علی اشرف جمشیدی

This study aimed to investigate the activity of soccer players’ rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles by simulated soccer tests during landing.

The timing and activity of rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles of soccer players (15 subjects) during different periods of the test (i.e., before the test, immediately after 1st and 2nd half of the test) were investigated. A surface electromyography device (ME6000) was used to collect data during single leg drop (before the game, after the first and the second half time). Descriptive and repeated measures of ANOVA were used to analyze data.

The results of this study show that fatigue affects the timing of muscles, but in different periods of the test, it wasn’t significant (P>0.05, F=2.95, F=2.82). Significant differences were observed for the feed-forward activity of vastus medialis (P≤0.05, F=4.55), but for rectos, femoris, it wasn't significant (P>0.05, F=1.68), but significant differences weren't observed for feedback activity of rectos femoris and vastus medialis (P>0.05, F=2.46, F=0.55).

Our results show that fatigue doesn't affect the timing of muscles during different periods of the test, but a difference was found for the feedforward activity of the vastus medialis muscle. Regarding the results, a comprehensive investigation of the effects of fatigue on the rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles and their effects on the knee joint during long-term studies is suggested.

The aim of the present study was to investige the effect of fatigue on different periods of FIRP on the selected kinematic parameters and electromyography of selected muscles of futsal players. In the current quasi-experimental study, 12 semi-professional futsal players with no injury of muscle skeletal disorders participated. MyoMotion (with sampling rate of 200 Hz) Noraxon System was used for measuring kinematic parameters and MyoMuscle (with sampling rate of 1000 Hz) Noraxon System was used for measuring muscle activity. All participants did 10 meters sprint test for three times: before, during, and after FIRP. Simultaneously, kinematical and electromyography variables were measured. In the data analysis, procedures continuum relative phase and area under the curve of RMS moving average in four phases, and with 25% interval, during running were calculated. ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferonni post hoc test were used to examine the differences between effects of fatigue in different situations (P≤0.05). The results showed that there are significant differences between Sagittal hip and knee coordination in phase three (before and while fatigue), between Sagittal knee and ankle joint coordination in each four phases, and between sagittal hip and ankle in phase two and four (before, during, and after fatigue) (P<0.05). The results also showed that there are significance differences between gastrocnemius in phase three and Biceps Femoris in phase three before and after fatigue protocol (P<0.05). Generally, it seems that futsal specific fatigue protocol could considerably affect lower limb muscles and joints interaction in the Sagittal plane; however, its effect on the knee joints and muscles, especially Hamstring, were much higher after fatigue. It is suggested that the strength and conditioning coaches concentrate more on muscle endurance training, especially on Hamstring muscle, and Gastrocnemius to reduce the effect of fatigue on performance and risk of injuries.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fatigue on electromyography activity of biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of soccer players. In this study timing and electromyography activity of biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius and soleus of soccer players (15 subjects) during different times of football were investigated. Surface electromyography (ME6000) was used to collect data during single leg drop (before the game, after the first and the second half time). Results of this study showed that although fatigue affects muscle's timing but in different periods of time it wasn’t significant (P>0.05). Conspiciously, significant differences were observed for feedforward activity of biceps femoris and soleus (P≤0.05), but for medial gastrocnemius it wasn't significant (P>0.05). Also significant differences were observed for feedback activity of soleus muscles (P≤0.05), but it wasn’t significant for biceps femoris and medial gastrocnemius (P>0.05). It can be concluded that fatigue leads to insignificant changes in timing but there were significant differences for feed forward activity of biceps femoris and soleus and feedback activity of soleus. So, during training sessions, trainers should be trying to improve player's tolerance and prevent soccer injuries

Owing to the high prevalence of injuries among female martial arts athletes, the effects of flexibility and muscular imbalance on lower limb injuries of female martial arts athletes during a competition season was studied.

