فهرست مطالب صفورا کریمی

The study of workload was initially focused on physical workload, but today, with the change in job characteristics, studies are mainly focused on mental workload. This study has investigated the level of mental workload, fatigue, and possible influential factors in operating room personnel.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study investigated the factors affecting mental workload and fatigue in operating room personnel of hospitals. The data was collected with demographic, CIS20R, and NASA-TLX questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed with Pearson correlation tests, one-way analysis of variance, and independent t-test.

This study's maximum and minimum total mental workload were 100 and 41.2, respectively, with an average of 74.3. Among the demographic characteristics, the level of education had a significant correlation with the total mental workload. Also, some sub-scales of mental workload had a significant relationship with some demographic characteristics. This study's maximum and minimum total fatigue was 97 and 28, respectively, with an average of 58.4. Among the different dimensions of mental workload, performance and the degree of frustration had a significant relationship with total fatigue.

The results of this study showed that the mental workload in operating room personnel is high and different dimensions of mental workload and fatigue have a significant relationship with each other. Also, some demographic characteristics affect mental workload. Therefore, mental workload and fatigue are related to each other, and by reducing the mental workload in the operating room personnel, fatigue can be controlled to some extent.

Today, with the dramatic increase in the use of food industries in daily life, investigating the hydrodynamic behavior of different types of oils in the presence of food stabilizers has become very important. In the present study, the behavior of two drops of olive oil and rapeseed oil in a still fluid containing Tween 80 surfactant was investigated in a laboratory. In order to inject an oil drop into the fluid, an injection needle with a diameter of 0.9 mm was used, and the equivalent diameter of the drop was about 4 mm. At first, the results and calculations were validated by measuring the movement speed of the droplet limit in pure water fluid, then the effect of stabilizer concentration on the drop equivalent diameter, its limit speed and the dependence of the drag coefficient on the Reynolds number in each of the oils were investigated separately. The results showed that the presence of surfactant does not have a significant effect on the equivalent diameter of the drop, and with the increase in surfactant concentration, the equivalent diameter remains constant at about 4 mm. Also, due to the fact that all concentrations are above the critical concentration of micelles, in the presence of surfactant, the rate did not change significantly. In addition, the results related to the dependence of the drag coefficient on the dimensionless Reynolds number were reported, which showed that as the Reynolds number increases, the drag coefficient decreases gradually. In general, it can be concluded that the concentration of surfactant and the type of oil do not determine the droplet size. Also, if there is a need to reduce the hydrodynamic resistance in similar systems, increasing the Reynolds number can be a suggested solution.

The most significant handwritten and illustrated work of the Ilkhanid era is the version of Jame al-Tawarikh by Rashid al-Din Fazlullah Hamadani in Rashidiyeh of Tabriz, which was completed in the age of Uljaito. This book contains subjects from the history of the prophets from Adam to the Prophet of Islam, the history of Iran until the end of the Sassanids and other nations. The purpose of this research is to identify how to depict the life of the Prophet of Islam in the comprehensive version of Rashidi's Chronicles based on the framework of visual semiotics. The life of the Prophet of Islam is painted in the comprehensive version of Rashidi's Chronicles based on what principles of semiotics? It is a question that is answered during the research. Based on this, in the framework of visual semiotics and historical descriptive method, the authors examine 9 examples of paintings of Illustrated Chronicles preserved in the Edinburgh Library and Khalili with the subject of the life of the Holy Prophet from infancy to middle age.Until the Ilkhanid era, the depiction of the images of prophets and saints in Iran faced limitations, which mainly stemmed from jurisprudential opinions. Jame al-Tavarikh contains the history of the world and mentions the events and the history of its characters. This history was written by order of the Mughal rulers and its main purpose was to clearly show the history and conquest of the Mughals along with great historical movements. Along with the description of historical events, the chronicles of the prophets are also described in detail. The paintings of the Holy Prophet in Jami al-Tawarikh are not very different from other figures in the painting. These pictures, rather than paying attention to the spiritual dignity of these people, have expressed a part of their life history. As a sign that these paintings are among the first illustrations of saints' faces, they do not have the characteristics of a religious icon and introduce them like other people. This is perhaps the reason that painting in this era is more than anything else after an illustrated narrative of history and has no other purpose. The adaptation of the living space, geography, clothes and tradition of the writer's time with the age of saints and prophets, although it existed before in the painting of the Shahnameh or other versions, but it had no precedent in iconography, and thanks to the art of the annalists, the painters of later eras were able to use their contemporary characteristics to create Use the living space of icons. Although the icons of the Holy Prophet do not have a halo of light around their head, unlike other holy icons illustrated in later eras, and the artist's intention was to show the historical era of these persons; But the painters have been able; in terms of composition and other visual elements, especially in the face and figure; place the Prophet in a higher position than others.

