فهرست مطالب شادی عزیزی

Technology is present in all stages of the architectural process in different forms. In the process of creation of the work, the facade of the building, as the outermost comprehensible element, which generally has the task of conveying the symbolic concepts of the work, plays a prominent role in the effectiveness of the new technologies of their era. The main goal of this research is to investigate and identify the effective aspects of technology on the creation of the facade of contemporary iconic buildings.

The research is combined. Through descriptive-analytical and historical methods, at the same time, the role of the icon and its impact on iconic architecture, as well as the aspects of the effects of new technology on architecture, based on the Vitruvian principles, have been investigated, and in the following, the factors affecting the use of new technology in the creation of the facade of iconic buildings.

According to the hypothesis test, the technology variable has a significant effect on the creation of the landmark facade of iconic buildings, and this means that with the increase in the presence of new technology, the amount of realization of the landmark facade will be increased.

Technology is a growing process that interacts continuously with all structures of human life today. What has been forgotten in the contemporary era is the need to match the process of designing and building the artificial environment with the dynamic issue in the essence of technology.

Every culture provides human patterns in various time periods which determine activities, achievements and social responsibilities of people. These cultural patterns and values influence individuals’ lifestyles and guide their actions. Consequently, the formed values of traditional societies undergo transformation as global social changes and revolutions redefine societal norms. In this process, the values with which people lived their lives for years and then formed their physical environment are replaced with some new values and patterns. Therefore, it can be said that space matters in understanding the changes and social developments that have taken place in the society in the space-time dimension. In order to see the changes that have taken place in the society, one must pay attention to its physical appearance in order to understand the root of the transformation in the structures of the society. Architecture and the city can be considered as elements that are affected by the societal conditions, effectively illustrating and manifesting societal changes. One of the most important causes of spatial changes are the social changes. According to social psychologists and sociologists, social changes influence societies in both materialistic and non-materialistic aspects. This study aims to explore non-materialistic aspects, particularly changes of value, and their materialistic effects on spaces, focusing specifically on in-between spaces.

The methodology used in this study is qualitative in nature, with an exploratory-historical and post-analytical logic. The exploratory-historical logic explores historical contexts to understand societal mechanisms and approaches. Meanwhile, the post-analytical logic examines current societal mechanisms and approaches and constructs hypothetical models to explore underlying relationships. Data collection for this study involved gathering information from various sources, including bibliographic research, as well as primary and secondary resources such as images and documents.

Values of a society reveal the culture and beliefs of a nation which can directly impact the form and structure of its built environment. As a result, in-between spaces, as semi-public and semi-private spaces, carry several roles which are being affected by the values of their time. These values were transformed in Qajar period when the signs of modernity appeared in architecture. The findings highlight the emergence of new societal values, including socialization of women in society, rejection of polygamy among men, shrinking families (nuclear structure), separation between home and workplace, outburst of western goods (new appliances of life, formation of new entertainment out of home, emergence of service jobs, individualism and independent lifestyles). The aforementioned factors have changed in-between spaces through some structural changes, so they formed new values and have changed the notions of in-between spaces, such as privacy, private area and personal spaces. Consequently, new forms of in-between spaces, such as balconies, pause areas, and horizontal divisions like stairways, have emerged to accommodate these evolving societal values.

The reciprocal relationship between space and social changes is evident in the two studied periods. During the Qajar and Pahlavi I period, the construction of new spaces and buildings that were not seen before in Iranian society, led to significant physical changes that mirrored evolving societal values. On the other hand, cultural connections with the West, educational trips, travel and printing of books and newspapers and other factors led to major changes in individual and social values. Consequently, the spaces within households, including crucial communication and intermediary areas, underwent transformations to accommodate the evolving needs of individuals, which differed noticeably from those of previous generations.

Only difference exist in the language. It should not be unheeded that it is the difference which usually determines affirmative phrases where difference is counterbalanced in their intermediacy: but in the language only differences devoid of affirmative phrases exist. In the language, considering sign or signified, no concept or vocal could be found which had existed prior to the language, in lieu, only vocal or conceptual differences, engendered by the grammatological scheme, could be descried. The concept or the essence which the sign enfolds carries less significance than other signs which are encompassing it. The mere proof of this claim is that by changing its adjacent words, the value of a term could be altered and this is achieved without implementing a change in its own meaning or voice. What is of import in the post-structural critic of philosophers effected by de Saussure is his debased organization of though and not a sign-based one regarding the narrative of construction.