In this cross-sectional study, 66 professional female martial arts athletes of country (aged 15-40), prior to the season, were evaluated for muscle isometric strength and the flexibility assessment, in the ankle joints, knees and hips. During the training and holding of the tournament, the researcher followed up the created injuries and registered them by the physician or physiotherapist of the team. Paired t-test and SPSS 17 software were used to examine the relationship between the strength of the agonist / antagonist and flexibility in case of occurring injury.

The only significant difference between the flexibility in the right hip abductors (P = 0.02) and the evertor / invertor strength ratio in the right ankle (P= 0.007) was obtained with lower limb injury, and no significant statistical differences were found between the other parameters.

The insufficiency of muscle force in hip joints and muscle strength imbalance in ankle joints can be important internal factors in incidence of injuries in female martial arts athletes.

Backgrounds and Aim: Plyometric exercises may increase performance and decrease injury risk in female athletes, but its effects on functional ankle instability is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six weeks of plyometric training on dynamic postural control and timing of selective calf muscles activation in active females with functional ankle instability in single leg drop landing.
surface electromyography was recorded from peroneus longus, tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscles of 30 active females with functional ankle instability. Modified Star excursion test were used for evaluation of the dynamic postural control. In current study, we used the Pi-Huang (2014) plyometric training protocol for six weeks and 18 sessions. Paired and sample t tests in significant level of 95% were used for statistical analysis in SPSS software version 20.
The results indicating a significant increasing in the peroneus longus muscle activity (p=0.036), improving dynamic postural control (Anterior (p=0.001), posterior-medial (p=0.001) and posterior- lateral (p=0.021)) and also no significant changes in onset of tibialis anterior (P=0.831) and medial gastrocnemius (P=0.618) muscles activity after the six-week plyometric training.
Plyometric training with accelerating the reaction time in prelanding phase, could modified the timing of peroneus longus muscle and dynamic postural control that may improve the lower extremity performance in patients with functional ankle instability.

One of the main components of somatosensory system is proprioception, which can be measured via position sense, movement sense, and sense of force. Although local investigation of proprioception is important, its influences in a kinetic chain particularly between spine and extremities should not be ignored. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare knee joint proprioception in Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain (CNSLBP) and heathy people in different lumbar posions.
Martials and

A total of 25 healthy and 20 female participants with CNSLBP took part in the current study. Knee joint reposition error in lumbar flexion, neutral position, 50% of rotation to left (Lt Rot), and 50% of rotation to right (Rt Rot) with closed eyes in sitting were evaluated using inclinometer. Also, absolute and constant errors were obtained and analyzed.

Absolute and constant errors in flexion and neutral positions in CNSLBP patients were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects, but they were not significantly different in 50% rot to either sides.

Knee joint repositioning error increased in CNSLBP patients compared with healthy participants. This finding suggests that proprioception and sensory-motor training programs can improve joint position sense in the lower limb specifically in the knee joint as well as the low back in CNSLBP patients.

After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR), postural control deficit remains due to sensory defect. Performing exercises based on neuromuscular training (perturbation training) may cause “postural control” and “functional level” improvement. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of perturbation training on postural control in patients with history of ACLR.
A total of 20 patients with history of ACLR who had followed routine rehabilitation protocol, and who returned to the previous level of activity, were included in two equal treatment and control groups. The mean time after surgery was 9.52.1 months. Force plate test was performed for evaluating the center of pressure parameters such as mean Velocity (Vm), Standard Seviation for distance (SDx), and Velocity (SDv) for each group. Also, cross hop functional test and subjective IKDC were performed for both groups. For treatment group only, 10 sessions of perturbation training were performed. Finally, these tests were repeated and compared between the two groups.
A significant increase was observed in the score of IkDC in treatment group (P- value Perturbation training can induce decrease in the center of pressure parameters, which increases functional test and IKDS scores. According to the results of the present study, performing perturbation protocol in patients who have had ACLR is recommended.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, which causes multifocal demyelization in the nervous system (brain and spine). Muscle weakness and balance problems are limiting factors in MS patients that can improve by exercise. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of six weeks of Pilates training in balance and electrical muscle activity.
A total of 15 females with MS were selected from Multiple Sclerosis Society of Tehran with 1≤EDSS≤6 (average disease period 10/93±7/04 year, average age 38/53±10/51year, average weight 62/40±8/11 Kg, and average height 159/46±5/22) took part in the present study on a voluntary basis. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups of control (n=7) and experimental (n=8). Then, assessment of balance and electrical muscles activity test (soleus tibialis anterior and gluteus medius) were performed for each leg. Patients in the experimental group participated in a six-week Pilates training. At the end, once more, balance and electrical muscle activity test were performed similar to pre-test from each group. Data was analyzed using repetitive ANOVA 2*2 (time*group).
The result of the present study showed that Pilate's exercises during six weeks have significant effects on the balance of 25-50 year-old women with MS. Furthermore, Pilates training was shown to have effects on the right soleus, tibialis, and left soleus (p≤0/01), but it does not have any effect on other muscles (p≥0/01).
According to the results of the current study, six weeks of Pilates caused balance improvement and increased muscle activity (right soleus, tibialis anterior, and left soleus), thus using Pilates training is recommended for women with MS.

