علی بازوند

From the first days of human life until now, one of the basic concerns and questions of mankind has been death and life after death and whether life ends with death or continues after that in another way and in another world. Of course, people have been aware of the fact that no one can come back to life after death and tell what he saw and heard. Inevitably, he compensated for this disability with the help of his imagination, and his imaginary and spiritual journeys quelled his curiosity to some extent. Such trips have sometimes taken place in the world of dreams and sometimes in dreams and sometimes with the help of narcotic and ecstatic drugs. In the literature of most nations and cultures, there are examples of such spiritual travelogues. For example: Gilgamesh's trip to the underworld to meet his friend Enkidu, Ulysses' trip to the world of the dead to meet his mother's soul, Ardaviraf's trip to Heaven and Purgatory (Hemistkan) and Hell, Dante's trip to Hell, Purgatory and Heaven, etc. The findings of the research, in addition to the authors' curiosity about the world after death, we can mention these things: criticism of the society, reforming and cultivating people, helping to spread a particular religion and belief, objectifying mentalities, design and expression. Philosophical and mystical theories.

Ibn Yamin Faryumadi is one of the poets of the second half of the 7th century and the first half of the 8th century. He is considered one of the composers of the Mughal period, a period of complete chaos in the history of Iran. The place where this poet lives has been one of the turbulent centers in which the social ethics and intellectual foundations and the culture of people have deteriorated owing to the brutality of the bloodthirsty people. During these days, political and social disturbances and the fall of social ethics and human values caused the spirit of surrender and determinism among the general public. The chaos of the poet's words, which originates from the chaos of the society, has caused his worldview to become contradictory and confused. His contradictions in expressing moral points on the one hand and non-adherence to ethics can also be considered, and he is kept as a poet between the border of good and bad. Although Ibn Yamin is famous for composing moral and instructive pieces, and so far researchers have studied and researched more of his divan in this aspect, but The author of this research, referring to his other poems, seeks to demonstrate that the poet has not been ethical. On the contrary, in many cases, it has gone out of the circle of ethics and freelance writing with insignificant and humble requests, and the findings of the research prove this claim.

One of the most important issues facing educational planners and teachers today is the relationship between bilingualism and education. A bilingual term is used for individuals or communities that use more than one language in their communication. Intermittent use of language by a person is bilingual and the person doing so is called bilingual. A bilingual person becomes acquainted with and learns another language that has become popular in the country and is a second language for him / her, so that he / she can speak and understand both languages at any time. Therefore, bilingualism is one of the important issues of the educational system of multilingual countries; Because bilingualism is common in today's world. The present study investigates and analyzes the effect of bilingualism on the rate of learning literature courses among secondary school students in Dasht-e Azadegan. In this study, 210 bilingual Arabic-Persian students from girls' high schools in Dasht-e Azadegan with 100 monolingual Persian-speaking students from the last asphalt and Alawite areas of Ahvaz, who in terms of cultural and social conditions and school facilities with Dasht-e Azadegan city is of the same level, they were selected randomly. of Persian skills. educational status.

Comparison of Rumi's Different Perceptions of Quranic Verses infih-e Ma-fih and Masnavi Faye with Educational Approach Molavi is one of the most famous poets in the seventh century whose valuable verses and narrations are replete with divine teaching, verses from the Holy Quran and Hhadises. His different Interpretations of Quran verses and Hhadises in his works (fih-e-ma-fih) show that he has complete understanding over the Islamic and Quran science. The understanding of his words would be impossible without a sound knowledge of his interpretation of Holy Quran as it happens that the poet has more than one interpretations of the same verse. The difficulty in understanding Molavi’s Interpretations is mainly originated from his skillful use of signs and symbols. These symbols are considered as secrets whose decoding seems to be very difficult. In this paper, the researcher tries to investigate the speeches which have different meanings, helping the readers to interpretation this mystic poet.

Historical geography is a new scientific trend that is placed between the two sciences of history and geography, and in this science, natural sciences in the field of geography and spiritual (human) sciences in the field of history are discussed. Although historical geography is extracted from these two sciences, it can be said that it also feeds these two sciences. Considering that poets, like geographers and historians, pay attention to natural and spiritual sciences in their poems; Therefore, some poets who have been in wars and traveling with kings and emirs, their poems contain subtle and original points in this regard. Sometimes references are found in the poetry of poets, which are less discussed in other historical works. Although according to the evidence, Hafez was not a traveller, but he sometimes mentions places that are worthy of attention. Compared to other great poets, including Saadi, Hafez has few references, but these small references are sometimes very impressive and significant in his beautiful poetry. Among these poets, we can mention Hazrat Hafez, who has good references in this regard in his poems, and especially in a sonnet, "You are the crown on the head of the good people of the country, like a crown" in his poems. He has revealed his glory. The findings of the article indicate that Hafez has made clear references to some historical topics and topics in this sonnet, which has provided useful information for historians and researchers in the field of geography.