Among the main problems in fortifying foods with phytosterols are their high melting point, gypsum taste and low solubility. One of the ways to overcome these problems is to use a suitable coating material and phytosterol coating. . In this study, olive oil was used for phytosterol coating due to its high nutritional benefits by nanoemulsification method. In order to optimize the underlying conditions, the percentage of olive oil (oil phase), the percentage of sodium dodecyl sulfate (surfactant) and gelatin (as stabilizer) were considered as independent variables and the particle size was considered as the response. Experimental conditions were determined by designing the experiment using the mini-tab software using the RMS response surface methodology and using the Box-Behnken design. Two formulations (7.1, 3.7, 90) and (7.9, 3.7, 80) due to having the smallest particle size (103-105) nm as suitable and experimental nanoemulsification conditions for Encapsulation Phytosterols were selected. The results after coating showed that the particle size, pH, viscosity, surface tension and physical stability of these nanoemulsions provided the best conditions for their application. Finally, the formulation (7.1, 3.7, 90) after Encapsulation was selected as the best formulation for phytosterol Encapsulation due to its suitable physical and chemical properties, greater stability and 112 nm particle size.

Determining the best extraction method to obtain high yield of essential oils from medicinal plants has been identified as one of the challenges in scientific research. The sequential ultrasound-microwave method is a new extraction method that in this research has been applied to extraction of essential oil from basil. In order to investigate the effect of this approach on enhancing extraction yield, the microwave method was examined as a base method. To optimize the extraction conditions of the sequential method, ultrasonic power, microwave power, and extraction time were determined as independent variables and essential oil yield as response. Experiments were modeled by central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The highest yield (2.3% w/w) was obtained at 300 W of ultrasonic power, 600 W of microwave power, and 40 min of extraction time. While the base method yield was 0.74% w/w. The chemical composition analysis of the active compounds showed that the number of compounds in the sequential approach is higher than those in the microwave method. Furthermore, by comparing the antioxidant properties obtained by DPPH and FRAP methods, the sequential method was better in preserving the antioxidant properties of basil essential oil. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed more damage to the glands containing the active ingredients by the sequential process than the base method. Generally, the sequential ultrasound-microwave method can be introduced as an efficient method for the extraction of essential oils from Ocimum basilicum.

Todays, the discussion of the droplets interaction with fluid is one of the most challenging topics in multi-phase (liquid-liquid) flow. In the present work, an experimental study was done to investigate the oil droplet rising through a stagnant fluid water and crossing the water-oil interface. Thus, an image recording and processing have been used. The employed oil in the experiments is a heavy crude oil extracted from an Iranian oil reservoir and the drop diameter is controlled in the range of 2 to 3mm. Firstly, the range of the obtained dimensionless numbers was compared and validated with the experimental data of the other works. The results showed that in the applied conditions, the drop shape is ellipse-like and the Weber number decreased by increasing aspect ratio. Moreover, residence time versus drop diameter did not follow a uniform procedure. Finally, the best correlation was introduced to predict the residence time of oil droplets by comparing the experimental results with the presented empirical equations