It is believed that dysfunction of the quadriceps muscle can be considered as one of the cause of patellofemoral pain syndrome with great emphasis placed on vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles imbalance. The purpose of this study was to compare the EMG activity ratio of vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis muscles in athletes with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome.
12 athletes with Patellofemoral pain syndrome (age 23.23±3.70 year, height 179±7.00 cm, and weight 73.86±12.00 kg) and 12 healthy male athletes (age 23.45±3.17 year, height 177±4.00 cm, and weight 68.84±8.53 kg) Participated in a quasi-experimental study. Numerical Pain Rating scale was used to assess the pain. EMG activity of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles during dynamic postural perturbation were collected using a 16- channel EMG System. To data was analysed by Independent-t test at the significance level was set as P≤0.05.
The mean vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis EMG activity ratio in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome were less than control group. No significant difference was observed in the vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis EMG activity ratio between two groups during forward perturbation (p=0.568) and backward perturbation (p=0.521).
Our findings suggest that vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis ratio was not differe between athletes with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome in postural dynamic perturbation and it is likely that long-term pain cause’s muscular balance reactions adaptation in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome. The results of this study would be useful for therapists to identify changes in motor control strategies and in a rehabilitation program design for athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

This study aimed to evaluate the symmetry of the isometric strength of the shoulder and scapulothoracic muscles in volleyball and futsal athletes.
In this case-control study, the strength of the scapulothoracic muscles and rotation of the shoulders in 20 adult volleyball athletes and 20 futsal adult athletes, who were randomly selected from sports clubs around Tehran, were measured using a manual dynamometer. The obtained data between the different groups and within the individual groups were compared by Independent and paired t tests, respectively.
The isometric strength of the external rotator muscles, internal rotator muscles, upper trapezius and serratus anterior of the dominant side of volleyball and futsal athletes were different (P In volleyball athletes, disturbances in the strength ratio of the agonist and antagonist muscles of the scapula, and weaknesses in these muscles, impair the dynamic stability of the scapula and shoulder joints and disturbances in the rhythm of the scapulohumeral muscles. It is recommended that during training, assessment and treatment of these athletes strengthening these muscles be considered.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of repeated bouts of maximal intensity eccentric exercise at knee extensors on optimum angle and eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage indicators.
A total of 15 untrained healthy females performed two bouts of maximal intensity eccentric exercises (6 sets*20 repetitions) at knee extensors with the time interval of two weeks. Isometric and concentric extensor torques, optimum torque angles, delayed onset muscle soreness, knee range of motion, and thigh circumference were measured before and immediately, 48 hours, and 5 days after two bouts of eccentric exercises.
Reduction of torques and range of motion, increase in optimum angle, and delayed onset muscle soreness were significant after the first bout of eccentric exercise. After the second bout, reductions in concentric torques and range of motion were less. Optimum angle at the velocity of 60 degree per second was increased and delayed onset muscle soreness was decreased at 48 hours after the second bout compared with that after the first bout (P Eccentric exercise induced muscle damage was evident after the first bout of eccentric exercise. Also, repeated bout effect was observed after the second bout. A change of optimum angle indirectly indicates the roll of cellar mechanisms in adaptation process to eccentric exercises.