Human life is full of various and frequent activities and events, occurring in time and space with different rhythms. This description of human "life" emphasizes the crucial role of rhythmanalysis for architects and urban designers, who’s creative job is to organize and pattern their "living" built environment.In the present article, while exploring rhythms of everyday life, designers' attention is drawn to the importance and necessity of recognizing these rhythms in development of architectural design knowledge. Therefore, first, an overall view of the day to day life rhythms in architectural spaces is presented, using logical reasoning and based on the research precedents. This overall view shows a hierarchy of rhythms in space, from natural rhythms to human-based ones including biological, personal, socio-cultural and physical-spatial rhythms.In order to corroborate the necessity as well as the mechanisms of rhythmanalysis, an educational complex was selected for a case study, in which non-interfering close observations, in-depth interviews, and qualitative content analysis, were applied, as methods of inquiry.The results indicate that in many spaces, more than one activity and event occurs. Thus, users have to constantly change the furniture in each space, or move from one space to another, to be able to accomplish their intended activities and/or to provide suitable venues for events to take place. The results also connote that it is not sufficient to draw merely upon established design standards, but also the frequency of activities and events in time and space must be taken into account.

Architecture as one of the ways to create a work, while using art, is a combination of thought and technology. What sets an architectural work apart from other works is that it is more valuable than providing shelter; In other words, in addition to the functional aspect, it also expresses the characteristic of beauty and higher transcendent concepts. This type of architecture, as a valuable heritage, has the ability to remain in history and the role of technology in the production of such heritage has always been one of the influential parameters. When an architectural design is formed as a special work of art, it is affected by the technology and it has become symbolic in this state. The purpose of this study is to investigate this secondary aspect of technology and its role in the production of heritage of contemporary architecture.

The research is Combined and uses a Grounded Theory. Through descriptive-analytical methods, by examining the heritage of contemporary architecture as well as the aspects of the effects of technology and its role, the factors affecting architecture have been analyzed

Examining the identity samples of contemporary architecture as a lasting heritage with different geographical distribution shows that jointly the characteristics of form, function and beauty in the areas of formal configuration, spatial organization and facade composition can be analyzed and compared.

The nature of the architecture of funds at the intersection of art, science, technique, depending on the time and the context has been changed and the creation of a lasting architectural heritage has depended on the level of technological advancement of its time.

onsidering users' interaction with a space to predict its future function is a key issue in the architectural design process. In this regard, a well-known approach is a scenario-based design. This approach is used in software design, product design, and graphics to predict aspects of the user experience interacting with a system. However, it has no clear application in architectural design. Nevertheless, users often have an uncertain position in the architectural design process. Users are rarely consulted, probably because architects do not have direct access to them and their views. Architects often overlook the diversity and spatial experience of users. When visualizing future users, they use their personal experiences as the main reference.Research Question: This study seeks to answer the following questions: "What components are needed to write a scenario in architectural design?" And "How can a framework be proposed for the scenario-based design process in architecture based on user experience inspired by methods developed in other design disciplines?"

This is a qualitative research that uses a case study. In theoretical discussions, drawing upon documentary research methods, scenario components and the concept of "scenario-based design" in architecture were explained. A series of field studies were then conducted to identify the user experience to develop a scenario-based design framework based on user experience. For this purpose, a non-profit girls' secondary school in Tehran was selected as a case study. Data were collected through participant observation, activities and events, and semi-structured interviews with various school users. For interviews, purposive sampling and theoretical saturation criteria were used. The text of these interviews was then analyzed using quantitative content analysis to extract the influential components in the users' spatial experience. By coding the text of the written interviews, i.e., the school users' narratives of their spatial experience in the building, six main categories were finally obtained. The components were physical-spatial (spatial quality), physical-functional (users' functional requirements), safety, physiological-biological, psychological (individual and social), and cultural-religious (culture and religious ethics). Then, the personal characteristics of the representative of each group of users (including age, gender, profession, needs) were compiled along with the abstract of the narratives of their spatial experience, in the form of a series of sheets called "User Persona Sheet."

The findings showed that scenario-based design in architecture is possible by using various methods in navigating users' spatial experience in existing buildings of the same type, addressing the current and desired functional scenarios of the spaces. In response to Q1, transferring the scenario components in other design disciplines to architectural design, helped identify the components needed for scenario writing in architecture. These were the user, the user's desires, the location, the user's activities, the events, the time period of the activities, the time sequence and the relationship of the activities to the spaces (scenario plot), and the final product (architectural space). The "User Persona" sheets provided us with the information required to take the above steps. Q2 relates to the framework and steps of scenario writing in the architectural design process. The first step involves appointing a representative from each user group and setting up a "user persona sheet" for each of them containing personal details, needs, a brief account of everyday space experiences, and their view of the desired spaces. In the second step, the current function scenarios of the spaces were illustrated in a format similar to a "storyboard." To this end, it was attempted to represent the narrative of a user's typical day-to-day activities along with his or her key explanations in a chronological hierarchy. In the third step, the scenarios of the desired function of spaces were carried out. Here, according to the current function scenarios and the users' views of the desired situation, an idea was developed about the desired future scenarios of the spaces, containing design ideas. So far, everything has been done based on the spatial experiences of users. In buildings such as schools, with management systems, goals, policies, and norms, a "normative scenario" is added to the pre-proposed scenarios. It reflects the norms, rules of behavior, organizational and common goals of all user groups, affecting the architectural spaces.

