صالح غفاری چراتی

Community-oriented police, as a new practice to police approaches, has a positive impact on nonsocial and anti-social behaviors. Before the contemporary discourse of the police, which is participatory based on peace, compromise, and mediation, the previous approaches of the police were more authoritarian and used in the conflict against deviations and crimes. Also, the reactions were mostly suppressive. The community-oriented approach of the police is significant in two manners: First, it contains nonsocial behaviors (deviation) in addition to anti-social behaviors (crime). Secondly, it is established on preventive measures with community-oriented tools and levers with an educational-corrective approach. The primary question in the article is: what is the function of the community-oriented approach of police in preventing deviations, especially suicide? The presented article is explored by the analytical-descriptive method and collected library document resources to highlight the role of community-oriented police in the prevention of deviations and especially suicide, sociologically and criminologically. Eventually, the results indicate that the positive and desirable responses to deviations are community-centered and communal. Community-oriented police try to prevent the spread of deviation occurrences and thoughts within preventive frameworks and collaborative-restorative approaches. According to its practical discourse, it seems necessary for the criminal justice system of Iran. In order to prevent deviations, this new approach of police should be implemented in two other levels of criminal policy (legislative and judicial) apart from its occurrence and appearance in the executive criminal policy.

The crime of embezzlement is one of the economic crimes that, despite the extensive efforts made for criminal responses, has not reduced the number of perpetrators. On the other hand, in today's society, non-criminal prevention, and specifically social prevention, has found a prominent place with the development of criminology. Among the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah, there are many precise points in this regard, including that one of the important components of Imam Ali (as) in hiring government positions was piety and trustworthiness of his agents and his government policy of encroaching on the treasury by those who possessed it. It is worth noting. To this end, the present article, by appealing to the commands and recommendations contained in Nahj al-Balaghah, seeks to specifically address the social prevention strategies of the crime of embezzlement in order to reduce the incidence of this crime. In general, the results of this article try to present the preventive teachings of criminologists in a categorized and methodical way by adapting to the valuable book of Nahj al-Balaghah in the field of embezzlement crime, so that the executors of the criminal justice system can be required to implement it. The important question of the article is to what extent are the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah consistent with preventive criminological approaches? This research has been done by analytical-theoretical method and with a functionalist approach.

Deviant is a unbalanced behavior of individual on lock of attention to certain social norms that is necessary think for that. The deviance may detected by from the perspective political, religious, or social and this benchmarks can cocider people behavior in terms of social response dfficient. The deviance con find a special place in betwean of criminological theories and in this way can say that the deviant, studied in attention to his behavior on dangerousness and possibility of commit a crime hn futre. Therefore a deviant frome the view of criminology it can be potential offender who change his deviant behavior to unlawful and criminal behavior in near or far future. Althoughe the now deviant can not be tomorrow offender in certain, but the place of deviance in criminology is sublime than this.

Crimes against chastity and public morality is one of the topics that has found many examples in human societies. Basically, in all human societies, the satisfaction of sexual desires is accepted and allowed if it is within the legal and customary framework of society, otherwise it is considered a type of sexual perversion. Today, women are more out of the family life than ever before and have more freedom to enter society, and this can always cause them to be exposed to many social harms. Victimization is one of these social harms that has always threatened this stratum of society and in addition it has affected even the society. Therefore, adopting preventive strategies to victimize women is very important. The article aims to analyze the etiology of women's victimization and subsequently provide supportive and preventive solutions with analytical-descriptive method by collecting information in the form of library-documentary on women's victimization from etiology to prevention.

Computer pornography means; Committing definite and conditionally reprehensible behaviors is defined as being through computer or telecommunication systems. The definition given by lawyers is based on law and differs from the definition of criminologists, psychologists and psychiatrists. From a legal point of view, computer pornography also has a criminal offense, but from a legal perspective, computer pornography is also included in the concept of disease and perversion.

This research is a qualitative research and uses analytical-descriptive method to examine the criteria and basic reasons for computer pornography. Describing the content through exchange of views and studying the existing theories will form the basis of the discussions. This article is written in such a way that a specific understanding of "computer pornography" will be considered as the main framework, and based on this, positive and negative criteria and the causes of the disease and deviation will be considered in the plant.