Forward Head Posture (FHP) is a common musculo-skeletal disorder in head and neck region which is observed in all ages.Correcting of the muscle imbalance, mobilization, and postural training are common treatment methods for this dysfunction. Yet, there is not enough data about the effects of exercise therapy on head and neck Range of Motion (ROM) and craniovertebral angle in subjects with FHP. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of neck and scapular muscle strengthening exercise and stretching of upper trapezius muscle on head and neck ROM and craniovertebral angle.
A total of 30 subjects with FHP participated in the present interventional study. Craniovertebral angle, head and neck flexion, and extension ROM were measured. Then, deep cervical flexor and scapular retractor muscle strengthening and upper trapezius stretching exercises were trained. After four weeks of exercise therapy, craniovertebral angle, head and neck flexion, and extension ROM were measured following the same procedure.
There was a significant difference in participant's craniovertebral angle after intervention (P=0.01). There were no significant differences in cervical extension and head flexion ROM. In addition, there was a significant difference in head and neck flexion (P=0.001) ROM before and after the intervention.
Findings of the present study showed that exercise therapy can improve craniovertebral angle and ROM in the individuals with FHP. The effect of this exercise on the head and neck ROM is seen but not on neck and head ROM, independently.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive disease on the central nervous system with signs and symptoms such as fatigue and reduced functional capacity. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of core stability exercises on functional capacity and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis.
The present quasi-experimental study used a pretest-posttest design. The subjects with the age of 20-40, expanded disability status scale (EDSS) 1-4 and purposefully and voluntarily selected and randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. Training program for groups were carried out in eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session one hour. Functional reach test (FR) was used to measure functional capacity and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) was used to measure fatigue. The data were analyzed by paired and independent sample t-test at a significance level of 0.05.
The results showed that core stability training led to a significant increase in functional capacity and a significant reduction in fatigue (P≤ 0.05). Also significant differences observed in functional capacity and fatigue scale in post-test between experimental and control groups (P≤ 0.05).
According to research findings, the core stability exercises can be factor for considerable improvement in functional capacity and reduced fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. . Furthermore, the respective specialists can use these exercise as a complementary treatment along with the drug therapy for patients with multiple sclerosis.

Appropriate muscle recruitment has a significant role in the stabilization of joints. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of six weeks Plyometric training on performance and the feed-forward activation of calf muscles in active females with functional ankle instability in single leg drop landing.
Thirty active females with functional ankle instability participated in this quasi-experimental study. The experimental group underwent six weeks of Pi-Yin Hung Plyometric training protocol during the period of 18 sessions. In order to assess the performance, functional tests (lateral hop and multiple hop tests) and ankle joint function assessment tool were used. Electrical activation assessments of peroneus longus, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles (in single leg drop landing task) were completed in the pre-test and post-test (after six weeks). SPSS Software version 20 was used in order to analyze the data (pFinding: Results revealed that after the implementation of six weeks Plyometric training, multiple hops testing time dropped significantly and lateral hop testing distance had a significant increase.
A significant increase in the feed-forward activation of peroneus longus and medial gastrocnemius was seen (p≤0.05), but there were no significant changes at the feed-forward activation of tibialis anterior (pDiscussion & Plyometric training by changing the feed-forward activation of peroneus longus and medial gastrocnemius muscles, improved lower extremity performance in patients with functional ankle instability and should be incorporated into rehabilitation programs for those with functional ankle instability.