The issue of Vitality and creativity is one of the major issues in the present century and the impacts of environmental - physical spaces, as an effective factor, external to the individuals on Creative vitality of children irrefutable. This research uses the factor analysis for Characteristics of creative vitality in primary schools in Tehran with perceptions of School educators and practitioners affecting viewpointsAfter formulating the contents of the content table and the questionnaire, the sample size based on Klein's views reached 230 people according to the number of questionnaires. Therefore, the viewpoints of School educators and practitioners in educational spaces at Tehran schools were randomly selected by cluster sampling. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 23 and using R factor analysis. The results of this research indicated that 9 factors 1) Familiarity and readability of the environment on the child's adaptation to it, 2) Supervision and visibility of the environment on the child's sense of security and interactivity, 3) Experience and imagination of the environment on multi-sensory and memory games Motivation, 4) Natural effects and motivational aspects of the environment on the child's creative games and happiness, 5) Safety and physical comfort on well-being, 6) Flexibility and diversity of the environment on play and learning, 7 ) Sociability and presence of the environment on the child's confidence for play and interactions, 8) Creative vitality with environmental arrays on the formation of child behavior and 9) Playability and eventfulness of the environment on the child's creativity with examples of design on vitality Creatively affects. The results show that the educational spaces of primary schools can be an effective context for learning and experiencing the environment from various physical, functional, social, psychological and perceptual aspects of the environment.These experiences and learnings in different dimensions lead to creative vitality.

Happiness has broad definitions that are constantly changing. From antiquity to the Enlightenment era, happiness is defined in terms of eudemonistic, hedonistic, and ideological. Until the end of the twentieth century, with the growth of industry in societies, numerical-economic criteria played a pivotal role in its definition. In recent decades, due to the importance of social interactions, happiness has been redefined with social relationships. In the present study, by identifying the criteria affecting the formation of social interactions in the mixed-use space, this link has been classified in the form of measuring adapting of objective samples with the extracted criteria. Firstly, by presenting a theoretical framework from previous studies, the three criteria diversity, density and design of detached space have been considered. Secondly, Mixed-use urban centers, which have been considered as a functional solution for more interaction in communities by urban architects and planners, due to the existence of mixed commercial, cultural and recreational uses in the form of six options (mixed-used centers: Galleriya, Arg, Kourosh, Samarghand, Heravi and Kiyan) were identified and classified in Tehran. Then, with the three-level Hierarchical Analysis Method, three main criteria (diversity, density and design of detached space) in the form of nine common sub-criteria including cinema, restaurant and food court, play space, shops, elevators and escalators, open space, voids, shared space and security were evaluated for each of the six selected options. The results indicate the importance of the role of design in the form of detached space as the most effective criterion in prioritizing mixed-use urban space with a focus on happiness. In addition, based on the weights obtained from the identified criteria and sub-criteria, the Kourosh Mixed-use Center with the highest ranking in competition with other options has provided a happier space.

Architecture education has always been associated with two different and complementary processes: creative thinking and linear/technical thinking. Today, the process of training an architect in an academic environment is usually based on design studios, which is complemented by formal training in theoretical and technical topics. This system is based on the idea that it will enable students to develop creative and appropriate solutions. However, this teaching method might cause hidden problems that, in some cases, can hinder students’ learning progress and cause their full potential skills not to be identified and exploited. Ateliers (workshops) in architecture schools are the main teaching tools in which students are exposed to solving many design problems. Since burnout causes the learning process to decline, its reduction is of interest to many academic settings. Burnout is one of the educational system problems at all educational levels, which leads to a waste of power and expenses and can have a devastating effect on personal and academic life. In addition, new and various educational methods, including gamification, have been reviewed, improved, and used over the years. For various purposes, educational non-entertainment games (serious games) are designed to achieve academic goals and values and to develop skills.

Games are fun ways to learn and provide a safe and secure environment in a simulated environment for learners to make decisions and even make mistakes without fear of real-world consequences. The player can confront a variety of challenges in the games that conform to the latest proven principles of learning effectiveness. Learning through educational games is unconscious, indirect, and effective. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of architecture design education at the undergraduate level in reducing students’ academic burnout and thus improving the learning process of design. This method aims to maximize students’ capacity to acquire information and skills. Their creative and technical competencies have been integrated to improve the effectiveness of architectural education and increase future architects’ work quality. This study was conducted experimentally using a pretest-posttest design with control and intervention groups. The statistical population of this study was the students of Parand Branch Azad University, who were randomly selected to participate in this research. They are equally divided into two intervention and control groups. MBI-GS (S) standard burnout questionnaire was used to collect data, and SPSS.22 software was used for statistical data analysis. The games were designed under the chapter to achieve the research objectives and performed in the intervention group’s studio.

Student feedback was recorded at each level of the games and at the end of the semester, with very interesting results in student design quality, increased motivation, and interest. Hence, the design learning promotion was achieved. Statistical results show that there is a big difference between the three conceptual sections of academic burnout, including exhaustion (feeling tired because of study requirements), cynicism (having a pessimistic and apathetic attitude towards homework), and professional efficacy (feeling incompetent as a student). There were intervention and control groups among the students after completing the training sessions and holding a post-test. Therefore, the study of academic burnout and effective strategies in reducing exhaustion to achieve educational goals and improve the design learning process was the criterion of this study, in contrast to other previous studies that examined the result of gamification in the product of architecture and design, or studied the purely psychological effects of burnout. The design learning process was examined, considering the concepts of gamification education and academic burnout. Finally, the gamification method in architectural design education was tested in line with reducing students’ academic burnout.

