صفورا قاسمی

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) has been considered one of the common treatments for ACL injury. Decrease in the proprioceptive function following ACLR, which may remain between 2 and 3 years after the surgery, provides the possibility of re-injury. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the postural control, weight distribution, and center of pressure (COP) Symmetry Index in individuals with ACLR during quiet standing, in open and closed eyes conditions, compared to healthy people. In the present study, 12 men with right ACLR and 12 healthy men were recruited as participants. Participants stood barefoot on the two force plates. Each foot was placed on one of the 2 platforms. Postural control was assessed during quiet standing in two conditions (open and closed eyes conditions). The positions of COP in antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions are detected under the right and left foot separately and also as net. Postural sway quantified based on five parameters included the amplitude (AMP), total excursions (TOTEX), mean velocity (MVELO), standard deviation (SD), and 95% confidence ellipse area (AREACE). Weight distribution percentage on the lower limbs and COP Symmetry Index in antero-posterior direction were also calculated. The results showed that the COP parameters in some investigated parameters (TOTEXap, SDap, AREACE, AMPap, TOTEXml) were higher in individuals with ACLR than in the healthy group (P<0.05). There was no difference between the two groups regarding the Symmetry Index in the eyes open and closed conditions (P>0.05). Weight distribution, in eyes open condition, in ACLR group on the operated limb is more than that in healthy people (P<0.05).We concluded that individuals with ACLR has a poor postural control in anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions during quiet standing. The Symmetry Index was the same in both groups. In contrast to the able-bodied participants, individuals with ACLR bear more body weight on the operated limb than on the non- operated limb.

Nowadays, light and minimal shoes have been used by athletes in various types of sports activities in order to be in a position close to barefoot position. But its effect on the electrical activity of the shank muscles is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the electrical activity of selected shank muscles when using minimalist shoes, normal shoes and barefoot during single-leg landing. For this purpose, 15 healthy boys with a mean age of 23.53± 2.64 years who had no history of any abnormalities participated in this study. Electromyographic variables of tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis and soleus muscles of subjects' superior legs were examined in two phases; pre-activity and eccentric. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures tests were used for data analysis. The significance level was set at α=0.05. The results showed that in both phases, the activity of selected muscles in the shank of individuals during the one-legged landing movement in the barefoot position was more than the minimalist shoes and when using the minimalist shoes was more than normal shoes (P<0.05); Since minimalist shoes have been shown to have moderate muscle activation patterns, between barefoot and casual shoes, it is recommended to use it to prevent sports injuries and also to strengthen the shank and leg muscles in environments where it is not possible to move barefoot.

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of virtual training tools, musculoskeletal status and its relationship with the physical activity of students during quarantine due to Coronavirus outbreak. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and the Beck Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ) were used in this study with 370 students.  McNemar and paired t-test and Spearman correlation test were used. During the corona, students reported more pain in the elbows, wrists, knees and ankles as well as less physical activity. The use of mobile phones and laptops and the use of social media increased during the Corona under quarantine conditions. The time pattern of students' sleep changed after the outbreak of the Corona pandemic. The use of tools leading to prolonged sitting and changes in sleep patterns reflects lifestyle changes due to crises such as the Corona epidemic. Changes in physical activity will at least cause short-term effects such as musculoskeletal pain.

Overweight and obesity may be associated with the flat foot deformity or an aggravating factor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the biomechanical parameters of the soles of the feet of young overweight girls compared to normal individuals during postural control.                                                                                             

The statistical sample consisted of 44 female students with a mean body mass index of 26.78±1.67 and 21.35±1.38 as overweight (n=22) and normal groups (n=22). Anthropometric characteristics and plantar indices were recorded using a camera pedoscope during postural stability. Independent t-test was used to compare intergroup results and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation of Body mass index (BMI) with biomechanical parameters of the foot. Tests were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS software version 24.

The overweight group compared with the control group had significant difference in the parameters of arch width, Staheli index of right and left foot and Chipax-Smirak index of right and left foot (p>0.05). The correlation coefficient between body mass index (BMI) and biomechanical parameters of the sole of the foot in all areas showed a positive and significant relationship (p>0.05), with the strongest correlation between BMI and left Staheli Index (SIL) (r=0.638 and p=0.001).