In recent years, for some reasons such as population growth, environmental pollution, industrialization, and urbanization, drinking water has been challenging to access. Therefore, solar still is considered one of the promising available technologies to produce drinking water because of its advantages such as abundance, cleanliness, and economics. However, their productivity is relatively low, and present designs need to improve and develop. To achieve high desalination performance, researchers have made many efforts to build different designs of solar desalination and found that desalination made with reflectors would be a good idea. Reflectors in solar desalination can be divided into three different sectors: indoor reflectors, external reflectors, and a combination of indoor and outdoor reflectors. Internal or external reflectors concentrate solar radiation on the basin and can increase the desalination performance. On the other hand, time-consuming and expensive solar manufacturing processes still lead researchers to use computational fluid dynamics. Therefore, the present study was done to simulate a double slope solar still with an external rotating reflector, in which sun radiation is concentrated on the basin water, resulting in an increase in productivity. Thus, equations of continuity, momentum, energy, and concentration conservation were solved using Comsol Multiphysics software by assuming the fluid as single-phase humid air, laminar natural convection, and steady-state condition 2D geometry. The simulation was done for two primary angles, and the results were compared with the experimental data available for 20th November 2017 in Dezful weather conditions (longitude and latitude 48.36 and 32.42) located in southwestern Iran. It was shown that there was good agreement between the results. Moreover, it was shown that by changing the external reflector's primary angle, the temperature of water and glass increased by about 7% and 4%, respectively. In addition, the Nusselt number decreased by 5%, which caused an increase in the productivity rate by about 32%.

In recent years, many studies have been done on the use of surfactant to enhancement oil recovery from reservoirs; in which the performance of biosurfactant with chemical surfactant was compared. But so far no study has been conducted focusing on comparing the performance of biosurfactant with polymers as well as the effect of temperature on oil recovery. Therefore, the present study was dedicated to study the effect of temperature on the rhamnolipid biosurfactant performance using glass micromodel and to compare its performance with anionic polyacrylamide polymer. Thus, the results of the biosurfactant flooding tests were compared with saltwater and polyacrylamide flooding tests. Experiments were conducted at two temperature, 25 and 75 Celsius degrees, in two homogenous and non-homogenous micromodels. Results indicated that in the homogenous model, for two mentioned temperatures, enhanced oil recovery due to flooding with rhamnolipid biosurfactant was 48 and 62, respectively, in which there was 9 and 12.7 percent improvement in compare to saltwater. Meanwhile, the results of polymer flooding showed 61 and 70 percent enhancement, respectively. The same results were obtained in non-homogenous model. The enhanced oil recovery due to rhamnolipid biosurfactant injection in two temperatures were 41 and 51 percent, respectively, which it is higher compared to saltwater and lower compared to polymer. In general, at higher temperature, oil recovery increased in both homogenous and non-homogenous models under three floods.

A decoction of leaves and fruit of Myrtus is used to solve problems such as stomach ailments at the folk medicine. Fruits and vegetables are highly susceptible to microbial spoilage due to their high moisture content. For this reason, drying method have been expanded in order to prevent microbial spoilage of them. The most common method is hot air drying, but combination of this method with other such as microwave drying is developed to solve hot air method disadvantages such as low drying rate and high energy consumption in this method. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate effect of combined microwave-hot air method on mass transfer and drying kinetics of Myrtus fruit and to find the best experimental drying conditions in terms of time, rate and mass transfer.