Based on the study findings, it can be concluded that gamification education in architectural design effectively reduces academic burnout, increases interest and motivation, and increases student participation in practical activities of the studio. Therefore, it is recommended to use this new educational method to reduce academic burnout and improve architectural design learning.

Social changes can be considered among the biggest reasons for space changes. Urban spaces and architecture can be considered as human-made phenomena in geographical spaces which are affected by social, economic, cultural and environmental situations. Iranians relationshipswith the west their familiarity with scientific revolutions, industrialized as well as technological developments has begun when this familiarity was formed through traveling, doing business, educating as well as the European states political and economic penetration developed in Iran and then, they started knowing about their country’s underdevelopment, the corruption of the ruling system of the Shah which led to people’s opposition toward Shah and his system. All this development led to some great changes in various domains. There seemed to be a well-matching relationship between the values and the environmental realities before the 19th century in Iran, i.e. the society and the social structure were in quite balance. Though, in the current century, there seems to be some big non-matching changes which are affected by some inside and outside factors. This issue has been discussed in Johnson’s Functionalism Theory. These factors led to some transformations in values and finally to the phenomenon of the Constitutionalism which has been among the greatest changes in the history of Iran. Majority of the historical and social researchers believe that these outside factors facilitated the process of the Constitutionalism in Iran. This great social development had some various effects in different domains including architecture and city planning, among the others. In this study, we try to investigate those value-changing outside factors which influenced space directly.Research Question: how social changes affected the in-between space developments in Qajar era?

 The methodology of this study is qualitative, deductive and strategic.

 the influence of outside factors of changes on values in this historic period and its direct influence on the environment can be briefly explained in the following three reasons: first, the role of new teachings which led to the formation of a well-educated social class named elite which can be classified in some more subclasses. Second, the role and influence of Arab states in terms of political and economic aspects which has influenced and used the country under their dominance. This phenomenon had led to western products to dominate the Iranian market which has played a significant part in the import of western ideology to Iran. And third, the role of industrialization revolution and its following influences in western countries which have dominated the Iranian society significantly. These three factors have played major roles in the reformation of traditional values and the inclination toward the new trends which become influential in structural reformations. According to the “space instrument” approach of this study, it can be easily noticed that architecture and city planning of this era have been an instrument to demonstrate power and ease the sense of underdevelopment against the western states. In fact, it can be claimed that the reason of changes in in-between space has been the formation of instrumental thoughts toward the issue of space which has made space as an instrument to change values as well as impose a new style of life and ideology. Note that Qajar era has been among the most sensitive eras in the history of Iran during which tradition and modernity has come into closer connection to each other and new forms of architecture and city planning in comparison to the previous eras. The social changes of this era have influenced the cities and architecture in terms of modernization. This phenomenon has happened initially through the following exact western architecture and city planning which reveals the instrumental use of architecture in this historic era.

Rhythm generally is the repetition of patterns regularly occurring in the phenomena and processes. This concept is understood well in music. The regular succession, tempo, repetition, and harmony are the familiar words that have always been heard. However, rhythm is beyond its audio or visual representations, and it has been studied in philosophy, art, sociology, psychology, human and urban geography, urban design, and architecture, showing its polymorphic nature. Explaining a cohesive framework of the aspects that implies the rhythm and provides new interpretations of rhythm are the focus of the current study. Therefore, the present research aims to answer the following questions: A) What are the aspects of rhythm? and B) How are they manifested in the architecture?In reviewing the literature, a chronological view has been adopted to determine the change in the concept of rhythm by experts in various scientific fields until the beginning of a new era of scientific research by Henry Lefebvre. Among the many experts who have conducted researched on the concept of rhythm and its characteristics, the views of four scholars were selected for formulating the theoretical framework. Those experts include Henry Lefebvre, Irwin Altman, Carol M.Werner, and Mattias Kärrholm. The reason for selecting these experts was that they had an interdisciplinary view in studying rhythm and also their fields of studies are related to architecture, culture and build environment. The aspects of rhythm were extracted and classified from these experts’ opinions.The research method was qualitative based on the logical reasoning approach. Data were collected through participant observation and semi-structured interviews with various school users. The research participants were ten permanent staff of the school (as the representative of the different groups of the school users) selected using the purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation criteria. These participants were: manager, human resource manager, staff of the human resource, manager of the cultural affairs, the executive deputy and support, library manager, the authority of the twelfth grade, photography teacher, service sector staff, eleventh-grade student. Analyzing the text of the interviews was done in three steps of Strauss and Corbin’s systematic coding process (open coding, axial coding, and selective coding) using Maxquda 2020, a qualitative statistical analysis software, to extract the activities and repetitive events of the users in the school.Results showed that intrinsic feature of rhythm is spiraling movement, manifested in the form of aspects of succession (accepting change over time), duration (continuation in time), speed (slow and fast), temporal salience (existing of qualitative and distinct moments), synchronization (Simulating the behaviors and movements of the people in social links). The movement concept can be seen in all aspects of rhythm. In Tazkieh school (Tehran City, Iran), Succession is understood by moving through stairs and different spaces in each floor, and also objective of sun movement during the day. However, daylight in school interiors does not have much effect due to the use of thick curtains to solve the problem of hijab. Succession in relation to erosion of surfaces in any building is a gradual change, indicating movement. This succession occurs in all buildings and its speed is inversely related to the quality of materials and their durability. Users' spatial experiences of daily activities and events in the school, religious, and national annual calendar indicate socio-cultural dimension of duration. Physical manifestation of this aspect of duration is in architectural elements, such as decorations, symbols, and architectural style. The instance of speed is defined by activity types occurring in a place and varies time to time. Mental perception of time is related to the rapid or slow occurrence of activities and experiences in a place that are changing over time. Each place, depending on its function, is host to certain activities that are regularly repeated. The example of a place with different speeds is obvious in the School. For example, the speed of classrooms is adjusted and changed by a mechanical clock between a quiet place during teaching and a fast place during break time and art workshops. The lived experiences and memories of school users of activities, events, and their locations in the school emphasize the temporal salience. Teaching behaviors and their repetition by students in social connections, such as events and ceremonies, is a clear example of synchronization.