The findings of the present study has emphasized that obesity can affect the biomechanical parameters of the sole of the foot and may exacerbate or reduce the arch of the sole. Therefore, these abnormalities should be prevented from an early age, with weight control.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of shoe type on muscles electromyography while descending stairs. The population of this study was 15 students aged 20 to 30 years. Co-contraction and peak muscle activity were recorded. The repeated measure ANOVA test was used.  The results showed that in both pre-activity and eccentric phases, the peak activity of tibialis anterior, internal and external gastrocnemius and soleus muscles significantly increased in the barefoot position compared to normal shoes. The co-contraction of the peronaeus brevis and gastrocnemius medialis muscles in the pre-activity phase had a significant difference between normal and minimalist shoes. In the eccentric phase, there was a significant difference between the co-contraction of the tibialis anterior and peronaeus longus muscles in barefoot and normal shoe states. It seems that the increased co-contraction of agonists and antagonists in barefoot and minimalist shoes compared to normal shoes may be an effective factor in maintaining joint stability.

Today, the outbreak of Covid-19 has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Following the Corona pandemic and home quarantine, restrictions have been imposed on individuals, especially in the country's education sector. Meanwhile, university professors are faced with the conditions of virtual education and changes in daily activities. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of virtual education conditions on musculoskeletal status and physical activity of university professors during the Corona pandemic

In the current descriptive research, standard questionnaires of Nordic musculoskeletal status and Beck physical activity were used. The statistical population included professors from Farhangian universities across the country, with 98 centers, of which 260 participated in the study. McNemar, paired, and Spearman correlation tests were used at the significance level of P≤0.05.

There was a significant difference between the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the neck, shoulders, back, and waist before and during the coronavirus pandemic (P≤ 0.05). Also, there was a negative correlation between neck and wrist disorders with work physical activity and between wrist and knee disorders with leisure and exercise physical activity (P≤ 0.05). There was a significant difference between the hours of using social media for leisure and education, using laptops and mobile phones, and the amount of night and day sleep before and during the corona (P≤ 0.05).

It seems that the current situation of the corona pandemic, led to changes in musculoskeletal health and type of physical activity of university professors. Communication tools and virtual education and the time spent on them have led to reduced physical activity in various dimensions of work, leisure, and exercise, the prevalence of some musculoskeletal disorders, and even changes in the university professors' sleep rate. It is suggested that university professors improve their regular physical activities and consider ergonomics of using learning assistant tools.

 The presence of symmetry between the superior and non-superior legs prevents muscle imbalance and leads to the prevention of sports injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to answer the question: Does body mass index affect the symmetry index between preferred and non-preferred foot?

 A total of 44 young girls were purposefully divided into two groups (Body Mass Index range of 25 to 30 as an overweight group and Body Mass Index range of 18.50 to 24.99 as a normal weight group) participated in this study. Subjects’ foot index data were recorded using a camera pedoscope while maintaining static balance. An independent t-test was used to compare the results between groups and paired t-test was used to compare the results within the group to examine the studied samples. Tests were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS software V. 24.

 Results show symmetry index of the preferred and non-preferred foot of the overweight group ranged from 0.72 to 1.41 and in the normal group was 0.76 to 1.43, and the results were not significant (P>0.05). This means that the preferred and non-preferred foot of the subject had symmetry in both groups.

 The present study’s findings showed that body mass index does not affect the foot symmetry index. It is suggested that research be conducted to determine whether obesity influences the symmetry index.

Considering that maintaining the optimal level of bone mineral density during premenopausal period is important in reducing the risk of osteoporosis and subsequent fractures during postmenopausal period, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different training environments on femoral bone density in premenopausal women. In this quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design, 40 premenopausal women aged between 40 to 45 years were divided in four groups, 10 people in each group (exercise group in water, land, combined and control). Exercise groups performed 12 weeks of exercise three times a week 70 minutes per session. The subjects’ femoral bone density was measured before and after 12 weeks by DEXA bone density measurement device. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, analysis of covariance and LSD post hoc test at a significance level of P≤0.05, using SPSS software version 24. Femoral bone density showed a significant increase in the combined exercise group (P <0.05) but in the control group a decrease in bone density was observed (P <0.05). Total bone density of hip and femoral neck showed statistical differences in water exercise group, land exercise group and combined exercise group in comparison with control group (P <0.05). Given this there was no difference between the exercise groups in water and land environment, exercise in any environment is recommended for premenopausal women. Because weight training exercises in all three types of training environments prevent the progression of bone mineral density in premenopausal ages.

Castle-palaces of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province are quite noteworthy in terms of their architecture and decorations. Most of them have remained from the Qajar period, and their architecture has been influenced by the Qajar visual culture. Generally speaking, castle-palaces had no defensive functions and were constructed on plains. In Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, the architectural design and visual culture of these structures mainly reflect the tribal and familial power of Bakhtiari rulers and Khans. Paired columns, which have been examined comparatively based on a descriptive-analytic method in this paper, are among the most significant visual and architectural elements of these buildings. Based on the findings of this study, the decorative patterns of these twin columns have been influenced by the visual culture of the Qajar period, on the one hand, and the climatic features and specific local characteristics of the visual culture of Bakhtiari people, on the other hand. It is noteworthy that most of such artistic works can be observed in the architecture of the castle-palaces constructed on stone materials, which demonstrates the effect of regional and mountainous conditions of the location on their architecture. Moreover, the addition of particular decorations and visual signs and symbols on stone materials have immensely magnified the glory, magnificence, and power of these castle-palaces.

