سیدکریم موسوی

The well-being of teachers is a novel issue in teacher education. The current study is a phenomenological research to examine and reflect on teachers' views and opinions about educational well-being. Through snowball sampling, nine working teachers in different levels of education in the schools of Chalous participated in the study. A semi-structured interview was used to collect the qualitative data. The data were analyzed through thematic content analysis by using coding. Finally, the obtained findings yielded three general themes (constructive role of educational well-being, important elements of educational well-being, and barriers to educational well-being). The results showed that according to teachers, educational well-being is an important and effective phenomenon. In addition, according to them, the cooperation of students, along with the support of principals and colleagues, are the most important factors involved in the educational well-being of teachers. Also, stress in the work environment and an unhealthy competitive atmosphere were deemed as the most important obstacles to its realization. The findings show that teachers’ understanding of educational well-being is intertwined with social, communicative and cultural factors. Therefore, the attention of policymakers and principals to this issue is essential and necessary.

Rain-fed Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is vulnerable to weed competition because of its tiny stature, slow establishment, and limited vegetative growth. Weed control is necessary for maximum seed yield and seed quality. Crop yield losses are primarily a result of competition with weeds for nutrients, moisture and space. Therefore, weed control at this period plays an important role to gain high roduction. Although the vast majority of lentil production is under rain-fed conditions, there is a little published information on weed control with herbicides in rain-fed lentils. Herbicides due to efficiency and expense savings play a  essential role in weed control. The purpose of this research was to determine the best time to application effective herbicides in weeds control for the maximum rain-fed Lentil production in Khorramabad.

The Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) field experiment was carried out as split plot based on complete randomized block design with three replications during 2017-2018 in Khorramabad (48.21°E, 33.29°N, 1170 m above sea level, 450 mm average yearly precipitation) Iran. The following herbicides were used: Oxyfluorfen (EC 24%) 1 Li ha-1, Isoxaflutole (SC 480) 200 Ml ha-1, Flumetsulam(WG 800) 20 g ha-1, Metribuzin (WP 70%) 500g ha-1, Pendimethalin Aria(EC33%) 4 li ha-1, Pendimethalin Prowl (CS45.5%) 4li ha-1, Imazethapyr (SL10%) 350 ml ha-1 and Pendimethalin prowl 2li ha-1plus Imazethapyr 350 ml ha-1. Herbicide applicatioin time at 3 levels; IAP application (Immediately after planting), PRE application and IBCE (eraly post herbicide application at fourth lentil node stage) was assigned to the main and sub plots respectively. The fields were in wheat cultivation in the year before the experiments. The soil at the test sites was a silty loam with a pH of 7.9 and organic matter of 1.11%. Lentil was sown at a density of 75 kg seed ha-1 by hand on December 21, 2017. Herbicides were sprayed with an electric knapsack sprayer MATABI (calibrated to deliver 300 L ha-1. In order to evaluate the effect of treatments on weeds density and biomass, at the beginning of lentil flowering, sampling was done from a surface of 0.3 m-2 area and weed density and weed biomass recorded. At lentil physiological maturity, the yield and yield components were measured by harvesting lentil plants from a 1-m2 area in each plot (Izadi & Maghsoudi, 1400). The data were subjected to the analysis of variance using SAS. Means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range test at P=0.05 level of significance.  

The results indicated that the lowest weed density and weed biomass were associated with Flumetsulam and Prowl plus Imazethapyr. The average weed densities for the postemergence and preemergence treatments of the eight evaluated herbicides were 14.9% and 31.0% lower, respectively, compared to the herbicide application immediately after planting. The least herbicide injury effects on the Lentil crop were assigned to the Pendimethalin Aria, Pendimethalin Prowl, Prowl plus Imazethapyr, Imazethapyr and Flumetsulam. In the case of Oxyfluorfen herbicide, weed density for early postemergence application treatment was 84.1% lower than in PRE application. In the case of Isoxaflutole herbicide, the mean weed density for application immediately after planting was 79.3% lower than for early post-application. In the case of Flumetsulam herbicide, the mean of weed biomass for application immediately after planting was 73.3% and 66.6% less than preemergence and early post-application, respectively. With the exception of Flumetsulam herbicide, there was no significant difference between the different herbicide application times in terms of weed biomass. The highest average Lentil grain yield per unit area was observed when Flumetsulam herbicide was applied immediately after planting. On the other hand, the lowest average Lentil grain yield per unit area was recorded when Isoxaflutole herbicide was applied immediately after planting. No significant differences in Lentil grain yield per unit area were found between the different application times for the herbicides Metribuzin and Imazethapyr. Based on cluster analysis grouping of relative efficacy of control treatments, immediately after planting application or preemergence application of Flumetsulam and early postemergence application of Imazethapyr were better than the other herbicide treatments for Lentil weed control, whereas the lowest relative efficacy was related to preemergence application of Oxyfluorfen, immediately after planting application of Isoxaflutole and Metribuzin, and preemergence application of Pendimethalin Arya.