Happiness is a broad and complex concept, which has numerous definitions in cognitive sciences. Such definitions have been developed based on human perceptions of this concept in different periods. Many studies have been carried out on the definition of happiness in different fields of study such as philosophy, economics, and especially social sciences. The present study attempts to identify the factors resulting in happiness in mixed-use urban centers based on social studies, which have been conducted in recent decades. Accordingly, urban spaces are described as important places for social relations. One of the reasons for the promotion and development of mixed-use urban centers is the formation of social interactions. Since the number of these centers has been considerably increasing in recent years, it seems necessary to pay attention to them as a place promoting people’s interaction and happiness. The main goal of the present research is to identify the features of mixed-used urban centers contributing to users’ interaction and happiness. The content analysis and observation method were used to investigate the relationship between happiness and social interaction. Further, the development of mixed-use urban centers was investigated by focusing on the case studies in Tehran and examining the fusion of diversity, density, and interactive space design in the form of the building types such as cinema complexes, playgrounds, various stores, restaurants, and food courts; as well as features such as vertical connection, voids, indoor/outdoor connection, security, and shared spaces. In conclusion, based on the happiness criteria set for spaces and by identifying the characteristics of mixed-use urban centers based on past studies, the study found that mixed-use centers play an important role in the improvement of happiness and social interactions for citizens.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of educational games in the main courses of architecture (architectural design) in undergraduate studies, on the level of mental perception and promotion of the learning process.Architectural colleges specifically use workshops as the main teaching tool. Conceptually, the workshop is a process of learning through practice, in which students are exposed to solving a series of design problems. Therefore, finding new educational solutions in studios is considered that can improve the process of learning.The current research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive in terms of data collection and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection, which was conducted experimentally with pre-test-post-test design with control group. The statistical population of this study was students of two architectural designs of the first semester of the 99-98 academic year of the Islamic Azad University, Parand Branch, sixty of whom were randomly selected to participate in this study and were tested and controlled in two groups of thirty. The case group was trained in a playful way. Strop test was used to collect data, the content validity of which was confirmed by experts . The reliability of time and error were examined and both sections were obtained at the appropriate and acceptable level . Data collected from the test were organized in the form of statistical tables and SPSS.22 software was used for statistical analysis of the obtained data.Since the speed of brain function and accuracy of the students in the case group at the end of the study was significantly different from the control group it can be concluded that serious games in the main courses of architecture have been effective in increasing the perception and promotion of learning , so this study suggests using this method in architectural design courses.