A significant part of Persian poetry consists of panegyric poem. Analyzing the works of Persian poets, it is evident that most of them have a trace of panegyric poems in their collection of poems. However, judging eulogy with the present criteria caused this unavoidable and valuable part of Persian poetry to be neglected. This problem leads to inaccurate perceptions concerning these poems along with inappropriate encounters with such kind of poets. This misjudgment has challenged the position of euology in Persian poetry since it is not assessed properly and few researches are devoted to this area.  In this article, first of all, a vivid image of panegyric poem is presented. Then, its structure is analyzed. Eventually, the most important functions and values of panegyric poems are listed. The main aim of this paper is correction of inaccurate perceptions and judgments of eulogic poems.

Some believe that Mulavi's influence on Attar is so great that they consider Masnavi to be completely influenced by Attar's works in terms of form, format, and anecdotes. For this reason, this study seeks to introduce the attraction and rapture and show the common features of these two mystics in this regard. In the mystics' thought, attraction is a special gift given to man by God. Although in mystical thought, mystics invite people to a continuous effort to reach spiritual perfection, in their views, effort without grace (providence) is fruitless. Many eminent and influential Sufis have given originality and importance to the effort and struggle of the seeker and considered rapture and grace as secondary. Some other great mystics such as Molana and Attar consider attraction as the principle and believe that if there is no attraction, the seeker's effort will not lead anywhere. The obtained results indicate that Mulavi and Attar have a greater desire for rapture in order to complete the mystic's religion and sharia and to reach God. They have many features in common in this respect. And in their view, the seeker's efforts are necessary only to the extent that they let the light of rapture shine on the seeker and the seeker reaches the goal.

Work is the foundation of life in rural and agricultural communities. Villagers or nomads begin their labor early in the morning and work until late at night. They spend their whole lives for work, and producing. As a result, leisure and vacation are uncommon in such societies. Existing a continuous link between labor and effort in these people's life is a clear and convincing motivation for them to whisper lyrics and poems throughout their long and laborious hard work. By doing so, they can either enjoy their work or motivate others to accomplish their task. Although these lyrics or poems are present in all aspects of these people's lives, the lyrics and songs concerning farming have a particular atmosphere. Because farming and animal ranching has always been the primary activities of the people in Lorestan, they make specific lyrics for each aspect of these ones. The majority of these lyrics and poems are about asking God to produce more crops, thanking God for the harvests, and boosting assurance to keep working. In this paper, in addition to describing the various aspects of these work songs, examples of them will be provided; so that the reader got more informed about their contents.

Literary schools is a universal division that contains whole literary genre of different nation. In other hand all of the universal literary works are subordinates of literary school. Literary school begins with classicism and end with surrealism. Surrealism was an artistic movement that officially began in France in 1922 and was called Surrealism. While Dadaism was on the verge of extinction, its followers gathered around Andre Burton, who was once a Dadaist, and laid the groundwork for a new school. The school's approach reflects the turmoil of the twentieth century. This school explores the layers of the human mind and does not pay much attention to reality. What is important in this school are issues such as imagination, illusion, the subconscious mind, and the complexities of the human mind and conscience. Surrealism can be considered a fundamentalist artistic-social movement;Because this school came into being after the world war and was rebellious against all the rules and regulations in the field of art. the Surrealism is a summary if previous schools. It is very important to recognize it completely because it roots in different cultures of Eastern nations Buddhism, Eslamic mysticism and etc.this research try to rival the difference between Iranian and western Surrealism, and investigate the rate of Surrealism schools influence on Persian contemporary fiction based on tree novel: boof e koor, malakoot and shazde ehtejab.

Choubak is one of the Iranians famous and skilled contemporary writers who has modern strong stoties. Among the literary schools he has inclination towards naturalism. Choubaks mastery hn story writing indicates his ability and skill in the use of story elements. In the field of language, Chubak's skill in entering slang is in the structure of his stories, and in the field of personality, he chooses the poor and inferior people of the society, each of whom is a symbol of a group of people of Chubak's time. Among the story elements choubak has made innovative uses of language narration and characters elements. Recognizing and understanding chubaks ability in story writing requires the criticism of the elements and the way he used them in his stories. So in this paper it has been tried to study naturalism school as well as Choubaks biography thoughts social status strengths and weaknesses story elements used and his ability and way of using these elements. The findings of this study show that the most important features of his novels include language that is conversational, slang, lively and dynamic. A narrative in which the angles of view are selected and appropriate to his stories. Characterization that they are often simple people from the lower classes of society.

