduce and review researches on Khaghani led to the development of this study. Khahani research project introduces and reviews more than 1000 researches (including books, essays and dissertations) that have been taken place about Khaghani. Some innovations of the present study include the application of a critical method in the introduction of the existing researches. It means that after introducing each research, the authors discusses their strengths and weaknesses under a section, named "the points".

The paradigm of globalization of culture and its components such as the informatics revolution and the advent and development of commination-information communities are among the most important features in the human life in beginning of the third millennium which has provided necessary grounds for facilitating the convergence flow in terms of culture. Culture on the one hand is considered as the coherent totality of values, rituals, sensations, and elements constructing ethics and actions of each ethnic group and nation, and on the other hand, it is taken as the riches resource, symbol of giving identity, development, creativity, and dynamics which as basic roles in giving senses, making coherent of social relations among individuals and different groups in societies. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method and is based on library-documentary research to answer this main question that which strategies governments and ethnic groups adopt for the main paradigm dominating the current world in the form of globalization.
Findings of the present study inspired by James Rosenau’s ideas who believe that chaos in the world of politics indicates that globalization is based on the compression of time and place. With transformation of conditions, the framework of traditional grounds and devastation of identity building factors have provide opportunities and threats for other cultures and identities. This issue have caused the emergence of different convergent approaches and the process-oriented type of view as well as the project-centered ideology towards it and adoption of divergent approaches

Syed Ashraf aldin-Gilani known as the Nasim Shomal, is poets that poetry and poetry ýin his mission to portray social problems and political themes. Despite repression and ýtyranny of authoritarian Qajar ruler, His human thoughts and ideas of freedom with ýhumor and irony, using rhetorical techniques, in particular metaphor, to hear experts ýdeliver community. Irony is one of the most beautiful and the most accurate speech ýand artistic modes louder than truth because in irony mind the requirements to be ýtransferred. The present study is based on descriptive - analytical, tried to analyzed the ýaesthetic irony in the lyrics poems of Nasim Shomal. ý
The results show that Ashraf Aldin like other poets of this land for their stated purpose, ýhis poetry has been decorated with figures of speech. For political reasons and the ýrepression of the Nasime Shomal on his time, and sometimes because of the beauty of ýspeech and more effective use of the metaphor figure of speech. The irony of today's ýhigh frequency Court because of the slang and market. Purpose of the most of these ýallusions, King and de facto aristocracy and the clergy noblesse West has appeared ýand imitators.ý

By emerging of the West Industrial Revolution as well as Constitutional Movement of Iran , of huge political, social, and cultural developments happened which affected various poets, authors and their works. So that there were no magisterial, manifestal, and command poetry; furthermore, it caused a community isolated and alienated feeling after the August 28 Coup.
This paper tries to investigate and survey the social alienation indices of ForoughFarokhzad poems which are narated from social-political conditions.
The research method of current study is an analytical- attributive.It also uses content analysis technique which has been studied various social –familial situations and conditions of Forough life adjoining with social alienation components and themes(such as: feeling of loneliness, emptiness . and meaninglessness - Feelings of depression and social isolation – hypocrisy and lack of mutual trust between individuals- feelings of despair, helplessness and disenchantment from the community ).

The concepts used in Iqbal Lahori''s poetry indicate that the political، social، and cultural settings of the time had greatly influenced his ideas. Influenced by three sources، namely the philosophy based on spiritual perfection، a kind of pan-Islamic approach to propagate among Muslims، and a political view toward his own country، Iqbal deals with the modern socio-political crises plaguing Muslims and drawing upon guidelines received from Molavi-his master whose ideas can be a great source of inspiration to solve new problems of the Islamic world and the colonized nations-he addressed many of these problems. In Javid Nama، he believes that desperately romantic poets are the hearts of the nations and give the body the life-giving blood. Such poets create liveliness in their nations. Iqbal calls them «the Prophet''s heirs»، who carry the burden of guiding people. Jalal-e-din Mohammad Balkhi، is the symbol of a committed and passionate poet who is the source of life to his nation and transforms the universe through his burning voice. To Iqbal، he is the pioneer of the lovers، whom he is the guide. In Iqbal''s view، Rumi master us a fellow-traveler whose company brings salvation and bliss. He advises the followers of the path of divine love to accompany him so that، through his blessings، they know themselves and do great things inspired by strong belief and reach their eventual goal.

One way to analysis feminine statements in female anecdote works is the analysis of language use in this works base on the Systemic Functional Grammar of Halliday. There are various viewpoints about revolution and originating of Feminine statement and formation of “female applicable type” in Iranian female anecdote works. In this study، ten works of Iranian Female anecdotes have analyzed in order to answer this hypothesis. The Analysis method is base on the Systemic Functional Grammar of Halliday And in two parts، “ideational Meta function: verb process” and“Interpersonal Meta function: surface. The results show that there is a meaningful relation between the selections of vocabulary type (verb Process) and surface application in female anecdote works in different Decades and thought revolution.