Based on the results of this research, the application of flumezolam immediately after planting (20 g ha-1) and imazatapir( 350 ml ha-1) as pre-emergence application have had more efficiency for weed control in lentil than other herbicide treatments, while the pre-emergent application of oxyfluorfen, the application immediately after planting of isoxaflotel and metribyozin have  had the effects of plant burning on lentil crops and the pendimethalin Aria herbicide is not recommended  in lentil farms because of to the lack of control of broadleaf weeds under normal conditions in lentil fields. In general, among the experimental treatments, in terms of the level of control efficiency and the level of safety for the lentil crop, the application of flumetsulam immediately after planting was the best herbicide treatment.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. After bean and pea, chickpea is the most important cold season legume. Weeds are one of the most important threats to chickpea production worldwide. Due to the sensitivity of chickpea to herbicides, the majority of herbicides are used pre-emergence and the use of post-emergence herbicides is limited, and therefore weeds cause a significant decrease in chickpea yield. Therefore, herbicide-tolerant chickpea cultivars that have a higher flexibility for post-emergence herbicide application are needed to improve the chickpea yield. In this study, using seed bioassay and PCR method, resistance mechanism of Iranian chickpea cultivars to Pursuit herbicide was investigated. The results showed a significant genotypic and phenotypic variation among Iranian chickpea cultivars for tolerance to the Pursuit herbicide. The results did not show a difference between the target genes of Pursuit herbicide, ALS1 and ALS2, in all investigated cultivars with that of the reference sequences in the GenBank. This proves that the resistance observed in different chickpea cultivars to the herbicide Pursuit is not associated with the target site resistance mechanism and probably follows a non-target resistance mechanism. The superior genotypes of this study (Bivanij, Aksou, Mansour, TDS-Maragheh90-400 and TDS-Maragheh90-358) can be recommended to farmers and also suggested as parents to produce natural herbicide resistant chickpea plants in breeding programs.

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different herbicides options for weed control in chickpea and their residual effect on bread wheat performance in crop rotation under rainfed conditions. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications conducted in Mahidasht Agricultural Research Center located in Kermanshah province, Iran during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The experimental treatments included: pre-plant sulfentrazone (Espartan 50% WP); 100 and 300 g.ha-1, pre-emergence sulfentrazone; 100 and 200 g.ha-1, pre-emergence pyroxasulfone (Sakura 85% WP); 100 g.ha-1, pre-emergence flumioxazine (Shato 50% WP); 100 g.ha-1, pre emergence metribuzine (Sencor 70% WP); 200 g.ha-1, pre-emergence of sulfentrazone (100 g.ha-1)+metribiozin (200 g.ha-1), pre-emergence of sulfentrazone (100 g.ha-1)+pyroxasulfone (100 g.ha-1), preemergence of sulfentrazone (100 g.ha-1)+flumioxazine (100 g.ha-1) and hand weeding. The results showed that application of sulfentrazone+pyroxasulfone at flowering stage of chickpea reduced 95% and 94% weed biomass and density, respectively and sulfentrazone+flumioxazin reduced 93% and 82% of weed biomass and density, were the most effective treatments. The highest increase in chickpea seed yield (67% and 60%, respectively) after hand weeding was achieved by these treatments. The pre-emergence treatment of sulfentrazone 300 g.ha-1 had the least positive effect (10%) on the increasing of chickpea seed yield. The results related to the effect of herbicide residues on the wheat yield in rotation showed that wheat grain yield as a result of applying preplant sulfentrazone (200 g.ha-1) was reduced by 32% compared to the control (untreated). The residues of pre-emergence sulfentrazone (300 g.ha-1) also had the most negative effect on both plant height and wheat grain yield  by 8.2% and 32.7% reduction, respectively. In conclusion, results of this experiment showed that, sulfonetrazone (Spartan)+flumioxazin (Shato) and sulfonetrazone (Spartan)+pyroxasulfone (Sakura) herbicides can be suggested for weed control in rainfed chickpea, because of their high efficiency in weed control and improving chickpea seed yield and minor negative residues effect on bread wheat performance in in crop rotation.

The increase in crime is becoming one of the most important social problems that affects not only public safety but also health, education, child development and the socio-economic status of adults. The present study was conducted with the aim of spatial analysis of drug crimes in Ahvaz city.

This research is of applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical. In order to identify the spatial pattern of drug crimes in Ahvaz city, geographic location data has been collected from relevant departments and organizations. Finally, the descriptive and spatial data were stored as layers in the geographic information system. In order to identify and understand the spatial pattern of drug crimes in the city, statistical and graphic models were used in the geographic information system (GIS) environment.

The results of spatial statistics have shown the centers of drug-related crimes in Ahvaz city.

Based on these results, crimes in Ahvaz follow a cluster pattern. The most sensitive area in the western part of the river includes police station 21 (Ain Do), police station 17 (Koi Alavi) and police station 28 (Malashieh), which are among the marginal areas of Ahvaz city.

Chickpea provides N benefit to cereals grown in crop rotation. In addition to the N benefit, chickpea provides a disease break for wheat grown in the crop rotation. Imazethapyr, applied preemergence at the rate of 0.053 kg ai/ha, reduced plant height, delayed plant maturity, and caused leaf chlorosis. Imazethapyr, applied at 0.053 kg/ha, significantly reduced plant height compared with the nontreated or hand-weeded checks. Visual injury symptoms observed with Imazethapyr treatment included chlorosis and delayed maturity of chickpea. There was an apparent rate effect with imazethapyr, when this herbicide was applied at 0.026 kg/ha with sulfentrazone, visual injury symptoms were significantly reduced. The risk of crop injury from the higher use rate of Imazethapyr is probably not commercially acceptable, whereas the injury from the lower use rate probably is acceptable. Pre-emergence application of low-rate of imazethapyr caused minor levels of injury to the plants, it had only minor effects on plant development and yield compared with sulfentrazone. Post-emergence applications of imazethapyr, imazamox and metribuzin, delayed flowering and maturity and reduced yield. Herbicide effects varied with chickpea cultivar. Most of the commonly used herbicides that are recommended for wheat fields weed control are not able to fully control the wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) weed. Hence, utilizing appropriate agronomic strategies for managing this weed is critical. The evaluation of the effect of Wild barley spike cut-off on the previous wheat field, and the effects of chickpea sowing date and weed control measurements in chickpea cultivation in the next year in crop rotation on chickpea yield are among the aims of this study. 