Researchers in the field of Design-Process have focused on effective techniques to enhance creativity in the design of many studies. This leads to a focus on the effects of two techniques: metaphor and analogy. This research has challenged us to take consideration about: "Is the effectiveness of these techniques in all the activities of the design process to the same extent? Whichever metaphor and analogy techniques play a more meaningful role in which part of the design process?Nowadays, skills in innovation and methods that improve the knowledge of the design-problem have emerged as main features for designers. Metaphor is frequently expressed as a key role for enhancing creative design. Few empirical researches have been performed on how junior designers can use it within their performances.A metaphor is a figure of speech for rhetorical effect, directly refers to one thing by mentioning another. It may provide clarity or identify ambiguous similarities between two ideas. A metaphor also is containing an implied comparison and allows us to understand one concept in terms of another, enriching our mental imagery and imbuing concepts with meaningful attributes. Reasoning embraces the retrieval of a known concept and its application to an unfamiliar situation.The analogy is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject (the analog, or source) to another (the target), or a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. This means that the analogy is an inference or an argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction, and abduction, in which at least one of the premises, or the conclusion is general rather than particular nature. It can also refer to the relation between the source and the target themselves, which is often a similarity, as in the biological notion of analogy. As a result, two kinds of knowledge would be attained deep knowledge of the design problem, and deep knowledge of many other kinds of natural and artificial objects from/to which one may analogize.The purpose of this article is to study the research related to analogy and metaphor. Moreover, research related to the design process or its parts, in order to positioning each of these two techniques in teaching the design path. The methodology of this research is based on library studies and logical reasoning. In the first step, studies related to the design process, banner design training in Iran, and metaphor and analogy are collected and classified. This is followed by reviewing the content of these studies, the focus of each one on the different parts of the design process is identified and their final result reached with the same sensitivity. The most important result of this study is that metaphor and analogy are considered as effective techniques in creative design education. Metaphors in the stages of analysis and synthesis (understanding the design and concept production) and analogy in the stages of synthesis and evaluation (solving and promoting the problem or Concept Development) is more effective.

In the society, people's creative vitality leads to Improve the quality of Individual and social life, and clearly Pay attention to this issue and its solutions is very important. So School educational spaces as a suitable Platform that is related to young people, Plays an important role in promoting the land of students' creative vitality. Research literature reviwe indicates that space and natural and human made environment in creating creative vitality and the growth quality of school students has been effective. And also promote and enrich this spaces can be effective in personal development, education, social interaction and children's performance. Identity at the present time With the growing development of big and small cities, Architectural arrangements In order to influence this important matter that consist of important part of the time and environment living of the daily life of the country's youth, grow fades. The following article discussion the effects of spatial space attributes of school educational environments on students' creative vitality. Therefore, in the following according to the effect of the environment on students' creative vitality, the factors effecting the perspective of experts have been studied. In fact some environmental factors are independently effective in increasing the process of promoting creative vitality. Vitality and creativity overlap and in fact they are necessary for each other. Recent studies on creativity and vitality have shown that if children do not face environmental barriers at the age of 7 -11, they can direct their energy toward creative activities. Based on the content, Success in primary school is generally closely related to students' creative vitality. Accordingly the purpose of the present study is to provide criteria for promoting student’s creative vitality in elementry schools. The main question of the research is to determine the criteria for promoting creative vitality in primary schools.

What are the key factors of primary school environment that influence creative vitality? What is the relationships between the physical concepts of educational spaces in primary school and it’s components of promoting creative vitality?

In the study, research was conducted based on qualitative-quantitative methods, and using Delphi in the primer part. First step of the research were open interviewed of professional in the field of creative vitality. Then, with the techniques of open and axial coding the content table was created, and the questionnaire was organized in two stages. The population of this study was architectures, urban planners and psychologists. Network sampling method (snowball) on the sample size of 20 professionals is used. Snowball and the theoretical saturation was used to determine the sample size. The data were analyzed using “Q” factor analysis. Finally, the most affecting factors are identified on the creative vitality of each spatial attributes.

The results of this study indicate that physical-environmental, perceptual-expermental, psychological-mental, functional and social dimensionsof the environment were infuential on educational spaces in elementry schools, and the components to each of these concepts have been based on the opinions of the experts.

The discussion of man and his alienation in contemporary environments has become an important challenge in environmental psychology studies. Gibson as a theorist in the field of environmental psychology studies, introduces the component of meaning and divides it into six levels, the sixth of which is the ultimate connection between man and the environment. From the audience’s point of view, what is the view towards this issue, and what do they expect from the establishment of meaning levels in educational spaces? In other words, the purpose of the study is to determine the level of students’ expectations of establishing meaning levels and also to determine the relationship between increasing levels and environmental satisfaction of the main audience of such spaces. The research methodology is positivist, with emphasis on quantitative basic data and quantitative research. In the data collection phase, the selected method is a survey method, and in the discussion and analysis phase, the research method is based on statistical reasons and with an explanatory descriptive nature. Gibson’s semantic levels and ideal student status are considered as the two main variables of the study, which are used to determine the correlation relationship between these two variables using Pearson coefficient. Finally, this study concludes that increasing semantic levels in the interior space is more important for the audience of the space and after that the yard has the highest correlation coefficient, but in the entrance space, increasing the semantic levels has an inverse relationship with students’ environmental satisfaction and they do not seek to increase semantic levels in such spaces.