The quest for liberation is one of the queries that has been widely reflected in the sayings of Sufism and the elders of Khorasan. In this research, the issue of emancipation, which has been addressed in several verses of the Qur'an and on the other hand has been the concern of the people of knowledge and the wise master in different times and places, is studied in the important mystical school and region of Khorasan. After stating the introductory topics and generalities of the subject, we examine the history of the idea of ​​liberation in Khorasan Sufism and the evolution of the idea of ​​liberation in the words and teachings of the ancient elders of Khorasan and Qoms.The idea of ​​liberation from the world is seen in the first ascetic experiences of Khorasan and the forefront of Khorasan spirituality up to the time of Rumi and has always been an indisputable principle for all of them. But the idea of ​​self-liberation and death in life overlaps with words such as nothingness, annihilation and survival, liberation, self and unconsciousness, death and rebirth, and fascinating songs such as Sobhani and Ana al-Haq. The historical course and spiritual journey of the idea of ​​liberation in Khorasan mysticism begins with liberation and freedom based on asceticism, worship and austerity, and through its evolution and expansion reaches romantic liberation (the way of love) and the destruction of the lover in the beloved

The Persian books of the second intermediate period are very important as influential and cultural books; Because they transmit our language, culture and national identity to the students. To what extent the authors of the Persian textbooks of the second year of high school have been diligent in selecting and including different texts from all literary styles in Persian books, in terms of the presence of literary styles in Persian books, What are the differences between the books of Persian literature of the previous system? The general results obtained in this research show that in the books of Persian transcription 13.23% in the style of Khorasani and in the books of Persian literature 21.30% is allocated to this style. In Persian novel books, 39.68% is in Iraqi style and in Persian literature books, 23.33% is allocated to this style. In novel books, 3.70% is in Indian style and in Persian literature books, 1 . 96% is dedicated to this style. In the books of Nungasht, the texts of the style of the return period are not used, while in the books of Persian literature, 3.29% of the texts of this style were used. In the novels, 3.17% percent is allocated to the style of the constitutional period and in the books of Persian literature, 5.04% percent is allocated to this style. In Persian novel books, 40.22% is dedicated to the new style and in Persian literature books, 45.08% is allocated to this style.

Textbooks are one of the most important resources of learning, teaching and reinforcing national and religious identity. Meanwhile Persian textbooks with regard to their capacity and using different kinds of writing including prose, poem, drama, story, memory and so on can play an important role in reinforcing components of national and religious identity among students who are forward generation. This research is aimed at analyzing the content and text of newly printed Persian textbooks for middle and secondary schools from the viewpoint of attention to the components of national and religious identity. The overall results show that totally 204 components of national and religious components have been included in the text of 5-volume Persian textbooks for middle and secondary school. Out of these numbers 122 units or 59/8 percent is composed of religious components and 82 units or 40/19 percent is composed of national and Iranian components. In addition, the share of national components included in middle school books equals 49 units or 59/75 percent and in secondary school this number equals 33 units or 40/24 percent.

Rumi is the most famous poet of the seventh century, a valuable treasure of divine and narrations education in Persian literature. He occasionally the writings of the hadiths stating that he is a poet of Islamic sciences and traditions. His emphasis in the works of Monthor, especially the Fieh and the showed of the poet of the Islamic sciences, especially narration sciences Different Perceptions of Rumi's harvesting, most of the admonish, Ebrat, and put to God, the lack of self-discipline and blaming world. The precise understanding of these kinds of narration in Rumi's prose is sometimes necessary to understand the meanings of non-real and virtual of his word, which forms the succession of the people and posses and the things like them. The understanding of Rumi's discourse is impossible in many matters without the knowledge of this emphasis. The aim of scholar in this study is to show that Rumi, depending on a variety of conditions, takes different download of a narration. In this research, it has been attempted to help the reader to understand Rumi's speech, pointing to the narrations that are in the lead of one of the other species.