The effect of wild barley weed spike cut off in wheat crop and sowing date and management strategies in chickpea cultivation on chickpea yield in the following year was evaluated in Khorramabad, Lorestan, during 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. The experiment was factorial split plot based on completely randomized block design with three replications. The factorial of the wild barley weed spike cut off in wheat (in two levels: 1- No spike cut off, and 2- Spike cut off) and chickpea sowing date in the following season (in two levels: 1- early sowing and 2- late sowing) was assigned to main plots, and the weed management factor levels in chickpea cultivation at five levels: 1- Pre emergence application of Metribuzin (0.7 kg/ha from Sencor 75%), 2- Pre emergence application of Imazethapyr (0.7 L/ha from Pursuit 10%), 3- Post emergence application of Clethodim (1 L/ha from Select 12%), 4- Hand weeding, and 5- Weedy check was assigned to sub plots. 

Wild barley weed spike cut off in wheat in previous year increased the average grain yield of chickpea by 26.5%. Chickpea grain yield for early sowing was 49.9% higher than late sowing. Pre emergence application of Imazethapyr (0.7 L/ha) and Metribuzin (0.7 kg/ha) had a persistence phytotoxic effect on chickpea. Reducing plant height, leaf brushing, increase the number of branches and delay in reproductive phase, were the negative effects of Imazethapyr herbicide on chickpea. Weed interference in early and late chickpea sowing date significantly reduced 17.8% and 49.8% of chickpea grain yield, respectively. The highest grain yield of chickpea (2309 kg.ha-1) was observed in hand weeding treatment in early chickpea sowing under Wild barley Weed spike cut off in wheat crop conditions, and the lowest chickpea grain yield (449.3 kg.ha-1) was associated to Imazethapyr herbicide application in the late sowing chickpea with under Weed No spike cut off Wild barley in wheat crop in previous season.

The results of this study showed that with the spike cut off wild barley weed in the previous wheat cultivation and preventing current year weed seed rain, we can greatly reduce the population of this grass weed in chickpea cultivation in the following year and consequently reduce its interference effects on chickpea. Chickpea early sowing was also effective in increasing the chickpea yield due to the high efficiency of sowing equipment in controlling wild barley plants and decreasing the population of this weed and, also due to synchrony of crop growth stages with better environmental conditions. In the case of herbicides tested, the Clethodim is an appropriate graminicide for controlling the wild barley in chickpea cultivation, which, of course, achieving a good control requires application in the early stages of grass weeds, and the delay in spraying reduces the control efficiency of this herbicide.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most valuable and expensive spice in the world. The stigmas of saffron are the source of valuable apocarotenoids such as crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. transcriptomic and expression studies of genes are important steps in investigating of secondary metabolites in plants. One of the important prerequisites for such studies is the existence of reliable and stable reference genes to normalize the expression of other genes. In the present study, eight reference genes were identified and isolated using transcriptome of saffron and their expression stability was evaluated by nonparametric statistics and methods. The results of amplification and sequencing showed accurate identification of eight reference genes Actin, EF1, GAPDH, H3, MDH, TBP, UBC and UBQ. The expression stability evaluation revealed that MDH and UBQ genes had the highest stability among different saffron tissues and TBP had the lowest stability among them. In this study, for first time, eight reference genes were isolated from saffron and their expression stability was evaluated. The reference genes identified in the present study can be used as stable genes to normalize gene expression in transcriptomic and expression studies of saffron plant.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify the dimensions and components of professional ethics of faculty members of Islamic Azad University by modeling on Quranic principles in Tehran province.

The method of conducting research is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). In order to conduct this research, in addition to studying the review documents based on Quranic principles, the content analysis technique with MAXQDA12 software was used to identify the dimensions and components. The statistical population in this study were all experts in the field of professional ethics, which was conducted after an interview with 17 theoretical saturations. Validity was obtained through 4 experts and by two colleagues and reliability of the Copa formula (0.533).

As a result, 5 dimensions, 20 components and 186 indicators were identified. Educational, organizational, personal, behavioral and socio-cultural dimensions were identified as the main dimensions of professional ethics and also in the first 3 rounds of Delphi 106 indicators were removed with 30 experts and finally in the fourth round 80 indicators with a Kendall coefficient of 0.768 it placed.

Based on the research findings, the results showed that professional ethics has 5 general dimensions: 1- education 2- organization 3- individual 4- behavioral 5- socio-cultural.

Transient and persistence of weed seed banks impact on weed population dynamics. Therefore, any management tools with having a reducing role can affect weed population size. Reduction of weed seed rain using effective control tools can reduce weed density. The seed bank density is the main factor corresponding to seedling density. Decline of seed bank is critical to success in crop production, so that,   poor performance in weed control only for a season cause to rain weed seeds and to improve soil seed bank. Most of the commonly used herbicides recommended for controlling weeds in wheat fields are not efficiently able to control the wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch). Hence, utilizing appropriate agronomic strategies to control this weed is critical. Evaluation the effect of wild barley spike cut-off in the previous wheat field, and the effects of chickpea planting date and chemical weed control in chickpea cultivation in rotation on wild barley weed population in chickpea cultivation are among the aims of this study.