The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MDF) of biceps femoris, rectous femoris, and vastus laterialis muscles after one bout of repeated-sprint ability (RSA) and cold water immersion (CWI).
Twenty trained athletes were selected to take part in this study. After performing repeated-sprint activity, 10 participants immersed in cold water (14 °C) and 10 participants sat on a chair at room temperature. Electromyography-Maximal voluntary contraction (EMG-MVC) was performed at four intervals: before and after RSA, after CWI or passive rest and after 24 h.
The results showed that there was a significant decrease in RMS of the vastus laterialis [PCWI = 0.037, PControl (PCON) = 0.010] and rectus femoris (PCON, PCWI = 0.0001) muscles after RSA activity in the 1st day and the MDF of the vastus laterialis (PCWI = 0.100, PCON = 0.850) muscle also had no significant changes during RSA. Meanwhile, the MDF of rectus femoris decreased significantly (P = 0.001) right after CWI and the last set of the activity (P = 0.030). There were also no significant changes in RMS (PCON = 1.00, PCWI = 0.999) and MDF (PCWI = 0.190, PCON = 0.450) of biceps femoris.
Our study showed that CWI had no effects on neuro muscular function.

The aim of this study was to investigate the Effect of CST90 fatigue protocol on timing and electromyography activity of gluteus medius muscle of soccer players
This is an intragroup study. Timing and electromyography activity of gluteus medius of soccer players (15 subjects, Mean ± SD: Age (yr): 25.4±3.8, Height (cm): 177.3±3.6, Weight (kg): 69.8±4.6) before and after engaging on CST90 were measured. Surface Electromyography (ME 6000¡ Mega Electronics Ltd.¡ FIN-70211 KUOPIO), Polar pulse meter, and foot switch devices were used to collect data. Electromyography activity of muscle was record during single leg drop and Megawin, Matlab and SPSS software were used to analyze data. Descriptive and repeated measure of ANOVA were used.
Results of this study show differences in timing of gluteus medius muscle activity in different periods of test but it wasn’t significant (F=2.55, F= 1.89, P>0.05). Significant differences were observed between feed forward and feedback activity during EMG recordings (F=4.84, F= 3.71, P≤0.05). Also there was a significant difference between initial and final EMG recording (P≤0.05).
With regarding to gluteus medius muscle role in pelvis stability, femur movement, controlling the knee valgus, and also effects of fatigue on timing and muscle activity, trainers should add specific programs (i.e: induced -endurance and tolerance) for gluteus muscle and therefor prevent knee instability.

Lack of balance in pattern and activity of quadriceps and hamstring muscles increases the risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury (ACL). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes in pattern and activity of vastus medialis and semitendinosusmuscles in landing from different heights and to understand if these changes will increase the risk of ACL injury or not.
Following a semi-experimental method, in the present study, 16 athletes (from volleyball, handball, and basketball sports), 23/1±1/2 years, 178±4/5 cm height, and 64/8±2/4 kg weights, did jump-landing from 20, 40, and 70 cm heights. The results of activity in feed forward and feedback phases and pattern were investigated using ME6000. To compare pattern and activity of each muscle in the three heights use, one way repeated measures ANOVA and to compare pattern and activity between vastus medialis and semitendinosus, independent T test were run in SPSS (version 20) (p≤0/05).
Feed forward activity (p=0/001) and onset time (p=0/014) of vastus medialis in 70-cm height were found to be significantly more than those of 20- and 40-cm heights, but in activity and onset time of semitendinosus,no significant difference was observed (p>0/05). The results of independent T showed that feed forward and feedback activity of semitendinosusis significantly fewer than those of vastus medialis (p Increase in landing height can increase the quadriceps to hamstring activity ratio and onset time of vastus medialis. These negative changes in pattern and activity of muscles increase the shear forces on ACL and the risk of injury.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is among the most common musculoskeletal disorders in the athletes and active individuals. Observation of muscular responses to unexpected perturbations is one of the most common methods to evaluate the neural strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the EMG response of vastus muscles to dynamic postural perturbations in the athletes with PFPS.
Material and This study included 10 male athletes with PFPS and 10 healthy male athletes. NPRS scale was used to assess pain. EMG activity of VMO and VL muscles measured during dynamic postural perturbation. The EMG signals were collected using a 16- channel BTS-FREEEMG 300 system, manufactured in Italy. Independent-t test was used for data analysis.
RMS values for VMO and VL muscles in PFPS group, were higher than the corresponding values of the control group by 33.59% and 33.35% respectively, in the forward postural perturbation. There was a significant difference in VL muscle RMS values between the two groups (P=0.04). RMS values for VMO and VL muscles in PFPS group were higher than those of the control group by 38% and 49.52% respectively, in the backward postural perturbation and there was a significant difference in VL muscle RMS values between the two groups (P=0.04).
The results showed that valtus muscles were more active in response to dynamic postural perturbation in the athletes with PFPS in comparison to the healthy athletes. Patellofemoral pain syndrome and in general joint disorders can lead to dysfunction in the whole sensory-motor system. Therefore, instead of focusing on local symptoms we should examine the whole body in sensory-motor system dysfunction.