The fundamental changes in industrial and post-industrial societies have changed the concepts of work, residence, and leisure. In this situation leisure has become one of the most crucial needs of human life and a wide range of social theories has been used to expand our understanding of leisure experiences and the role of leisure in societies. Today the definition of leisure is more complicated by the ambiguity situation of work and leisure, especially in citizenship life. However, even though many studies have reported leisure as functionalist, Marxist, neo-Marxist and feminist approaches, there has been very little research reported on the interactionist approach. This approach addressed the attributes of leisure in dramatic lifestyle changes. People's job is no longer the mere sign of social class and personal identity. Todays the differences between people will be more distinctive by their leisure activities. From this view, leisure is one of the fundamental factors for social cohesion, identical definition, and social interactions. Meeting this need requires physical locations, and the urban spaces have a vast potential to respond to this need. Urban spaces have a foremost role in leisure activities especially for women who always faced challenges in public places. Before second-Pahlavi dynasty, women presence just was common in Mosque, Bath, and Bazar without a man. So many various cultural limitations and beliefs keep women away from many public spaces during the history of our county. The absence of women in urban spaces leads to their inability to making relationships and suppress their identity.  The purchase was the only activity that allows women to be present in the realm of men in the past. Today's Mixed-use centers are new urban places that make legitimate the presence of women from different social classes in the urban space. In these places, women can find a new identity for themselves, other than being a woman or a mother of children. Today's mixed-use centers are becoming new urban places that provide an opportunity to purchase besides a lot of other activities for women. Considering the importance of leisure for women as a source of identity, in the present study, Kourosh mixed-used center is selected as one of the new urban places which contain diverse meanings and activities than other public spaces like coffee shops and restaurants in Tehran metropolis. The aim of this article is evaluating the role of mixed-use centers as new spaces of urban interactions in the quality of women leisure. Literature review in recent leisure fields based on interactionist approaches categorize that three variables into activity fragmentation, activity synchronization, and communication (socialize and speaking). The influence of these variables analyzes by statistical analysis as fieldwork in Kurosh Mixed-use center. The data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 384 women randomly in Kurosh center. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The result shows that women leisure has a significant correlation to the activity fragmentation and activity synchronization, yet there is no significant correlation between women leisure and communication (socialize and speaking).

The large gap between academic lessons in architecture schools and the labor market in society has made many graduates of architecture schools unfamiliar with the work process and solving architectural issues in society. An important constituent which has been present in Iranian education and training culture from yesteryear, which can be seen in novel education stands around the world, is collaborative education. In this method, learners get accustomed to concerns related to collective benefits and group problem solving. Thus, after graduation students gain higher ability to identify issues in society and solve problems with colleagues and interact with others. The aim of this study is to present a model for collaborative architectural design education, on the subject of decreasing the gap between academic education and work. Some of the benefits which can be gained from this method include preparing learners for work and social life, improving awareness of the educational issue by grouping students of different levels, strengthening students’ responsibility and commitment towards their surrounding environment, objectivism in education, academic education based on the realities of society. This study is qualitative and post positivism. It is inductive and first-degree data was collected, organized, and classified. It sought to discover issues surrounding architectural design education in a collaborative manner. The presented model consequently showed that it is not only synergistic, but also instigates efficiency in design education students. It can also significantly reduce the gap between academic education and the labor market.

Educational spaces, which take up a large part of students' daily time, are not created merely to meet educational needs, but should include the various aspects of student interaction and the physical environment that give rise to a sense of belonging to the school. This feeling will connect the person with the place. Students who are studying in these educational environments can understand the meaning of it, they can communicate better with that environment. Today, the study of the sense of belonging in schools has received less attention and mostly the educational needs of students have been taken into account. Addressing this special issue and examining it among high school students is very important because of their awared behavior. At the present, the relationship between students and the school environment is very important; therefore, the purpose of this article is understanding the effective components of the environment. It seems that one of the factors influencing this relationship is the meaning of the environment.

The data collection was don based on a survey method, using both questionnaires and direct observation and mapping observations. The research method according to open-ended questions is a combination of consecutive ones. The analysis stage also relies on the results of the questionnaire to identify their relationship with the characteristics of space.

Data collection was done through survey and open and closed questionnaires and direct students’ behavior observation. The questionnaire was developed and analyzed in 6 qualitative sections.

The results of the research indicate that the effect of form-spatial school features on student's belongingness is higher than other environmental factors, due to semantic capabilities. In other words, in various levels of environment’s meanings, the fourth and fifth levels of meaning, which are considered to be the symbolic meaning, are more important than other levels of meaning for students, and its cause is largely rooted in the value and emotional meanings of space. In fact, there is, a completely direct relationship between the semantic levels of changed function of non-profit school space and the ideal situation of students in educational spaces. In other words, the emotional and perceptual components of the school environment can better communicate with the student's mental state if they use the symbolic levels of meaning in space.