The effect of wild barley spike cut-off in the previous wheat field, and sowing date and management strategies in chickpea on its population in chickpea for the following years was evaluated in Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran during 2009-10 and 2010-11 growing seasons. The experiment was arranged in a factorial split plot in a completely randomized block design with three replications.  The wild barley spike cut-off in wheat (at two levels: No cut-off and with cut-off) and chickpea planting date in the next season (at two levels: early planting and late planting) were assigned into the main plots. Chickpea weed management treatments (at five levels: pre emergence application of metribuzin at 0.7 kg per hectare, pre emergence application of imazethapyr 0.7 litter per hectare, post emergence application of Clethodim 1 liter per hectare, weed free treatment, and weedy infest)was assigned into the sub plots.

Wild barley spike cut-off in previous wheat reduced 71% of the density and biomass of this weed in chickpea cultivation in the following years. This suggests the importance of recent year's wild barley seeding rain in the completion of the soil seed bank for the next season. Early planting of chickpea compared to late planting decreased the wild barley density by 75%. It was mainly related to the ineffectiveness of planting operations in full control of the large wild barley plants in the late planting treatment. Early planting of chickpea under wild barley weed spike cut-off in previous wheat crop condition, was completely free of wild barley. Accordingly, the prevention of wild barley seed rain and the completion of the soil seed bank in the previous year, along with the timely planting of chickpea led to full control of this weed. Triple interaction effects of experiment factors on wild barley biomass in chickpea was statistically significant. This suggests the difference of wild barley biomass response to weed management treatments in different planting date of chickpea in spike cut-off and without spike cut-off of wild barley in the previous wheat crop. In addition to manual weeding treatments in different conditions, all weed management practices, even uncontrolled weedy check, in early chickpea planting under spike cut-off of wild barley conditions in wheat cultivation in the previous year, did not emerged any wild barley seedling. This indicates the high efficiency of spike cut-off of wild barley in the previous year and the prevention of seeding and the timely planting of chickpeas in the management of this weed.

Thus, it seems that the major part of the growing population of this weed is dependent on previous year seed rain. In the other words, the wild barley population dynamics is largely dependent on the temporary transient seed bank instead of a persistent seed bank. This suggests the possibility of managing problematic wild barley and reducing its population below the economic damage threshold through prevention of seed rain and soil seed bank management.

Chickpea is important due to its grain high protein. Chickpea is weak to compete with weeds because of the retard growth at the early stages. Therefore, weed control at this time plays an important role to gain high production. Chickpea is being grown in both dry land and irrigated systems, and growers in both systems are finding weed control to be a major obstacle to profitable production. Weed control is essential for maximum seed yield and seed quality. Selection of the herbicide plus cultivator between rows can effectively control weeds. Herbicide due to efficiency and cost savings play a basic role in weed management. Application of Isoxaflutole controlled weeds in chickpea fields with very low phytotoxicity on chickpea. But the risk of crop injury from Isoxaflutole has been reported to be greatest in soils with low organic matter content and high pH. The only herbicide registered for chickpea in Iran, is pyridate in 1998.Considering the importance of agriculture chickpea in Kermanshah and high cost of hand weeding in the fields, this study was projected to achieve the most appropriate herbicides in combination with mechanical methods (row cultivator), in order to optimally control weeds and increase the yield of chickpea. The objective of this research was to identify efficacious chemical weed-control plus cultivation options for rainfed production of chickpea in Kermanshah.

The experiment was carried out as strip plot based on complete randomized block design with four replications during 2014-2015 in Kermanshah province. The main factor included inter-row cultivation and without inter-row cultivation and the sub factor consisted of applications of Linuron (pre planting), Isoxaflutole (post emergence), Metribuzin (pre emergence), Paraquat (post emergence), Pendimethalin (pre emergence), Pyridate (post emergence) at rates 0.67, 0.48, 0.42, 0.05, 0.82, 1.5 kg a.i./ha respectively and hand weeding. Chickpea (ILC482) were sown on March 3th placing 45 seeds m-2 in rows 0.6 m apart. All herbicides were sprayed with an Elegance 18 electric knapsack sprayer equipped with flooding nozzle and calibrated to deliver 300 L/ha of spray solution at a pressure of 2.5 bar. Herbicides were applied in one-half of each plot, and the other half kept as its control. The inter-row cultivation was applied on April 29th 2014.  Percent weed population and biomass reduction in all treatments was measured separately for each weed species by counting the number of weeds 30 days after treatment within two fixed 1m2 quadrates that were dropped in the treated and untreated halves of each plot. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance using SAS. Means were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range test at P=0.05 level of significance.

Results showed that cultivation between rows reduced population of Lambs quarters and Redroot Pigweed significantly. Linurin and Paraquat could not provide acceptable biomass and population reduction. But Pyridate, Isoxaflutole and Metribuzin could control satisfactorily weeds. None of herbicide treatments could reduce Field binweed populations satisfactorily, so that the highest population reduction was observed in Lambs quarters (100%) where sprayed with Metribuzin. Percent total weed density reduction by pyridate and Isoxaflutole was highest (78% and 57%). Metribuzin reduced total weed density by at least 71%. Hand weeding plus cultivation, Pyridate plus inter-row cultivation and pyridate, caused chickpea grain yield to increase by 44.83%, 44.46%, 40.58% respectively compared with weedy check. Isoxaflutole plus inter-row cultivation and Isoxaflutole caused chickpea grain yield to increase 37.18% and 34% respectively. The highest chickpea phytotoxicity (30%) was achieved where Linuron applied.