In present study, drying process of the Myrtus fruit by combined microwave-hot air under microwave pretreatment was investigated. Drying experiments were performed at combined powers of 180, 300 and 450W and three temperatures of 60°C, 70°C and 80°C under microwave pretreatment at powers of 300, 450 and 600W in a domestic microwave device. Experimental data were fitted to 10 mathematical models to study drying kinetics of Myrtus fruit. Also, fitting quality of equations was evaluated by using coefficient detemination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). The effect of the combined method on mass transfer coefficient and activation energy of samples was also investigated.

kinetic analysis of process showed that among 10 common kinetic models, exponential Two-term model fits well the present combined method in mentioned power range. The results showed that at a certain temperature with increasing microwave power, drying rate constant (k) of exponential two-parameter equation describing drying behavior of the Myrtus fruit increased. According to results, at a certain temperature, with increasing microwave power, drying time decreased and drying rate increased. The highest drying time was obtained 46 minutes at combined power of 180W and temperature of 60 °C. The lowest drying time was obtained at 450W and 80°C equal to 19min, which was 58.7% lower than the maximum drying time. The results revealed that with increasing microwave power at a certain temperature, diffusion coefficient of Myrtus fruit increased and activation energy decreased. The highest effective moisture diffusivity and lowest activation energy was obtained at 450W and 80°C and it was 11.59 ×10-8 (m2/s) and 13.14 (kj/mol), respectively.conclution: Temperature and combined power are two main factors affecting Myrtus fruit drying. Increasing the combined microwave power at a certain temperature as well as increasing the hot air temperature at a specific combined power have dramatically reduced time and significantly increased drying rate. The drying of the Myrtus fruit occured at falling rate. Microwave power also affect drying rate constants and it increased with increasing combined power. In addition, increasing combined microwave power increases mass transfer and thus effective diffusion coefficient of moisture.

Shallot (Allium stipitatum) is one of the native plants of Iran with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In this study, the effect of microwave method (in the powers of 450, 600, 750 and 900W) on drying characteristics of Shallot was investigated. Process kinetics study showed that among 10 common mathematical models, two term model was the best choice in the power range of 450 to 900W. As the power of the microwave increased, the drying time was decreased and its drying rate was increased. The minimum drying time was 18 minutes at 900 W, which was 95.5% less than hot air drying time (400 minutes). The results showed that with increasing microwave power, the diffusion coefficient increases and the activation energy decreases. The maximum effective moisture diffusivity was obtained 1.2×10-7 (m2/s) and the minimum activation energy was obtained 5.3 W/g for microwave power of 900 W. The optimum power was 450W in terms of total color change (∆E) and 900W in terms of browning index (BI).

Allium stipitatum is one of the most important plants native to Iran, which has a special position in food basket of people because of its many healing properties. In this study, effect of a proposed combined microwave-hot air method on kinetics and physical properties of Allium stipitatum was investigated. In the proposed method, after applying microwaves (600, 750 and 900W), samples were subjected to combined microwave-hot air drying process. Results showed that Logarithmic model with values of R2 =0.996 and RMSE=0.002 was the best one to model drying kinetics of Allium stipitatum slices under the proposed method. In addition, drying curves analysis showed that the more microwave power, the less drying time and the more process rate. Moreover, in the combined section, effect of microwave power will be dominant due to higher energy. The optimum operating point to achieve the lowest moisture content and drying time ocuured at primary power of 900W and combined conditions of 450W at 80°C. Increasing microwave power increased effective moisture diffusivity from 0.167×10-8 to 0.283×10-8 m2/s and decreased average activation energy from 17.429 to 2.074 kJ/mol. The optimum operating conditions in terms of appearance quality (colorimetry) were related to drying at microwave power of 900W and combined conditions of 450W and 80°C, which was introduced as proposed optimum point. In general, the proposed combined method compared to microwave method alone, was an efficient method in ordrt to keep the product quality characteristics and its use in drying Allium stipitatum is recommended.