Modern architecture is generally tied to the concept of abstraction. This means that, contrary to the metaphorical spirit of architecture in the earlier ages, it is less possible to find meaning and signification in modern forms.This is while the architectural form has been historically met by expressing the metaphorical notions of symbolic systems such as culture, nature, history, and so on. However, since metaphor is mixed with language and thinking in its general sense, one can ask the question: "Can the works of the pioneers of modern architecture identify the forms of metaphor?" In order to answer this question, first, the definition of metaphor and its functions in the fields of literature, philosophy and art have been discussed. Then, by categorizing a variety of metaphors in architecture into tangible and intangible forms, the comparative study of a number of outstanding nineteenth-century architectural works as well as the works of modern architecture of the twenty-first century is based on the tangible or intangible metaphor of the metaphor. In this way, the result of this study shows that, although within a century, modern architecture has turned its back on abstraction with its separation of history, this abstraction has focused on the elimination of metaphorical manifestations, and the footprint of intangible metaphors can be found in the the pioneers of modern architecture in the twentieth century

The large gap between academic lessons in architecture schools and the labor market in society has made many graduates of architecture schools unfamiliar with the work process and solving architectural issues in society. An important constituent which has been present in Iranian education and training culture from yesteryear, which can be seen in novel education stands around the world, is collaborative education. In this method, learners get accustomed to concerns related to collective benefits and group problem solving. Thus, after graduation students gain higher ability to identify issues in society and solve problems with colleagues and interact with others. The aim of this study is to present a model for collaborative architectural design education, on the subject of decreasing the gap between academic education and work. Some of the benefits which can be gained from this method include preparing learners for work and social life, improving awareness of the educational issue by grouping students of different levels, strengthening students’ responsibility and commitment towards their surrounding environment, objectivism in education, academic education based on the realities of society.

In this study, the method is qualitative and post positivism. It is inductive and first-degree data was collected, organized, and classified. It sought to discover issues surrounding architectural design education in a collaborative manner.

The presented model consequently showed that it is not only synergistic, but also instigates efficiency in design education students. It can also significantly reduce the gap between academic education and the labor market.

The results of theoretical and field studies on the proposed model show that architectural design in a participatory and interactive manner while synergizing in education leads to the effectiveness of design education among students. Because in this model, the distance between academic education and students' daily life is reduced. At the same time, students achieve group benefits by raising a sense of solidarity. In this model, students feel responsible for their surroundings and gain more knowledge about the artificial environment around them. Therefore, by identifying the architectural problems of their surroundings, they seek to solve the problem as a group. Students in the architectural design studio, while communicating and creating a dialogue space, will not only be effective in enhancing each other's design capabilities, but will also seek to solve the problem by explaining clear goals and defining the architectural problems around them, by identifying a common goal. Therefore, teaching participatory architecture design reduces the gap between education and society, improves the efficiency of academic education in architectural design, and prepares the learner for professional and social life. It strengthens the student's sense of responsibility and commitment to their environment. It causes objectivism in education and makes it possible to start education by describing the issues of daily life and achieving an accurate understanding of the realities of society. It also enhances learning capabilities through social relationships, organizing experience, innovation, and creativity through pluralism. In the method of teaching participatory architecture design, it is possible to transfer experiences between different levels of students. In this way, based on this model of architectural design education, one of the most important shortcomings of architectural education, which is the long distance between the labor market and the university, will be eliminated.

In the field of architecture, one of the branches of knowledge is design studies that studies on the design process. Researchers in this field have used various concepts to explain the designer's mental processes, one of them is the guiding principles. The guiding principles refer to the principles that the designer believes in and uses them to framerate and understand the priorities of the design problem. These principles, which rely on the design worldview, create a kind of unified approach fordealing with various design issues. Much of the research done in the design process and the role of the guiding principles in it has focused on architects and students who have been trained in urban environments and have faced design problems in the city. However, vernacular architecture in rural environments has very different coordinates and architectural production methods have valuable themes that can be extracted and studied. Vernacular architecture is an architectural style that is designed based on local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local traditions. At least originally, vernacular architecture did not use formally-schooled architects, but relied on the design skills and tradition of local builders.
Therefore, the main question of this research is that what are the guiding principles in the design process of a vernacular architect and what are their content?
To answer this question, Seraj- Mahaleh village was selected as an example alongside the body tissue and native social tissue. Sarej-Mahaleh village located in Kolbad district of Golgah city, 5 km from the city and 20 km from Behshahr city. Then five of the native architects of the region were identified. In the following, the architects presented three design issues with the theme "House" and they were asked to talk about their design. These words were recorded in semi-structured interviews and then analyzed by qualitative content.
The overall structure of this research is based on a qualitative method. Qualitative research methodology is generally referred to as research, whose findings are not obtained through statistical processes and quantifiable purposes. Qualitative research is a broad methodological approach that encompasses many research methods. The aim of qualitative research may vary with the disciplinary background, such as a psychologist seeking to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. Qualitative methods examine the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when, or "who", and have a strong basis in the field of sociology to understand government and social programs.
In order to clarify the subject and gain better result, studies and backgrounds of this research, the sources and research backgrounds have been divided into two areas of study design, and rural house.
Concepts extracted from these interviews show that being in harmony with nature, avoiding longevity, long-term customer and user satisfaction, as well as respecting neighborliness, is one of the most important principles that always comes into the face of the design problem of native architects. The guiding principles have a strong limiting role in the design process of vernacular architects. Every design issue does not start with a white tablet or null mind. Each designer has a specific worldview and carries a set of beliefs, values, and attitudes that we call "guiding principles."
The relation between this approach to guiding principles versus non- vernacular architects is a topic can be considered in future research and it provides more complete understanding of design in the native environment.