Overall results showed that pyridate at rate 1.5 kg a.i./ha is a suitable option for control of weeds and increasing the chickpea grain yield. The results also showed that inter-row cultivation had no significant effect on weed reduction and grain yield by pyridate and Isoxaflutole. In this study, isoxaflotle controlled a wide range of weeds. It is suggested that further studies be carried out on the use of this herbicide at different times of application (pre emergence and post emergence) and different amounts.

Wild barley (Hordeum spontaneumC. Koch) population dynamic in a wheat-chickpea-wheat rotation was investigated in a randomized complete block design by split-factorial arrangement with three replications in Great region of Khorramabad, Iran, 2009-2011. Wild barley picking to prevent current year seed rain in wheat and chickpea sowing time in the next season were main plots and weed management treatments in chickpea were sub-plots. In spring 2009, a Wheat field with relatively uniform wild barley infestation to was chosen. The experiment included three factors: (a) wild barley weed seed rain in wheat at two levels: 1- without seed rain, 2- seed rain; (b) chickpea sowing time at two levels: 1- early planting, 2- late planting; and (c) 5 levels of weed management in chickpea: 1- hand weeding, 2- post-emergence application of clethodim, 3- pre-emergence application of metribuzine, 4- pre-emergence application of imazethapyr, and 5- weedy check. In autumn 2010, wheat was planted in experimental plots. In the spring of 2011, wild barley spikes were counted in wheat. Prevention of wild barley seed rain in wheat 71% reduced density and biomass of this weed in the cultivation of chickpeas in the following year. Average wild barley spike numbers in wheat in third year of rotation was declined 71.9% due to no seed rain treatment in wheat in the first year of rotation. Delay in chickpea sowing time increased 68.7% wild barley spike numbers in wheat at the next year. Hand weeding in chickpea in no seed rain, and seed shedding of wild barley in wheat at initial year of the rotation, reduced 94.6% and 88.3% wild barley spike numbers in wheat in third year of rotation, respectively. It seems that the correct strategy for wild barley management in wheat crop could be find in agronomic strategies like crop rotation.

Emergence is one of the most important events in the life cycle of annual species, because of its role in survival of the plant. Weed emergence timing has an important effect on the competition outcome of weeds with crops. Knowledge of weed emergence in the field could help reduce the loss from weeds. Many studies aim to develop prediction models that can provide information to farmers about methods and timing for weed management. Prediction of weed emergence could enhance crop management, facilitating implementation of effective strategies by optimizing the timing of weed control; this is becoming relevant for farmers because of current pressure to reduce herbicides and adopting nonchemical weed control methods. Seed dormancy state, after-ripening, and emergence pattern of wild wheat (Triticum boeoticum Boiss) and wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch), the most important grass weeds were studied underLorestan dry conditions. Wild wheat and wild barley weed emergence pattern in three stages during the fall, winter and spring were studied by split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Furthermore, wild wheat and wild barley seed emergence trends was investigated in 12 stages with intervals of about two weeks from late November to mid-May. Results showed that the presence of seed coat (Lemma and palea) acted as a serious obstacle for germination in both weeds. Regardless of treatment conditions, seed germination of wild wheat did not happen in intact seeds, up to 130 days after harvest. For wild barley, seed coat was also a serious obstacle for germination up to 130 days after harvest. Intact seeds of wild barley, generally did not germinate until two months after harvest, on the other hand, after about three months germination was less than 10%, while the germination of the seeds after 140 days under both conditions, including exposure to sun and stored at room were promoted to 87 and 37%, respectively. Both wild wheat and wild barley weeds, emergence rate during autumn dramatically exceeds the emergence rate during winter and spring. Spike number of grasses were significantly affected by planting season. Underthe spring sowing, wild wheat and wild barley as well as wheat crop, generally did not produce grain. The number of spike per area for autumn sowing was significantly more than the winter sowing up to 64.6 percent. Based on the equations fitted to the emergence of wild wheat and wild barley intact seeds planted over 12 stages from late November to mid-May of the growing season of 2013-2014, the minimum emergence in both grass weeds were estimated 75% and 56 %, respectively. Average emergence of before winter, during winter and in the spring for the wild wheat was estimated to 90, 86 and 89 percent and for wild barley 62, 77 and 69 percent, respectively. With the onset of the cold season in the late of autumn, the emergence rate of this grass weeds were reduced, but subsequently, with elimination of cold condition in late of winter emergence rate became more prominent, until deal with high temperatures in late spring that emergence declined. Considering the temperature changes during the growing season indicates that the correlation of emergence rate with the fluctuations in temperature. Emergence rate of wild wheat grass weed in autumn and spring seasons were 2.8 and 3.5 times more than the emergence rate in spring season, respectively. In the case of wild barley, grass weed emergence rate in autumn and spring seasons were 1.3 and 2.1 times more than that of winter. After four months of harvesting wild wheat seeds, the germination of seeds exposed to sunlight and stored under room temperature, on average, was 8.4 times more than the germination ability of seeds stored in the freezing condition. Germination rate of wild barley weed seeds exposed to sunlight and stored at room conditions during after-ripening period rose sharply. The germination rate for seeds placed in the sun and stored at room conditions, were 56 and 61 times more than seeds stored in freezing condition, respectively, after about five months of harvesting seeds. The results of this study suggest that physiological dormancy, physical dormancy (seed coat), and after-ripening during the summer season play an important role as an obstacle in germination of both wild wheat and wild barley in rain-fed conditions. In case of soil moisture availability, the required time window to achieve 50% of achievable germination of wild wheat and wild barley in autumn, winter and spring seasons were estimated 9, 18 and 3 days, respectively.