The origins of death should be investigated by the origin of death at the same time. In ancient Persian mythology and culture death ,believing in other world, paradise and hell have been mentioned as a phenomenon. The Study of human history shows a mixture of life and death, and consequently there are different views about life and death. In some cases ,death and life have been considered as an integrated part of each other like day and night and some others believed that the conflict between these two phenomena is a fundamental contradiction between humans and other creatures. However, life and death being together or in opposition, are inseparable companions. The inseparability of life and death is one of the fundamental principles of the world. Life ended in death and it can be meaningful by death. Comprehending life can only be achieved in the shadow of death. Since the reality of life ended in death rationally and punctually. Thus we can say that we die because we live and exist, so the reality of life is distinguished through the death. The present study relies on the book of the Shahnameh to the attitudes and beliefs of our ancestors about death and its rituals and comparison the Iranian people's rituals of the Earth in the face of death, before Islam and after Islam.

Houshang Moradi Kermani is a well-known writer and stylist in Iran who has had a profound effect on flourishing modern juvenile literature producing an abundant of unique works. Indeed, he tries to depict juvenile world, their issues and concerns in life. The current study, which is a kind of descriptive-analytic ones applying library sources, aims to both present a brief biography of this writer and investigate his works in juvenile literature comprehensively. The findings reveal that he has produced 8 story collections, 10 novels, 1 autobiography, 3 plays, 3 scenarios, and 3 literary messages during his five decades of writing and literary activity. Most of these works are translated into different languages including German, English, French, Arabic, Chinese, etc. winning various national and international rewards. Besides, there are various movies, TV series, and animations produced based on his scenarios.  In terms of different age range for juveniles, his works are appropriate for age groups “D”, “H”, “G” and “B” respectively. Moreover, adults can sometimes be the audience of his works. “Majid Stories” is the most well-known work in juvenile literature due to being broadcasted on TV and radio and published several times as books. Having the highest number of translation versions and winning international rewards, “khomre” is the wolrd’s most famous Iranian work in juvenile literature.

The Sogdi stanza in the description of the battle of Rostam with the demons, belonging to about thirteen centuries ago, was discovered in the Chinese state of Chansoi. Rostamchr('39')s story in this text is accompanied by primitive, magic, and shamanic elements; but it may be one of the sources of the story of Rostamchr('39')s battle with demons. In contrast, Darjange is a poem in the language of Laki (in Lorestan province), belonging to the Afshari period, composed by Noushad Tarhani, in which the poetchr('39')s conversation with an old tree was depicted and the tree, during this conversation, brings its life to the mythological period of Iran and the kingdom of Kiumars and accompanies its words by a brief description of the Iranian heroes and kings. In this regard, some researchers have put these two texts in one form and structure, namely, under the category of epic poems (in the sense of the origin of the epic) and tried to introduce these two examples to other Iranian languages .Since the inclusion of these two texts in a category raises ambiguities about epic poems, the authors of the present paper have tried to define the epic poem with a descriptive- analytical approach, characterize its features, and then, according to those characteristics, show that considering the Soghdi text as an epic poem is permissible, but it is not true about the Noushadchr('39')s Darjange because of the time of its composition, form, and structure; and therefore, more contemplation about it is needed.

This article examines the similarities between Nezami Oroozi's "Chahar Maghaleh" and Langinus' "Treatise". Langinus is one of the greatest critics known as Aristotle. In his literary and critical theory, he examines the characteristics of a literary work by proposing the category of "excellent model" and, in fact, shows the character of a literary masterpiece. Langinus believes that a literary work with its characteristics can be considered as an excellent example and model, and this excellent model is not limited to a literary genre. Nezami Oroozi Samarghandi, the author of "Chahar Maghaleh" in both the secretary's and poetic articles, believes that special circumstances can exalt a literary work. The present article explains Langinus' views and their conformity with the perspective of Nezami Oroozi. In the meantime, of course, it should be noted that the artistic and critical views of Iranian poets and writers are subject to certain rhetorical principles and foundations that may be different from the intellectual and rhetorical foundations of Western writers, but this study only seeks to find similarities that can be seen in these two works. Perhaps the analysis of these similarities can reveal the common sources in the two works and show signs of the presence and influence of Aristotle's views in both books.