Exercises are effective in bone density in different areas of the body when they can increase the mechanical load or dynamic pressure in those areas. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercises in water on bone density of premenopausal women.
This semi-experimental study was of pretest-posttest design. Twenty premenopausal women, between 40 to 45 years, were randomly selected in two groups of exercise in water and control group in the city of Hamadan in 2016. The experimental group completed 12 week exercise training, three times a week and 70 minutes per session. Before and after 12 weeks, femoral bone mineral density (Total Hip and Femoral Neck) in subjects were measured by DEXA bone mineral densitometry. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistics, dependent and independent t-test and ANCOVA on a significant level P Femoral bone density (total hip and femoral neck) in water training group compared with the control group showed a significant difference (P=0.002 and P=0.046). In control group decrease in bone density of the hip in total hip and femoral neck (P=0.004 and P=0.033) were observed.
Regarding the differences in the training in water group and the control group, weight-bearing exercises in water in premenopausal women are recommended, because it can prevent a decrease in bone mineral density stemming from aging in this period.

The best way to prevent osteoporosis, at old age is to prevent bone loss and at young age is trying to keep bones healthy, therefore the aim of this study was to determine the effect of combined exercise on bone mineral density of premenopausal females.
This semi-experimental study was conducted among 20 premenopausal females between 40 and 45 years old, which were randomly assigned to two groups (experimental and control groups) in Hamadan city, during year 2016. The experimental group completed a 12-week combined exercise-training program (6 weeks in water and 6 weeks on land), three times a week and 70 minutes per session. Before and after the 12 weeks, femoral bone mineral density in all samples was measured by DEXA bone mineral densitometry. Data were analyzed with the SPSS 21 software using descriptive and inferential statistics, such as independent and paired t-test, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).
Bone mineral density of femoral neck and total hip of the experimental group, had significant differences with corresponding areas of the control group (P According to the results, to prevent a decrease in bone mineral density during the menopausal period, combined exercises are recommended for females at this age.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease with its associated fractures 8 times higher in women than men. Doing physical activity to maintain bone mass and strength are vital and help individuals in prevention of osteoporosis-related fractures. Although some studies have shown a positive relationship between physical activity and bone mineral density (BMD), some revealed physical activities are ineffective on BMD. Thus a systematic study to clarify the contradictions and determine the effect of physical activity on bone mineral density is required. The purpose of this study was to review the effects of physical activity on bone mineral density, pain and quality of life in patients with osteoporosis In this review, articles that were published in international and Iranian journals of Pub med, Springer, Elsevier, Science Direct, Magiran, Noor mags, SID with standard keywords were used. Most of the findings from various studies, indicated positive effects of physical activity on bone mineral density, reduced pain and improved quality of life for people with osteoporosis. although compounded exercises and researches that have been done on young people suggested a positive effect on bone mineral density, in the researches on which the exercise period was similar, a positive effect did not show in elderly. Sports activities for people with osteoporosis should be selected according to the characteristics such as age, purpose (treatment or prevention) and limits of patient. Since there is a significant positive effect of exercise on bone mineral density, It is recommended to study the exercise effects in various environments (land, water, and mixed).

Social customs and traditions have been changed in different periods of the time and with the changes of governments and have always manifested in new forms. These differences could be seen in the ceremony of mourning. Mongols in the beginning, because of their primitive life, had certain customs that prominently were appeared in their daily activities. They had acted based on costumes which had rooted in their beliefs, even years after attacking Iran and establishing government. Although after following Islam, some of these traditions underwent basic changes, some others remained the same. Having political aims, the patriarch decided to write historical books and illustrate them (such as the Shahnameh). These kinds of books are combinations of historical course of events of patriarchies period which their traditions outstandingly observed in them. Abu Saied’s Shahnameh is one of theimportant manuscripts of that period which its illustrations show the traditions of their time. This paper studies on illustrations with the subject of mourning. Now the main question is that: How these illustrations reflect Mongolian mourning traditions? Check the roots of these traditions in four paintings with the theme of mourning is the main purpose of this paper that its method is descriptive - analytical study and The information is compiled Through the library method. Based on this research, those customs that had related to mourning ceremonies of that time are mentioned and have been studied in illustrations. Also the most important resulting findings say, these illustrations show common traditions that patriarchies perform in their mourning and it is compatible with what is in the historical sources of the people’s customs on that time.