صمد بهروز

In various verses of the Qurʾān, including verse 69 of Sura Al-Zumar, light is mentioned: “And the earth will shine with the light of its Lord”. Although the apparent meaning of the word light is clear, a closer examination of the Quranic verses adds to its ambiguity. This study aims to clarify the meaning of this word in its Quranic usage in Surah Al-Zumar through an analytical-descriptive method, considering the views of Sunni commentators. Three well-known and four less-known views have been proposed by these commentators. The well-known views include: the manifestation of God for judging people with justice and truth, the illumination of the earth with a light other than that of the sun and moon, and the manifestation of the truth and the inner reality of deeds on the Day of Judgment. The less-known views include: the light of God's power, the light of the believers' hearts, the light of God's shin, and the illumination of the human soul by the light of God. This study analyzes and evaluates these views and explains the view that seems more consistent with the context of verse 69 of Surah Az-Zumar, the context of the preceding and following verses in Surah Al-Zumar, and the evidence found in other Quranic verses.

One of the moral virtues is "ignoring" and overlooking the mistakes and mistakes of others, which is emphasized by reason and Sharia and is the most desirable of all, but it is more desirable than government officials who have more authority; Because the effects of their negligence have been deeper, it has attracted more people in the society, and it increases their level of satisfaction with the Islamic government. The question of this research is what effect does the negligence of the rulers on the mistakes and errors of the people in the society have on the efficiency of the Islamic government. This research, based on library sources and in an analytical-descriptive way, based on the Qur'an verses and the government history of the Prophet (PBUH) and Imam Ali (PBUH), examines the role of negligence of the rulers in the efficiency of the Islamic government. Among the findings of this research is that increasing the level of people's satisfaction and preventing them from violently dealing with the rulers, preventing people's feelings from being provoked, raising the social and spiritual status of the rulers among the people, and preserving the unity of the Islamic society from the consequences of the rulers' negligence. It is towards the errors and mistakes of the people of the Islamic society and the observance of this moral principle by the rulers has a decisive role in advancing the goals of the government, the most important of which is to guide the people to the happiness of the world and the hereafter, and it will ensure its survival and continuity. The result will increase its efficiency.

One of the issues emphasized in Islam is human nutrition, which indicates the deep influence of nutrition on human destiny, physical and mental health, especially his morals and behavior. This research examines the components of the impact of human ethics and behavior on nutrition from the perspective of verses and traditions in order to clarify the type of nutrition and its quantity and quality, whether it can have positive or negative effects on human ethics and behavior. be In this study, the impact of human ethics and behavior on the quantity, quality, and type of his nutrition has been investigated by examining the verses and traditions mentioned in this regard. The findings of the research are that the quantity and quality of nutrition and the type of nutrition sources are influential in human ethics and behavior and become the basis for the emergence of good or ugly moral and behavioral characteristics in humans; In such a way that it has become the foundation for doing good deeds, immunity from evil temptations and answering human prayers, it has an influence even on the next generations and some moral characteristics are transferred to them through nutrition.

The purpose of the current research is to explain the Islamic view on kinship and nepotism, which has become an important issue in the country's administrative system and the Islamic political system.

by using the citation method and with an inferential approach, the events related to the reign of two innocent leaders; Prophet (pbuh) and Imam Ali (pbuh) who had the opportunity to rule were studied and investigated.

The findings showed that the Masoom (Infallible) leaders emphasized the numerous harms and negative consequences of nepotism for the Islamic government and continuously avoided installing relatives in material and political positions and appointed their worthy relatives only in spiritual matters such as Jihad and Tabligh, without any suspicion of material exploitation.

In accordance with the public interest and considering that in Islamic thought, government positions are not considered privileges, but only for the fulfillment of duties; No matter how powerful and efficient the rulers' relatives are, their presence only in positions related to spiritual affairs and jihad is acceptable and strengthens the Islamic system.

One of the important goals of the resurrection of the prophets was to establish a righteous government, and that is the only way for Happiness of society. But the enemies of religion, relying on their power and wealth, have prevented this goal from being achieved. Given the role of the infidels' wealth in creating obstacles for the lofty goals of the prophets, This question arises that what is the economic strategy of religious thought to Confronting the economic arrogance of the taghuts and Increase its authority against enemies? The present study by Using analytical methods and reviewing religious sources and historical evidence examines the hypothesis that all individual and political dimensions of economic independence are emphasized by Islam, and believes that as economic weakness increases the domination of enemies and prevents the achievement of lofty goals, economic power increases the authority and political influence of Islam.This research finally concludes that religious thought considers the financial independence and economic capability of the Islamic society and government important to gain independence and face the pressures of the enemies and the Leader of the Islamic Revolutions emphasis on resistance economics and economic jihad is rooted in religion and historical experiences.

A significant number of Mahdism hadiths in Shiite sources are about the events which will occur before the advent of Hazrat Mahdi (AS). Some of these narrations are about the flags and figures in pre-advent period, one of whom is Khorasani. It is said that Khorasani will rise up in the Orient carrying black flags. The data were gathered though library research. The documents of the hadiths about Khorasani from Shiite sources were examined and their contents were analyzed. The analysis showed that there are only four hadiths about Khorasani, among which only that of Bakr Ibn Muhammad Al-Azdi is considered valid; however, this hadith also does not mention any details about Khorasani uprise and its characteristics. Regardless of their weak documents, the other three narrations do not focus on different aspects of Khorasani uprise, its characteristics and the black flags. By using these narrations, the ambiguities about Khorasani cannot be removed by applying them to specific individuals.