Distribution characteristics of weed species are key variables for weed management. Abundance and frequency show the number of individuals of a population in a given area. Distribution is a measure of the geographical domain of weeds. Identification of environmentally suitable areas for invasive of weed species is a great opportunity for management of weed invasion.
In order to specify the infection hotspots of wild wheat (Triticum boeoticum Boiss) and wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum K.Koch) weeds in rainfed wheat fields of Lorestan province, Iran, an indicator of the presence severity was defined. Presence Severity Index (PSI) indicates the portion of each field of the total contamination for a weed species in a given area. Data on grass weed species occurrence in rainfed wheat were collected in spring 2014 and 2015 from the 397 rainfed wheat fields throughout Lorestan province. Equations were fitted by Sigmaplot 12.3 and the ArcMap 10.1 software was used to drawing geographic weed maps. In drawing geographic weed maps, data grouped according to Jencks natural classification algorithm with minimal variance within groups and maximize variance between classes.
The optimum altitude for the presence of wild wheat and wild barley were estimated 1856 and 1703 m above sea level, respectively. The average altitude of wild wheat-infested wheat fields was significantly higher than the average altitude of wheat fields contaminated with wild barley. The range of altitude for the wild wheat presence in the wheat fields was form 1564 to 2169 m with an average of 1839 m above sea level. The range fo the wild barley presence in the wheat fields was from 885 to1982 m with an average of 1587 m above sea level. However, the range of altitude of all sampled wheat fields was form 697 to 2239 m above sea level. Generally wild wheat was not observed in all wheat fields of Poldokhtar, Kuhdasht and Doreh Chegeni. Among the 397 studied rainfed wheat fields in Lorestan, the highest level of presence severity index of wild wheat belonged to a wheat field in Vazlh village in the east of Khorramabad. The average wild wheat spike density of infected wheat fields was 42.1 spikes per square meter. Among the wild wheat-infected wheat fields, the highest spike density were belonged to the wheat fields in Khorramabad, Aligoudarz and Delfan, with a density of 54.7, 51.4 and 45.1 spikes per square meter, respectively. The north-east areas of Khorramabad and the east of Aligudarz and Delfan, with infested fields by presence severity index of more than 3%, were identified as the most important spots of this grass weed infestation in Lorestan province. Among the wild wheat-contaminated areas, the highest relative importance mean (44%) belonged to the Delfan, which showed the higher importance of wild wheat infestation compared to the other grass weeds in this area. The relative importance mean for wild wheat in Aligudarz, Selseleh, and Khorramabad were 34.6%, 34.2% and 20.6%, respectively. Wild barley was not found at all visited wheat fields in Azna and Aligoudarz. Based on the presence severity index, the contamination of wild barley in the wheat fields of Poldokhtar, Borujerd, Delfan and Doreh Chegeni also was not significant (the average of presence severity index of less than 1.0%). The highest level of presence severity index for wild barley (6.1) was observed for a wheat field in the Chaghalvandy area of Khorramabad. The average spike density of wild barley in wheat fields of Lorestan was 42 spikes per square meter. If we consider the average of 11 seeds per spike for wild barley, weed seed rain on the infected wheat fields of this province was estimated to 404 seeds per square meter. The presence severity index of wild barley for Khorramabad, Dorood, Kuhdasht, and Selseleh were 0.45%, 0.44%, 0.34%, and 0.28%, respectively. The highest level of wild barley relative importance index (50.7%) was belonged to Kuhdasht, which show the higher importance of wild barley compared to other grass weeds in this area. Wheat fields located in the northern of Khorramabad, the eastern areas of Kuhdasht, the central area of the Selseleh and Chegeni and the northeast areas of Delfan were identified as the main spots of wild barley infestation in the Lorestan province.
The Presence altitude domain for wild barley in rainfed wheat fields of Lorestan was 81.3% more than wild wheat that demonstrate the more possibility of wild barley invasion in a broader altitude scope.

A series of laboratory tests were conducted on wild wheat and wild barely, collected from dryland wheat farms of Lorestan province to determine the effect of temperature on their germination and emergence. Treatments included tempereatures raging 0-40 °C. According to the two segments equations fitted to the trend of seed germination, different constant temperatures, base temperature, optimum temperature and maximum temperature for germination of wild wheat intact seed with seed coat (lemma and palea), were estimated at 0.79, 24 and 28 °C respectively, as for wild barley were estimated at 0.82, 30.6 and 36 °C respectively. Average emergence of wild wheat intact seeds planted in the soil at six fluctuating temperatures of day/night regimes was 71.3%. A average of wild wheat dehusked and intact seeds germination in Petri dish experiments for six fluctuating temperatures of day/night regimes, were 70.5 and 17.9 percent respectively. In the case of wild wheat, intact seeds for day/night regimes of 10/1, 30/10 and 35/15 °C seed germination did not happen, and maximum seed germination (79%) was achieved for the 15/10 °C temperature regime. Under these conditions, wild wheat intact seed germination mean of 20/5 and 25/10 °C temperature regimes were 14 percent. The lower mean germination of wild wheat intact seeds with lemma and palea in the testing germination in Petri dishes compared with the mean of dehusked seed germination without lemma and palea, and the emergence mean of intact seeds planted in the soil suggest existence of probable inhibitor substances in the seed coat, that under soil conditions are leached from the surrounding environment of the seed.