The drag coefficient is one of the important parameters in studying the characteristics of bubble motion. In the present research, the drag coefficient of single bubble rising in non-Newtonian fluid has been investigated. Polyacrylamide solutions were selected with different concentrations as a Non-Newtonian fluid. As known, these solutions have viscoelastic properties which strongly influence the drag coefficient. This experiment has been done with different nozzle diameters, for three type of gas (Air, and ) at different injection flow rates. Hence, the results are more comprehensive than previous studies. A comparison between the obtained results and the equations in other studies showed that none of these relationships can predict the drag coefficient of a bubble rising in a non-Newtonian fluid with a viscoelastic properties. Therefore, two new correlations have been presented to predict the Drag coefficient based on Reynolds, Archimedes and Eötvös dimensionless number by dimensional analysis. The predicted drag coefficient by the equations is in very good agreement with experimental data. The first equation which obtained directly from the dimensional analysis was simpler than the second equation. The average error of first equation was 3.26%, while, the average prediction error of the second equation was about 1.7%, which is more complex in terms of formulation. In addition, new equations for predicting terminal velocities and the behavior of bubble rising in a non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluid are presented.

Nowadays, human error is one of the main causes of incidents in the industry. One of the vital characteristics of modern industries is that the precise control of key parts of the process is performed by operators from central control rooms, so an error by the control room staff can be disastrous. The present study is aimed at identifying and evaluating human errors in the control room of the petrochemical industry.   This is a descriptive-analytic case study that was conducted in a control room of the petrochemical industry. In this research, firstly by using hierarchical task analysis (HTA), the tasks in the control room were identified and analyzed. Then, using the extended CREAM method, possible human errors were identified, their cognitive category was determined, and their probabilities were calculated using a new approach based on BN. The results of the study showed that the most prevalent control modes for the Boardman and the senior board man were strategic and scrambled modes with error probabilities of 0.136 and 0.171, respectively. According to the results obtained in the modeling section, BN can be proposed as an approach with high processing accuracy and also high accuracy in modeling human errors and problems with high input parameters affecting the output parameter.

Droughts, as the most complex natural disasters, affect the lives of many rural inhabitants with a farm-dependent economy. This study aimed at analyzing the economic and social effects of drought on rural communities in Semnan County of Iran. It was a descriptive-analytic research. Statistical population included the heads of households in villages of the County; and accordingly, the sample size was estimated 340 people through Cochran formula. The sampling was conducted in a stratified sampling method. The study was mainly conducted through a questionnaire, the validity of which was obtained by using a panel of experts and masters in agriculture, and its reliability was confirmed by a pre-test through the Cronbach's alpha (0.946). According to the results of exploratory factor analysis, the content of economic and social effects of drought was mainly categorized into four components, including: livelihood crisis, production stagnation and weakened agriculture, cultural and psychological, and social and participatory factors that explain about 55.812 percent of the variations in economic and social effects of drought. Based on the study findings, some recommendations were made to reduce the economic and social effects of drought on the studied rural community and to improve policy making as well as the management of this phenomenon.

Despite continuous efforts to reduce risk in different systems, accidents are occurring. The safety of laboratories is important because a variety of chemicals and electrical equipment are normally used, high numbers of students, professors, and staff visit it daily, and there are expensive equipment in such places. For this reason, it is necessary to identify, assess and control the hazards in laboratories by appropriate methods. In this study, the ACHiL method was used. The ACHiL approach is based on a structure in which 28 risks are classified and each of them has its own allowable limits which is categorized in three levels. The results of this study showed that chemical agents were the most important risk factor in the studied laboratories. Environmental agents were the second most influential factor in occurrence of accidents. Biological agents and physical agents had the least role in the occurrence of accidents in the studied laboratories. Moreover, the level of hazard and their location were determined according to the severity of each one. The ACHiL structure is a simple yet highly efficient and effective tool for occupational health and safety professionals to get a full and deep view of the hazards present in the lab and manipulated samples. The method can be used for selecting appropriate safety measures.