ACL injury is one of the most common sport injuries which undergo reconstructive surgery. Electromyography or recording of muscles’ electrical activity is a suitable means to assess changes in motor control system output. The goal of this study is to compare the lower limb muscles EMG activity during drop landing in individuals after ACL reconstruction and healthy subjects.
Eleven men who had undergone ACL reconstruction 6 to 24 months ago (Age 29±6 years old) and 11 healthy men (Age 28±2 years old) participated in the study. Amount of electrical activity for tibialis anterior, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, semitendinosus and biceps femoris muscles was recorded using surface electrodes during drop landing and calculated for two time intervals. The amount of activity was measured in -150 to and to intervals in relation to the landing moment. Subjective IKDC questionnaire and cross-over hop functional test were used to determine the subjective and objective functional level. Independent t test was used to determine between-group statistical differences.
Feed forward activity of semitendinosus (P=.041) and biceps femoris (P=.008) muscles were significantly higher in ACLR group and feedback activity of vastus medialis (P=.03) muscles was significantly lower in ACLR group. Healthy individuals showed higher score on both the functional test and IKDC questionnaire. (P Individuals who had undergone reconstructive surgery of ACL showed different muscular activity compared to healthy subjects and closer to ACL deficient individuals 6 months after surgery and routine rehabilitation.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of carpet weaving at a proposed workstation on Upper Trapezius (UTr) fatigue during a task cycle. Fatigue in the shoulder is one of the most important precursors for upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. One of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders between carpet weavers is disorder of the shoulder region.
This cross-sectional study, included eight females and three males. During an 80-minute cycle of carpet weaving, Electromyography (EMG) signals of right and left UTr were recorded by the surface EMG, continuously. After raw signals were processed, MPF and RMS were considered as EMG amplitude and frequency parameters. Time series model and JASA methods were used to assess and classify the EMG parameter changes during the working time.
According to the JASA method, 58%, 16%, 8% and 8% of the participants experienced fatigue, force increase, force decrease and recovery, respectively in the right UTr. Also, 50%, 25%, 8% and 16% of the participants experienced fatigue, force increase, force decrease and recovery, respectively in the left UTr.
For the major portion of the weavers, dominant status in Left and right UTr was fatigue, at the proposed workstation during a carpet weaving task cycle. The results of the study provide detailed information for optimal design of workstations. Further studies should focus on fatigue in various muscles and time periods for designing an appropriate and ergonomics carpet weaving workstation.

Reliability or unreliability of the results achieved from recording of surface electromyography of muscles has always been questioned. The aim of present study was to measure the reliability of the delayed reaction time of muscle electromyography of the knee joints on the exposure of unexpected rotary turbulence in the transverse plane from the area of supporting surface.
Twenty healthy women from 19 to 30 years old and free from any clear deformities in the lower extremities were participated in the present study. Surface electromyography of the six knee musculature was carried out for every subject separately in 4 situations including: External Rotation (Ext Rot) from plantar area on the transverse plane with bent and straight knee, Internal Rotation (Int. Rot) with the same conditions, Single Leg Stance situation in 4 stages, and repeatability of Intra Session through intra-class correlation coefficients when the muscles are in action on the exposure of turbulence in four applied forms were analyzed.
The results from 24 analyzed forms showed that 18 forms of muscles at the time of action had moderate to high repeatability (Monroe Classification)
Regarding reliability, the muscles indicated different amounts in onset latency time, on the exposure of rotary turbulence, according to joint angle and the direction of applying rotation on the transverse plane. In respect to direction of rotation, most of the muscles indicated more reliability on the exposure of external rotation turbulence (clockwise) in relation to internal rotation (anti-clockwise) and also regarding the joint angle in turbulences with straight knee in relation to turbulences with bent knee.