The findings of the present article indicate that; Computer pornography seems to be among antisocial behaviors (deviance) and disease. Therefore, by explaining its criteria and reasons, and with the fact that computer pornography is considered a disease, its criminalization and punishment should also be different from the current legal approach. Finally, policy makers are advised to remove other forms of child pornography from the arsenal of criminal law, in addition to child pornography, and to address comprehensive responses with a preventive, therapeutic, and corrective approach under the heading of deviation and disease.

Ethical considerations:

 The present article from beginning to end to ethical principles; It adheres to honesty, confidentiality and the principle of material and intellectual property.

Basically, computer pornography should be considered a disease and a perversion. The medical standard as a superior standard with a preventive, corrective, therapeutic and educational approach to policy makers is more effective. Also the reasons for the criminalization of computer pornography, including; The reasons for supporting political, religious, social values ​​and the principle of harm have lost their main function today, and with the disappearance of the criteria and reasons for criminalizing this phenomenon, it seems that computer pornography (except child pornography) Its criminal character must be removed. With the removal of pornography from the strict penal system, public institutions and community delegations with comprehensive responses such as; Public condemnation, pressure from grassroots institutions, accountability of physicians and psychologists, family reprimands, and informal institutions can all lead to a positive outcome. With the arrival of comprehensive, therapeutic, educational, preventive and corrective responses following the deviation and disease of computer pornography, the consequences and destructive effects of government responses such as; Authoritarianism, securityism, and the devaluation of punishments also disappear. Therefore, it is suggested that with a multidimensional view of the phenomenon of computer pornography, they move away from a purely one-dimensional legal perspective and leave the fight and prevention of this phenomenon to comprehensive institutions with a preventive, therapeutic and corrective approach. Finally, as a legal-criminological proposal, it seems that the fight against this phenomenon should be left to correctional and medical institutions with an educational approach; Of course, in the fight against child pornography, criminal measures and the use of criminalization, punishment and punishment mechanisms are necessary.

The crime of prostitution is manifested in the form of a kind of disruption of social order and security in order to confront the system of government and therefore can become a major problem for a country. The Islamic Penal Code in 1392, by specifying the dimensions of this crime, proceeded to criminalize it. But from the perspective of criminal policy, there are ambiguities in the theoretical and practical dimensions that need to be examined. Because, on the one hand, the jurisprudential and religious background of the crime of prostitution has not been taken into consideration, and on the other hand, the principles of correct legislation in terms of desirable policy-making have not been observed. Also, in terms of micro-oriented and rational criminological theories as well as etiological theories, it is possible to study the crime of prostitution and find its contexts. Because the criminology of prostitution is also significant from the perspective of criminological analysis and etiological studies, and it can be said that appropriate criminological theories can help to study the etiology of the subject. The present article, with the aim of analyzing and examining this crime in terms of its importance, and with the question of what are the principles of legislation in this field and what is its position in the Islamic Penal Code, has expressed the issues in a descriptive-analytical method. Is.

Pornography in cyberspace or computer is defined as the conduct of definitive and conditional blameable behaviors through computer or telecommunication systems. This phenomenon has been criminalized in domestic law as well as in the international arena and various approaches have been taken to it. In domestic law, the legislator has criminalized and punished all instances, forms and forms of computer pornography. In international documents, contrary to domestic law, child pornography is merely criminalized, and other species are considered deviant behavior. Finally, legislative criminal policymakers are advised to conform domestic (national) laws with international (transnational) instruments to merely criminalize and punish child pornography, and to combat these offenders through coercive tools and levers and criminal law. In contrast, combating and preventing other forms of computer pornography by participatory policymakers is accompanied by social responses to use all the tools and levers of policymaking to combat and prevent it.

Pornography in cyberspace is one of the emerging and multidimensional challenges in society. Each discipline offers different criteria, reasons, perspectives and solutions according to their point of view; But this multidimensional phenomenon has involved all aspects of human societies in individual and group dimensions and has left negative consequences. The aims of this study are to analyze and explain pornography from the perspective of spirituality, ethics and medicine. The current legislative approach is challenged by ethical and medical discourse with emphasis on the spirituality of human beings in society.

The present study is a systematic review that was conducted in 2009 in domestic databases such as Mgiran and Normagz without time limit with the keywords pornography, pornography and spirituality, pornography and medicine, pornography and ethics.

Based on various criteria and reasons governing computer pornography, both social and moral, as well as medical criteria, computer pornographers have a deviant and sick personality, contrary to the legal opinion that computer pornography is criminal and Considering the punishment for it, the present article, from a medical point of view and based on the approach of spirituality and health of society, has selected corrective, educational and clinical measures as a desirable action and suggests them to policy makers.