Despite continuous efforts to reduce human error in various systems, unsafe errors and behaviors are the main cause of incidents in the workplace. Hospitals are one of the places where human error events are abundant. Therefore, a systematic review of past studies is the best way to share the useful findings of studies and the availability of future studies in the field of human error. The electronic search of databases in Persian and English was done in three months from the beginning of the establishment of the databases. These articles were searched from PubMed, Scopus, web of science databases, and using the (or human) OR (human error) AND (health care OR health section) performance shaping factors (OR PSF). After searching, 6800 abstracts were searched. 5327 articles were excluded because they were not in line with the study objectives and inclusion criteria. Then 1473 abstract articles were independently studied by two researchers and the unrelated studies were excluded. 81 articles were independently reviewed by two researchers. Finally, 30 articles were fully in the study. The lack of skills and experience (26.6%), drug misconception (13.33%), negligence in treatment (10%), error of delay and error, and failure to implement the proper protocol for each share were equal (6.66%), security issues and Organizational culture and lack of complete patient examination, system failure, calibration and error selection, and diagnostic error and lack of information and error in implementing regulations (3.33 percent) also had a similar effect

One of the important characteristic features of modern industries is the precise control of key components of the industry through central control rooms. Thus, committing an error by the control room staff can be catastrophic. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and evaluating human errors in the control room of one of the petrochemical industries.
The present descriptive-analytic study was conducted in a control room of one of the petrochemical industries. In this research, the job tasks in the main control room were first analyzed using hierarchical analysis. Then, using the extensive CREAM method, in addition to identifying human errors, probabilistic user controls and cognitive probability errors for job tasks were determined and evaluated. All stages of this research were conducted ethically.
The results of the study showed that the type of control style for the Board man tasks was strategic in 88% of the cases and the remaining 12% was of the instant type. Based on the results of the CREAM method, execution errors (55%), interpretation errors (20%), planning errors (14.9%) and observational errors (10.1%) were respectively the most determined errors.
Regarding the determination of the role of the most important factors in the implementation of tasks, the review and redevelopment of the program of shift work and optimization of the communication system were among the most important suggestions of the present study.

However, the increasing advances in technology have greatly reduced the physical presence of manpower in the workplace, but in many work environments, man is still the most important and, at the same time, the most critical element. A slightest human error due to unsafe actions in most of occupational environments, can lead to a disaster.
Material and The current qualitative case study was conducted to identify and evaluate human error in the entire mine's related tasks in 2016. In the first section of this study all the tasks were studied using HTA and then related possible errors were assessed using ATHEANA method. HTA technique proved that mining operations were composed of 9 main tasks and the explosion being analyzed as the main scenario.According to ATHEANA technique the possibility of human error for each of basic event was calculated as 0.001.Due to the fact that there were 13 base events and the occurrence probability of each of them was estimated at 0.001, finally the total possibility of human error in mining operations was calculated to be 0.013. The results of this study showed that the explosion in a mine has five sub-tasks that spark of cigarette wrappers, hand grasping and the inappropriateness of size and material, respectively, with the probability of defect of 0.004 and 0.003 were most probable errors. Therefore, it is recommended that managers and authorities take the necessary measures in order to protect the health of them and reduce the risk of human error and environmental conditions

Aims and Back pain is one of the common causes of visit and medical care. Chronic low back pain has a significant effect on functional status and limiting occupational activity. In research on chronic pain, physical disability due to back pain is of particular importance. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between severity and pain states with disability in patients with back pain. This study was correlational and performed in a cross-sectional manner. 75 patients with low back pain were included in the study by available sampling method. To measure the pain intensity the McGill Pain Questionnaire and to assess the disability, the WHODAS 2 standard questionnaire were used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS21 software. Findings: The results of this study showed that most of the studied pain states were positively associated with the subscale of socializing with people (P0.01) and (P>0.05), respectively. Based on the results the created disabilities are not just physical, and back pain in various types and severity affects the important aspects of people’s mental and social life. Therefore, attention to the mentioned aspects and the use of psychological interventions in reducing the disabilities caused by back pain can be effective.

emergencies can impose huge dolls on the organizations. Such consequences, due to aggregation of the experts, could lead to the more catastrophic outcomes in the academic environments. Usually, the academic environments are less familiar with the management of the emergencies. The present paper tries to measure the preparedness level against the emergencies in the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.
a basic checklist was developed based on the ISO 22399:2003. The, an audit team was established and conducted the audit process. Five core element that were investigated included: planning, organizational structure, resources, communication and scenario analysis. These items were scored 0-3 according to the sampling audit evidences.
the overall status of all elements were assessed as the "unacceptable". The least score belonged to the scenario analysis and the most was related to the resources.
regarding the obtained results, it seems that there is a vital need to establishing an emergency management system for Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The most practical offer is following the accepted standards for implementing an emergency management system.