One of the processes that has been able to create the largest unit of form in geomorphology is the process of karstification. In many cases, the processes are not able to create a landscape or other units, but the karstization process has formed in different scales and one of the frameworks in geomorphology is related to these landscapes (Nojavan, et al., 2017, p. 99). The karst areas provide good opportunities for researchers to study the relationships and evolution of human societies. The recognition of past climatic relations, cave sedimentology, and the possibility of pollen studies, etc. can determine this issue on past human societies and identities. In dealing with various geomorphic units, humans have adapted to the environment according to the capabilities of the environment. According to this issue, the impact of karst landscapes on the realm of human societies and their distribution can be expressed. Karst areas in the past and present have a great impact on improving the condition of water resources and creating a suitable and beautiful visual landscape in the areas. Among these areas, we can mention the karst spring of Gharbalbiz in Yazd. It is noteworthy that this region has an ancient civilization and culture.The importance of recognition of karst areas lies in the way they are exploited. Karst areas are very important to the development of the civilian core.  Regarding the forms of civilization in the past, it has been argued that the distribution and settlement of the population on Earth depend on the levels that have created the right conditions for the creation of the civilian core. The isohyetal maps of karst areas in Iran show that most of them are located on the Zagros Mountains, the Azerbaijani plateau, the northern regions of Iran, the Alborz Mountains, northeastern Iran (Khorasan), and a limited number of other highlands. Currently, 25 percent of the world's population uses karst water sources for drinking (Gillison, 2003, p. 23). The development and expansion of human resource centers depend on the size of karst resources in a region. Karst waters are able to move more than 1,000 kilometers inland and can be used in other regions such as western Iran (Limestone caves in Kalhorud, Asadabad, etc.). Human distribution and urban development are mainly in the western patterns of Iran in the Zagros. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of karst and non-karst systems onhabitat patterns index in the Romeshkan region according to environmental conditions.

In this study, the method of synoptic analysis was used. The method of comparing karstic and non-karstic areas was used in terms of how the settlements are distributed. To achieve the objectives of the research, geological maps 1: 250,000, topographic maps 1: 50,000, DEM 15 meters, and Google Earth images were used and the maps were drawn in the Global Mapper and Arc Gis10.5 software environment. After collecting the data, different layers of information were prepared including topographic, geological, karst, scattered caves and karst springs, summer settlements, rural, and urban areas. Each of these layers was matched with the karst areas of the region. Then, descriptive information related to layer overlap was extracted from Arc Gis10.5 software.

Romeshkan is one of the cities of Lorestan province. In terms of geomorphology, it is one of the intermountain plains of the Central Zagros, which is located in the southwest of Lorestan and the northwest of Ilam province. Analysis of Geomorphology and Civilization of the Romeshkan Plain:According to the studied sources and theories of analytical geomorphology of Iran, the Romeshkan plain is one of the inland areas. In this regard, it can be said that it is one of the holes of Iran in the cold and wet Quaternary period. Due to the dissolution in the northwestern parts, its water is drained and it is not possible to trap water at the moment (Safari, 2013, p. 56-57). Oberlander (1956) refers to waterway patterns along with a focal point as evidence of the existence of these lakes. The presence of ancient hills in the bed and margins of these holes is evidence of this claim. In most of these hills, evidence of pottery fragments and remnants of pottery kilns have been found. The presence of such artifacts shows that the shores of the lake were a place of civilization and that the quality of water was far more favorable than during the warmer periods.

Native literature is a worthy treasure inherited from our ancestors. This kind of literature in its special sense refers to a literature that has been created in a particular region. The native literature of Lorestan is one of the precious parts of Iranian folk’s native literature. In this paper, we will investigate a part of the popular culture of people of Lorestan, the native poems and their place in the community of Lorestan, while introducing their history. We will also introduce the Chell Sero (forty songs), Mur, Laue Laue (Lullaby), work songs, couplets Mashga, Dayam Buye and romances as the most important types of native poems of Lorestan .Poetry and music are inseparable parts of the Lorestan people, and if we say that they are the cause of popular culture, we have not exaggerated. These people have some poems and music for all aspects of their life from birth to death, which have various functions in different situations.

As the Holy Quran is an infinite source of ethical, human and educational thoughts and teachings, many Persian language poets and writers have benefited from this treasury. This mingling of the Persian written heritage with Islamic teachings has made it difficult to understand the heritage without being familiar with the Quran and Hadiths. Nasser ibn Khosrow Qobadiani is among the poets who have put their poetry at the service of promoting their religious and sectarian beliefs. In order to gain this objective and fulfilling the religious mission of his poetry, he has embellished his poems with the glowing verses. Given the religious background of Nasser Khosrow, his poems involve ethical guidelines and many pieces of advice. Having good mastery over Quranic concepts, he has adorned his poems with the holy verses, most skillfully and with the best method benefiting from full verses or part of them and sometimes using their concepts and meaning. This has certainly enhanced the effect of his messages. This paper uses examines the Divan of Nasser Khosrow and, using statistical tables, analyzes different types of reflection of the Quran’s verses in his poems. It will also be shown that Nasser Khosrow’s main reasons for using verses of the Quran include his mental and language association with the Holy Book and his efforts to explain his objectives and thought using the influence and status of the Quran among Muslims. This way, he directs the reader’s attention to the need to accept his ideas because they actually originate from the Quran and are somehow a poetic expression of the concepts.