This study was conducted to find out the weed floristic composition of 24 chickpea farms in Khorramabad during 2012. Based on a floristic study, 70 weed species belonging to 20 families were identified. The results showed that dicots were predominant in the chickpea farms. Maximum of weed densities were recorded for Gallium tricornutum (10.27 plants.m-2), Vaccaria grandiflora (4.3) and Vicia villosa (3.4) plants.m-2respectively. Maximum frequency of different weed species was recorded as G. tricornutum (93.8%), V. garndiflora, and C. dichotomum with frequency of 75%, and 59.4% respectively were the two others prevalent species. Carthamus oxyacantha, and Centaurea spp. With frequency of 56%, and Conringia orientalis, Vicia villosa, and Sinapis arvensis by frequency of more than 50% were the others prevalent weed species. Plant families of caryophyllaceae, compositae, and brassicacea any with two species, and rubiacea, and fabaceae families any with one species included the 8 species with frequency more than 50%. Among 30 species with frequency more than 10% only 4 species were biennial or perennial, that is 83.3% of weed species that had frequency more than 10% was annual. Of the total weed is detected (64 spacies , 75/92 % ) were C3, and (5 species , 25/7 %) had C4 photosynthetic pathway.

IntroductionInvasive species present a major threat to biodiversity, which may be boosted due to the climate change effects, particularly if desired weather conditions allow weed to spread to new areas. Identification of areas climatically suitable to weed establishment can offer great opportunities for stopping or decelerating invasion process. Bioclimatic and species distribution models that relate geographic data of a species to environmental variables have become an important modeling tool in invasion ecology. Although the predicted area by climex as suitable environmental for a species does not mean that, it can necessarily establish there, it does suggest a beneficial knowledge about detecting areas with invasion potential.
Taking advantage of climate match index to predict the potential invasion of wild barley grass weed in Iran and other world regions under current climate and different climate change scenarios are the objectives of current research .Identifying suitable environmental areas for invasive species provides an opportunity to prevent or slow down the invasion process
Materials and methodsBased on the presence intensity index of weeds, the climate of infestation hotspots in the Lorestan province, including Khorramabad (Aymanabad and Rimmelleh region), Dorud, Kuhdasht and Aleshtar, were defined as the favorable climate for wild barley. Wild barley-infected foci climate in Lorestan province was considered as a desirable climate for this weed. Climatic similarity of different regions of the world with the intended zone was evaluated as a criterion of invasion susceptibility of those regions in the current conditions and under climate change scenarios by using Climex model.
Results and DiscussionResults showed that Kermanshah, Tehran, Hamedan, Kurdistan, Markazi, Qazvin and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari with composite match Index greater than 0.81 in compare to infected area in Lorestan, were the most prone province of Iran for wild barley weed establishment. under climate change scenarios, Zanjan, Hamedan, Ardebil, West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Kurdistan, Chharmhal and bakhtyary, and Markazi climate conditions will be more favorable in comparison with the current situation for establishment of wild barley weed, and the climate conditions in other provinces will be less favorable. Under climate change scenarios condition, the climate conditions of Lorestan will be 8.5% unfavorable to establish wild barley. Islamabad gharb, Borujerd, Ivan, Tuyserkan, Kangavar, peers, Kermanshah, Kamyaran, Ardal, Silakhor, Sararood, Sanandaj, Shamiran Tehran, Rawansar, Rvmshkan, Skinheads, Ilam, Farsan, Tazehabad, Nourabad Delfan, Mahabad, Azna, Songhor, Harsin, Sisakht, Khorramabad, Sepidan, Zarghan, Moalem Kalayeh, Sarableh, Bukan, Qazvin, Shahin Dez, Bane, Bilasuvar, Shazand, Takhte jamshid, Arak, Khomeini, Hashtgerd, Saghez, Oshnavieh, Saman, Khondab, Shiraz, Shahr kord, and Malayer with a composite match index of greater than 0.9 were considered the most vulnerable regions against the wild barley invasion. In the current climate situation, Spain, United States of America, Algeria, Greece, Syria, Turkey, Italy, Australia, Uzbekistan, Tunisia, Pakistan, Iraq, Morocco, Chile, Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Portugal, Argentina, Turkmenistan, Libya, Romania, Jordan, South Africa, France, Armenia, Ukraine, Palestine and China have at least one region with composite match index greater than 0.8 for wild barley weed infested region in Lorestan province. Climate conditions of North Korea, Switzerland, South Korea, Hungary, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mongolia, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Germany, Canada, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, South Georgia, Belgium, Russia, Bulgaria, Netherlands, Ukraine, Sweden, Kazakhstan, Finland, Belarus, England, Norway, France, Denmark and Ireland become 10-30% more vulnerable to wild barley invasion, according to the UK scenario for the year 2080, climate change in compared with current weather condition.
ConclusionsEurope was the most talented continent for invasion of wild barley, and South America and the Africa continents in the current and future climates respectively had the minimum risk for establishment of wild barley.

The effects of planting pattern and amount of copper sulfate fertilizer on production of two varieties of chickpea was studied as randomized complete block design with three replications in in dry farming conditions Khorramabad during 2006-2007. The experimental factors involved (1) Amount of copper sulfate fertilizer in four levels (control, without fertilizer and application of copper sulfate fertilizer to amounting of 15, 20 and 25 Kg/ha), (2) Planting Pattern in four levels (distances of rows 20, 30, 40 and 50 centimeters with constant crop density of 50 plants/m2) and (3) variety of chickpea in two levels (Arman and Hashem). Maximum biomass for Arman and Hashem cultivars was 304 and 341.2 grams per square meter respectively. Base on sigmoid equation, highest levels chickpea biomass per unit area for copper sulfate different levels varied from 301.7 to 348.4 grams per square meter. The average of biomass production for 20×10 cm planting pattern was 46, 49 and 72 Percent more than 30×6.7, 40×5 and 50×4 cm cropping patterns respectively. According to results of this research, Arman variety with 20×10 cm planting pattern for sowing in the end of winter in Khorramabad climate and the similar regions is recommended. Appling of copper Sulfate fertilizer in amount to 15-20 Kg/ha is necessarily recommended.