Maintenance of work ability and continuous effort to improve reduced work ability of employees is a major concern for managers. This study aimed to determine the level of work ability index and relation with life style in mechanics of thermal power plant.
A total of 60 mechanics from selected thermal power plant were included in this cross sectional study. Health promoting behaviors was tested by Promoting lifestyle questionnaire walker. Work ability was assessed by the Work Ability Index (WAI) and the final score was calculated from answers to its seven dimensions. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21 software.
The mean value of work ability index in this study was 34.80 ± 5.76. The WAI categories were 16.66% in "excellent", 36.6% in "good", 30 % in "moderate", and 16.66% in "poor" levels. Association between life style factors and WAI was statistically significant (P Average of work ability index in mechanics was at average level. Also there is a significant relationship between work ability indexes with life style.

Malaria is an acute and chronic disease caused by obligate intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus plasmodium, transmitted through the bite of female anopheles mosquitoes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, currently malaria transmits in 104 countries and due to a failure in the fight against this disease, their control and elimination is difficult. The parasite resistance to current and inexpensive drugs is one of the difficulties in the way of the elimination of malaria. Furthermore, achievement to a new drug with different mechanism of action is inevitable.In this respect, research groups focused on heterocyclic rings to find new drugs with different mechanism of action compared to current drugs. So, they synthesized various derivatives and evaluated their antimalarial activity on different stages of the parasite’s life cycle. The compounds containing quinolone ring with diverse substituents on ring presented suitable activity on blood, liver and gametocyte stages. Furthermore, according to the tendency of these compounds on the different stages of the malaria parasite, they canbe considered as lead compound to achieve new antimalarial drugs with different mechanisms of action and evaluated further.Due to theimportance of the subject, in this review article are introduced some quinolone derivatives with antimalarial activity.

Human errors play a significant role in accident. One of the important operations in mines which were susceptible to human error, is blasting operations. The aim of this study is identification and assessment of human errors in blasting operations in iron ore mine. Current Study is a qualitative research study in order to identify and assessment human error in a mine blasting operations. With direct observation of activities and documents, sub tasks were selected and analyzed by hierarchical analysis Job (HTA). The results were presented in the form of HTA charts. Types of possible human errors were detected and by using the SHERPA technique were surveyed. Appropriate prevention solutions were then proposed for reducing the risk of errors. The results showed, from total of 42 identified errors, predicted the unacceptable risks are 0.11, adverse risks are 0.42, acceptable risks with revision are 0.4 and accepted without revision are 0.04. Moreover, percentage types of human errors were included practical errors (0.55) and recovery errors (0.14), checking error (0.21), selection errors (0.6) and communication errors (0.016). The highest percentage of errors is practical and the lowest percentage of errors is of communication error. To reduce the occurrence of any identified error and limiting the consequences of their, appropriate control measures in the design of checklist, the use of appropriate personal protective equipment, the use of systems Tag Out- Lock Out, efficient education laws and guidelines are effective.

In the present research, Monte Carlo simulation is used to predict the structure of the CO2 hydrate at 5Mpa pressure and 270K temperature. For this purpose, the TIP3P model is used for the interactions between water molecules and the Wolf method is used for the electrostatic interactions. The most common method used in calculating electrostatic interactions in the simulation of hydrates is the Ewald sum method. In comparison with the Ewald method, the Wolf method is simpler and less expensive in computational cost. Therefore, the new method can be used in simulation of more complex hydrates extensively. The simulation results are in good agreement with the results reported in the well-known literature and experimental data.