The letter of the six Nahj al-Balaghah addressed to Mu'awiyah is a writing in which the Imam (as) spoke to Mu'awiyah about the necessity of allegiance to him and in the manner of his acceptable protest, and gave an argumentative answer to the doubts he had raised. Citing this letter, some Sunni writers considered allegiance to the caliphs in accordance with the view of the Prophet and sought to deny the divine message of the Imamate. Mahmoud Shukri Alusi is one of the authors who, in his book "Al-Sayyuf al-Mashreqah al-Mukhtasar al-Sawa'iq al-Muharraqa", considers the response of Shiite scholars to the above-mentioned suspicion to be inadequate and refutes it with numerous statements. The present article seeks to analyze the validity of his statements. By examining the context of Hazrat's letter and Benjamiyya's view on the installation of Ali (as), what he has stated is denied, and a study of the historical currents of the period of writing the letter and analysis of Hazrat's words about Mu'awiyah, what he seeks to justify his actions. And Mu'awiyah's beliefs have come out, it shakes.

Part of the hadiths from the Infallibles (a.s.) is about the events of the period prior to the uprising of Hazrat Mahdi (aj.). Some of these narrations are about the flags and figures of the pre-appearance period, and one of these figures is Khorasani. The present article aims to analyze the content of Sunni narrations about the Khorasani uprising. Searching in Sunni hadith sources, it was revealed that a total of 22 narrations about Khorasani and black flags have been quoted in these sources, which deal with the characteristics of Khorasani, his name and lineage, and the time, place, purpose and end of the his uprising. Regardless of the document validity or invalidity of these narrations, analyzing their content, this study has concluded that Khorasani is from Bani Hashem and, according to a narration, from the descendants of Imam Husein (a.s.), he is at a young age, and in appearance he has a mole in the palm of the right hand and, according to some narrations, on the left shoulder. The time interval between the Khorasani uprising and the appearance of Hazrat Mahdi (aj.) is 72 months and, according to one narration, eight months. According to these narrations, the place of the Khorasani uprising is the East and Khorasan (Iran). The commander of his army is Shoaib bin Saleh, his opponent is Sufyani, the color of his flag is black and, according to one hadith, white, and he will ultimately swear allegiance to Hazrat Mahdi (aj.) in Mecca or Jerusalem.

In this study, Quranic verses that indicate “non-hearing of the dead” have been examined from the perspective of Shiite and Sunni commentators to determine the correct view in this regard from the beginning of Islam until now and to clarify when the deviant views has entered the beliefs of Muslims. This study, using the library method and examining the Qur'anic verses argued by the deniers of the hearing power of the dead and the Shiite and Sunni interpretations, has come to the conclusion that the words “death” and “hearing” have different meanings and in the verses in question, “Death” means the death of the heart and the intellectual faculty, and the word “hearing” does not mean sensory hearing, but means understanding, and these verses refer to the lack of understanding of the divine revelations by those whose hearts are dead. The result of the research is that until the seventh century, no commentator claimed not to hear about the dead, and this idea, after that and after the promotion and popularization of Ibn Taymiyyah's ideas, entered to Islamic issues and is not a real Islamic belief and if there is a meaning in the verse, the phrase “not hearing” does not mean “not hearing” of the dead, but it will indicate the inability of the caller of the dead to hear and making hear them, and there is no connection (concomitant) between the inability of hearing and the inability to hear the dead.

One of the most important issues about the Islamic Revolution of Iran that have attracted the attention of political scientists is its influence on other countries, especially the Islamic movements, including the Islamic Movement of Hezbollah in Lebanon. The present study uses a library method to analyze the components of the maximum impact of the Islamic Revolution on the movement based on the theory of diffusion. Diffusion theory was first applied to the spread of tuberculosis, cholera, and so on, which later developed its meaning and applied to the dissemination of other issues, including cultural ones. This article, while explaining the theory of diffusion and its influencing factors, has analyzed the impact of the Islamic Revolution on the Lebanese Hezbollah movement based on diffusion theory factors.
The present study concludes that the Islamic Revolution of Iran, among all the free nations of the world and all Muslims and Islamic movements, had the most influence on the Islamic movement in Hezbollah in Lebanon. The implications of this maximization have been analyzed and the most important components are included: the closeness of the majority of the intellectual and ideological foundations of this movement to the foundations, values and ideals of the Islamic Revolution of Iran; and the existence of the most common sides between the foundations of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the ideological foundations of the Hezbollah movement.

In the verse of Keramat, the Holy Quran mentions that all human beings have a description of specific keramt (dignity). In a superficial look, this verse is in conflict with other verses of the Quran such as: Ibrahim/ 34, Al-Ma’arij/ 19-21, Al-Alaq/ 6-7, Al-Ahzab/ 72, Al-Qiyamah/ 5, Al-Asr/1-2, and Al-A`araf/ 179. Various viewpoints have been proposed by commentators to resolve this conflict. Faith, human education, pureness of nature, correct application of the instincts, lack of contentment in regard to creation, distinguishing the initial Keramat from final rascality and also actualizing the positive aspects of human life are taken into account as criteria of Keramat within these viewpoints. This paper emphasizes that human dignity refers to the type of his creation which has been bestowed to him with special capacities, talents, and abilities. Accordingly, human dignity is based on these unique features of human creation among divine creatures and reprobating human in some of the verses is because of inappropriate usage of these blessings.

Present research tries to explain the relationship between human’s false beliefs about human being، universe، human dignity and the impact of such falseness by the way of looking inside Nahj ul-Balaghe. Human’s lacking of knowledge of his position in the order of creation and also demerits of such ignorance like tendency toward materialistic pleasures، seizing the days and animalistic life and their impact on human’s fall، are the aims of present study. Moreover the linkages between human’s false beliefs about universe like his pure empirical or independent attitude and also his pessimistic perspectives are studied too.