According to the results of this study, computer pornography has more severe and destructive consequences on the moral and spiritual health of a person than a crime; This phenomenon has negative effects on the moral dimensions of individuals and groups at all ages and can actually impair the health of a person in all its dimensions, especially the moral health of the individual. Disorder in the individual health of individuals in a society is equal to the low mental and spiritual health of the society.

Interrogation investigations are foreseen in most legal systems. However, in the Iranian judiciary, the allocation of specific religious evidence to prove crimes punishable by had</em> (fixed punishments) and retaliation, as well as the principle of the need to provide religious evidences in front of the ruler has formed a kind of confrontation of jurisprudential rules with legal regulations and imposed it on the preliminary investigation body of the court. Due to the issues related to the ruling of the judge, the process of the preliminary investigation of the investigator in the face of the religious evidences of Hadds </em>and retaliation has been severely overshadowed by this issue. The practical attitudes of the courts in dealing with this issue have always been different, and as a result, there is a constant fear of violating the rights of plaintiffs and defendants, and it is necessary to have a unified solution in this regard. The present article tries to provide practical solutions to solve this issue.

In criminal law, one of the indicators is the responsibility of the Sunni population. This explains that criminal justice has imposed immunity for children of a specified age. There are many disagreements about the age of criminal responsibility of children in criminal law. In most countries of the world, criminal responsibility varies with age and is gradually determined. While the Iranian legislator has introduced a criminal liability index based on another criterion of the same age as sexual maturity. In spite of this, there are shortcomings and gaps in legal provisions that have challenged the Islamic Penal Code adopted in (1392) in relation to the criminal responsibility of children, including whether there is a rational connection between the age of sexual maturity and the age of maturity, or No, why does the legislator consider the children a criminal responsibility in the case of committing the crime of punishment or retaliation, and while under Article (146) of the Islamic Penal Code, immature people are not responsible for the responsibility? The present paper, while answering these questions by reviewing the sexual maturity criterion for the criminal responsibility of children, and explaining its deficiencies and problems, provides solutions for the elimination or reduction of criminal responsibility for children, which will also examine related international documents.

Today, the issue of gender change is also important in terms of legal and legal medicine. Given the fact that the legislator has not explicitly taken a decision on this issue, this is a leading challenge that can be addressed in the face of these issues. The ability to respond to them has come. Among the issues that can be mentioned in this regard is the issue of responsibility for the payment of Diyat, which in some cases the right of retribution is obligated to pay dividends before retaliation. With this explanation, is it possible for the perpetrators of the right of qisas to have an effect on the criminal and gender mutilation of the crime before and after the crime in rejecting Fadhil Diyah in deliberate crimes as well as those who pay the Diyat in pseudo-intentional crimes and pure error? In accordance with Article 167 of the Constitution, in the case of the silence of the legislator, the judge is obliged to seek a proper ruling from authentic Islamic sources and can not refuse to investigate it on the pretext of silence and legal prosecution. With this explanation, various opinions and arguments in this regard have been made by the jurisprudents that some Absolutely, they consider the act to be unlawful; in contrast, some have also accepted the permission of the practice, which ultimately can provide a unique legal remedy for the adoption of a single action procedure.

One of the current cyberspace challenges is computer pornography, which affects the security of the space. Therefore, the legislator criminalizes this phenomenon and puts it in its criminal law arsenal. Regarding the criminalization of computer pornography, it is necessary to consider its actus reus and mens rea. Lawmakers consider two behaviors, one conditional and one unconditional, punishable if accompanied by ill-will. By analyzing the actus reus and mens rea, it is concluded that the legislator has not followed a single approach in explaining the elements of this crime in different laws, and this paper seeks to explain and analyze the actus reus and mens rea of the crime based on the legal system of Iran.

Cyber pornography means; Committing definite and conditionally reprehensiblebehaviors is defined as intent to trade or corruption through cyber ortelecommunication systems. Pornography can be considered as a common legal,moral, sociological, psychological and criminological challenge, and therefore, theview of pornography should be considering the various dimensions of the humanitiesto achieve a comprehensive and preventable result. The main question of this articleis why some people become cybercriminals in cyberspace? In other words, what isthe reason for committing the crime of computer pornography? Are preventativemeasures desirable for perpetrators of computer pornography and what solutions canbe suggested? The present article enumerates the reason for committing pornographyin an analytical-descriptive way and suggests social preventive solution to theose ofcriminal.