Water availability effect on seed emergence of wild wheat and wild barley grass weeds in comparison to wheat was evaluated in a randomized complete block design by 4 replications in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Lorestan in autumn of 2013. Different levels of irrigation and species seed kinds were allocated to main plots, and subplots respectively. The water requirement for emergence initiation of intact seeds of wild wheat and wild barley was 73.8% and 51.1% higher than that for wheat, respectively. Maximum emergence % of intact seeds of wild wheat became 1.9, 3.8, and 6.2 times, and wild barley 1.68, 2.01 and 3.25 times as much by increasing of water availability from 12.5 mm to 15, 17.5 and 20 mm, respectively. Results show that the high percent of wild wheat and wild barley seeds (>75%) will emerge if the water requirement to be made available, that is prepare the way to management of this weeds.

The mortality rate of ground cherry seed (Physalis divaricata L.) was examined at three different depths (0-10-30 cm) of soil and the biology of their berries was studied after shattering in a field for one year in Alashtar in Lorestan province. The type of experiments was completely randomized design. The viability of seeds within berries was conducted from early formation to completely ripe berry fruits; the emergence method of seedling was studied. The results showed that the berries are formed in late June but seeds within the fruits showed viability 4 weeks later, with 80 percent seed germination. Seeds at depths the 10-30 cm had the least mortality rate, with 98 percent germination, seeds on surface soil showed the most mortality rate, with 86 percent germination after one year. After shedding the berries, a great portion of water was absorbed by them, they were cracked in January, the berries decomposed in March and dispersed completely during April and seeds were shattered. The biology of the germination showed that from each berry under wheat canopy emerged more than 35 seedlings as cluster but after harvesting the wheat, the emergence rate exceeded than 70 germinated seeds per berry.

The contamination of water and soil resources by pesticides is an important environmental problem of the world. There are numerous variety of nanomaterials used for environmental detoxification, including nanometals, nanooxides, nanoclays and dendrimers. Numerous studies have pointed to the degradation of pesticides by using nano-particles (zero- valent iron, and nano-TiO2 nanoparticles,). Today the use of TiO for photocatalytic degradation of pesticides is taken into consideration, since it operates in ambient temperature and pressure with low energy photons, requires no chemical reagents except oxygen in the ambient air and no expensive catalysts. The degradation of pesticides on Titanium dioxide (TiO) initiated by attraction of peroxide or hydroxyl radical and electron transfer. Due to the low cost and easy production, zero- valent iron (ZVI) is an industrially feasible remediation methodology. There is evidence to suggest possible risks. Most nanoparticles are not biodegradable and expected to accumulate in organisms and especially at higher levels in the food chain. Materials in nanoscale show unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties which may be different from those in bulk materials. Therefore the nanotechnology should be promoted in a responsible and safe manner.

Paraquat herbicide weed control efficacy in stale seedbed practices was evaluated by split plots arrangement according to a randomized complete block design with three replications in Lorestan province during 2009 and 2010. The common bean seed rate (in three levels: 100، 150 and 200 kg. ha-1) and weed management in seven levels (1. Trifluralin PPI; 2. Paraquat PRE; 3. Bentazon+acifluorfen POST; 4. Trifluralin PPI+ Bentazon+acifluorfen POST; 5. Paraquat PRE +Bentazon+acifluorfen POST; 6. Hand weeding; 7. Weedy check) were allocated to main plots and sub plots، respectively. In the first year، among the herbicide treatments، the lowest weed density was belonged to the paraquat PRE+Bentazon+acifluorfen POST، that reduced weed density by 68% in comparison to weedy check. Trifluralin PPI+ Bentazon+acifluorfen POST، Paraquat PRE +Bentazon+acifluorfen POST، and Bentazon+acifluorfen POST alone were reduced weed biomass 83، 82 and 70%، respectively. Based on the second year experimental results، all management treatments significantly reduced weed density compared to weedy check. Treatments included Trifluralin PPI، by average were reduced weed density 77% compared to weedy check. Integrated application of Paraquat PRE+Bentazon+acifluorfen POST، also reduced weed density by 55%، and had not significant differences with superior treatment.

The effects of sowing date and crop density of chickpea on population and infestation of pod borers were studied in a randomized complete block design by factorial arrangement with three replications in the chickpea growing region of Greet, Khorramabad in 2007 until 2009. Experimental factors comprised of sowing dates (March 14, March 30, and April 21) and crop density (25, 50 and 75 plant.m-2). Population of larvae on plants during the growing season and final yield and 100 seeds weight at harvesting time were determined. Pod borers low population in first year was attributed to the extremely cold winter (occurrence of 14.6°C) during the growing season. The second year results showed that although pest population in early date of planting was 1.35 times higher than other dates and infestation percentage was more than 5 times, but the yield was 61.6% higher in early sowing treatment. Infestation percentage was 5 and 4 times higher in plots sowed on March 14 and 30, respectively than those plots sowed on April 21. The average chickpea yield in March 14 and 30 were 61.6 and 52.4% higher than April 21, respectively. Higher plant density increased population and pod borers damage in chickpea. The highest seed yield was obtained from the highest plant density. When plant density increased from 25 to 50 and 75 plant.m-2 chickpea grain yield increased 13.3% and 37.7%, respectively.