One of the impaired senses in patients with chronic hemiparesis is the sole cutaneous sense. The role of this sense in maintaining the functional balance and mobility is still controversial in these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the threshold of sole cutaneous sense and functional balance and mobility tests in patient with chronic hemiparesis.
Material and In this correlational study, seventeen chronic stroke patients by mean age of 59.10 (13.31) years and mean time after injury of 31.70 (23.61) months were selected by simple non– probability method. Functional Reach with ankle and hip strategy (FR), Step Test (ST) in affected and non- affected foot, Bend– Reach test (BR), Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were used for assessment of functional balance and mobility and Semmes- Weinstein monofilaments test was used to measure the cutaneous sense of seven different points of sole in affected and non– affected foot.
The main effect of foot (affected and non– affected foot) and points (seven different points of sole) of cutaneous sense threshold was significant (P˂0.0001) and interaction effect of foot ˣ points not significant (P=0.2).
The cutaneous sense threshold in all seven points of affected sole showed significant (p˂0.05) low to high correlation (r= 0.24-0.81) with all of functional balance and mobility tests. There was not significant correlation between cutaneous sense threshold in seven points of non- affected foot and any of functional balance and mobility tests, with the exception of cutaneous sense threshold of the little toe floor with total, dynamic and static score of BBS, FR with ankle and hip strategy and TUG; cutaneous sense threshold of big toe with static score of BBS and FR with hip strategy; and medial border of sole with static score of BBS and FR with ankle strategy.
The cutaneous sense threshold of affected sole has a more correlation with functional balance and mobility tests. The cutaneous sense threshold of sole in big toe and medial border points has a significant role in functional balance and mobility tests in patients with hemiparesis.

the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of functional stabilization training on trunk muscle electromyography activity of physically active female with trunk control deficit and prone to Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury. Electromyography of Gluteus Medius, Quadratus Lumborum, Transverse Abdominis/Internal oblique, External Oblique was performed on twenty five active females with trunk control deficit before and after 6 week functional stabilization training and activation of muscles calculated in 100 mili second after initial contact in landing. The results indicated that there are significant differences between post test of control and experimental groups in muscles activations that indicating the effectiveness of functional stabilization training. Based on this study results, activation of muscles reduced after 6 week of functional stabilization training. This reduction revealed that neuromuscular control of this muscle was improved and subjects can do the same task with lesser energy consumption.

Most knee anterior cruciate ligament injuries happen during challenging activities like drop landing. Core muscles feedforward activity can control challenging activity and prevent injury. The aim of this study was to investigate core muscles feedforward activity in patients after ACLR and healthy group. Eleven males with ACLR, aged 18-40 years old, with at least 6-24 months after reconstruction surgery and eleven mathed males as a control group were enrolled in this study. Muscle activity of Geluteus medius, Abdominis external oblique, Quadratus lumborum and erector spine in landing was recorded in both groups. Cross hop functional test and IKDC questionnaire were completed and compared in both groups. Significance level was considered less than 0.05 for all analysis. score of IKDC subjective questionnaire and cross hop functional test in control group were significantly more than the score of patients (p≤0.000 questionnaire, p=0.039 functional test). Feedforward response time for Gluteus medius (p=0.028), Abdominis external oblique (p=0.03) and erector spine (p=0.028) in control group was significantly sooner than patients with ACLR. Quadratus lumborum was not significantly different in these two groups (p=0.191). muscles activity and their patterns in these groups observed different. Patient group did not have appropriate feedforward activity; they also demonstrated a decrease in functional test and IKDC questionnaire. These results necessitate a appropriate rehabilitation program.